机械零件毛刺控制及去除工艺现状

阐述近几年来机械制造领域中毛刺控制技术的研究成果及研究进展，列出了毛刺去除工艺的应用状况、新的去毛刺方法及其研究，并指出了去毛刺技术的发展方向。     

热力去毛刺工艺的研究

“热力去毛刺”产是一种高效去毛刺新工艺，该工艺使用气体作为工质。由于气体的可达性很好，因而对去除深孔、沟槽、交叉孔及不通孔内的毛刺极为有效。采用这种去毛刺工艺后，是否会对零件的形状和尺寸精度有所影响，这是生产部门十分关注的问题。为此，本文对此进行了研究。一、热力去毛利的工作原理热力去毛刺的工作原理是将氢气和氧气或氧气和天然气通入密闭容器（爆燃室）形成混合气，用火花塞将其点燃，在瞬时内产生爆燃，放出大量热能，使毛刺达到自燃温度而将其烧掉，见附图。热力去毛刺的爆燃时间极短，使用红、氧气体时，只有2～3…     

电化学去毛刺及小型成型的工艺研究及应用

电化学去毛刺及小型成型，以发展国家的电化学加工（电解技术）作参考，结合我国的技术水平现状及发展方向，进行了电化学去毛刺机床和去毛刺及小型成型工艺的研究开发。     

微型精密零件的液体磨料去毛刺

将微型精密零件置于液体磨料中进行高速旋转去毛刺的方法，具有加工效果好、工艺简单、成本低、生产率高等优产、。本文论述了该工艺的基本原理，介绍了液体磨料的配制原则和方法，并结合实际生产总结了工艺参数的选择以及夫具的设计要求。实验研究证明，该工艺用于微型精密型零件的去毛刺加工非常有效。     

高压水射流去毛刺技术的特征及应用

高压水射流去毛刺技术是利用水力喷射所具有的物理作用和切割作用来去除毛刺的一种柔性加工工艺方法。这种工艺去除毛刺能力稳定,生产效率高,易于实现光控、数控或机械手控制。该文全面介绍了高压水射流去毛刺技术的原理、特点、技术要点以及应用情况。     

高温去毛刺新工艺

凡经机械加工的零件都会留有毛刺。去毛刺的方法很多,最普通的是人工打毛刺,但工作量很大。据了解,发动机附件厂中有30%工人是打毛刺的。对于复杂的壳体零件上许多小而深的孔、交叉孔中看不到、摸不着的毛刺,就无法用手工清除。为了提高产品质量,过去曾有些厂采用如化学去毛刺、电解去毛刺及振动去毛刺等新工艺。这些方法虽能提高生产率,但它们的可达性都不及高温去毛刺好。高温去毛刺是国外七十年代的一种新工艺。美国到1972年止有30台250吨六工位高温去毛刺机*,大多用来清除汽车化油器上的毛刺。 高温去毛刺工艺是利用氢氧气体爆炸形成的…     

机械零件的毛刺控制

在机械产品生产中毛利是实现生产过程自动化的一大障碍,所以各工业先进国家都在积极从产品设计、工艺设计、工具使用、切削规范选用等方面,研究控制毛刺的予防性对策。一个完整有效的除毛刺对策,除对已加工完的另件进行再次清除毛刺外,更重要的是在产品设计、工艺设计阶段就考虑采取予防性措施控制毛刺。     

硬铝合金化学去毛刺

硬铝合金的化学去毛刺,经过反复试验考核,找到了合理的工艺参数,获得了满意的效果。现介绍如下:一、化学去毛刺机理铝合金化学去毛刺机理是由很多可变因素决定的。这些可变因素是:溶液组成、金属组成、溶液温度和加工时间等,这些可变因素为化学去毛刺创造了先决条件。如溶液电离度大小、溶液温度高低、金属组织均匀程度与离子活泼性、时间长短、去毛刺后工序处理均对化学去毛刺有一定的影响。在     

正确选用抛光工艺设备

在工件抛光工艺中，正确选用设备很重要。我们曾对上海和江浙地区进行过调查研究，发现行业中对自行车、缝纫机、纺织机械配件、紧固件和五金电器零部件等加工的抛光设备大致有三种：即离心式、螺旋振动式、涡流式光饰机。但有不少企业选用设备不合理，影响了工件质量和工作效率。如有一家企业购买了螺旋振动机，而他们生产加工的零件———蝶形螺母是不锈钢的，不锈钢硬度高，去毛刺、抛光用了８h，结果光亮度还不够。后来在我们的建议下，他们用涡流式光饰机试了样，只用了２h，去毛刺、抛光就全部完成，而且光洁度、光亮度都胜过前者。因…     

纺织机械零件脉冲电化学去毛刺工艺

提出了将脉冲电化学机械光整加工工艺应用到微小纺织机械零件去毛刺工艺，证明该工艺对于纺织机械零件去毛刺是完全可行的。     

低温密封酸溶——高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中50个微量元素的评价

The method based on the determination of trace elements in geological samples by sector high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with mixed acid digestion procedure has been evaluated. The evaluation show that the results of 29 elements including Li, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Y, Cs, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, W, Tl, Bi, Th and U are satisfactory; V, Sr, Nb, Mo, In, Sb, Ba and Pb are acceptable; Sc, Cd, Hf, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ge and Sn have of large deviations, Be, Ta, Zr, As and Se are worse.     

DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM,CHROMIUM, COPPER,IRON, LEAD,AND ZINC IN OYSTERS FROM SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY

This article presents a follow-up, a more comprehensive and extensive study to a previous, but limited study on three metals in oysters from the West Cove area of Lake Calcasieu in Southwest Louisiana. Results from a two-sampling period in mid-October and mid-December 2009 showed concentrations levels in μg/g (mean of 15 oysters, ± standard deviation, and range) as determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) of cadmium, 5.0, ±0.5, 4.0–6.3, and 3.0, ±0.5, 1.8–5.3; chromium, 3.1, ±0.6, 2.0–3.6, and 1.7, ±0.6, 0.7–3.0; copper, 125.0, ±115, 58–245, and 115, ±45, 76–228; iron, 224, ±66, 142–403, and 311, ±111, 160–559; lead, 3.4, ±0.7, 1.6–5.8, and 4.7, ±2.3, 0.7–13; and zinc, 1859, ±774, 740–3471, and 1578, ±783, 692–3056. These concentrations were lower by at least a factor of 10 from the previous study on cadmium and lead but similar to store-bought oysters. The two sampling period concentrations were not statistically different for the two sampling month periods. The lowering of the concentration was attributed to a cleaner (from metals) oyster beds. Results of the six metals from soils in six different sites in the oyster beds showed comparable or slightly higher concentrations than the oysters. Water samples from the six sites were low, or below the detection limit of the ICP-OES instrument.     

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[学科发展]润滑研究进展

过去20余年,薄膜润滑、纳米润滑、极端工况摩擦与润滑、生物润滑、绿色润滑、微量润滑等取得了重要进展。最近10余年,超滑、仿生润滑、智能润滑与监测,以及摩擦学测试技术和模拟仿真技术等研究飞速发展。微观研究已经成为润滑研究的主要手段,面向风力发电机、高铁、深空探测、深海探测、大飞机、超高速飞行器、新能源汽车等领域的润滑与密封和绿色近零排放润滑研究已经成为工业界关注的焦点。超滑作为润滑领域的新型颠覆性技术,逐步显示出其在工业生产和人类日常生活中的应用优势与勃勃发展生机。生物润滑包括人类器官中的摩擦与润滑和仿生学研究,在人类健康生活方面展示出重要作用。极端环境（高温、超低温、真空、高压等）摩擦与润滑,在卫星、火箭、舰艇、核电站及其他国防设施上用途广泛。而智能润滑等新兴领域发展,也将智能化应用到润滑领域,为设备的智能运行和制造提供了新的思路。在此,对润滑领域几个重要发展方向,如超滑、薄膜润滑、纳米润滑、极端工况摩擦与润滑、智能润滑、生物仿生学、绿色摩擦与润滑,以及摩擦学测试方法等方面进行回顾,介绍了国内外同行最新研究进展,并对未来进行了展望。     

Mice embryology: A microscopic overview

In this work, we studied the embryology of mice of 12, 14, and 18 days of gestation by gross observation, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Grossly, the embryos of 12 days were observed in C‐shaped region of the brain, eye pigmentation of the retina, first, second, and third pharyngeal arches gill pit nasal region on the fourth ventricle brain, cervical curvature, heart, liver, limb bud thoracic, spinal cord, tail, umbilical cord, and place of the mesonephric ridge. Microscopically, the liver, cardiovascular system and spinal cord were observed. In the embryo of 14 days, we observed structures that make up the liver and heart. At 18 days of gestation fetuses, it was noted the presence of eyes, mouth, and nose in the cephalic region, chest and pelvic region with the presence of well‐developed limbs, umbilical cord, and placenta. Scanning electron microscopy in 18 days of gestation fetuses evidenced head, eyes closed eyelids, nose, vibrissae, forelimb, heart, lung, kidney, liver, small bowel, diaphragm, and part of the spine. The results obtained in this work describe the internal and external morphology of mice, provided by an integration of techniques and review of the morphological knowledge of the embryonic development of this species, as this animal is of great importance to scientific studies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Lubricant components from vegetable oils of indian origin

A number of transesterified and alkarylated derivatives have been synthesised from available vegetable oils of Indian origin. The viscosity, viscosity index, freezing points, load-carrying characteristics, friction coefficient, and thermo-oxidative stability of these derivatives as compared to highly refined hydrorefined hydrocarbon oils have been studied. It has been found that several esters of fatty acids of these vegetable oils have a high natural viscosity index, low pour points, and high thermooxidative stability, and can meet the requirements as base fluid components for energy-efficient, eco-friendly, long-drain interval, multigrade oils. These oils have markedly lower viscosities at 40°C, higher load-carrying characteristics, and lower friction coefficients than the base fluids of currently marketed multigrade oils. A 50% blend with hydrorefined hydrocarbon oils could prove highly viable. The above results clearly establish the potential for utilising these esters, either alone, or in combination with mineral oils, for formulating cost-effective high-performance, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly lubricants. Performance characteristics of these oils as engine oils, automotive gear oils, and 2 stroke oil with conventional additives and with alternative additives are under investigation in comparison to the most advanced hydrocarbon based multigrade oil formulations of long-drain interval.     

摩擦学的进展和未来

在过去的20年内,随着纳米技术的飞速发展和人们社会需求的日益增加,摩擦学迅速发展,并随之产生了几个新的领域,比如纳米摩擦、生物摩擦、超滑、表面织构摩擦学、极端工况摩擦学、微动摩擦学等等。在未来的10年,这些领域和其他新出现的概念,比如:绿色摩擦、纳米制造摩擦学、新型超滑材料和新能源领域摩擦学等等,将在摩擦学研究工作中发挥重要的作用。纳米摩擦学包括纳米尺度下的薄膜润滑、纳米摩擦、纳米磨损、表面黏附等等。绿色摩擦学包括环境友好润滑剂、摩擦噪声的减小、没有环境污染的磨损。生物摩擦学包括人类器官中的摩擦学和仿生摩擦学。超滑包含不同类型的润滑剂,比如类金刚石膜、水基润滑剂、一些生物润滑剂,其具有极低的摩擦因数(0.001量级)。纳米制造摩擦学包括纳米结构制造中的摩擦学、纳米精度制造中的摩擦学和跨尺度(微观、中观和宏观)制造中的摩擦学。这些领域需要不同的理论和技术,以适应不同的制造对象和尺度。极端工况摩擦学包括在重载下、在高/低温度下、在高/低速度下和强腐蚀或氧化环境条件下的摩擦学问题。与表面织构相关的摩擦学理论和技术也是当今发展较快的领域。这些领域的新进展和未来10年的新需求将在下文中具体介绍。     

辅助指令在数控车床程序编制中的使用技巧

灵活掌握指令的使用,编制出较完善的程序,使经济型数控车床能加工出高质量的零件,是编程中的棘手问题。针对经济型数控车床使用中常遇到的实际问题,在加工轴、孔、球类零件时,使用G00、G92、G26、G27、G29及间隙补偿指令可采用的技巧和注意事项,在提速的同时应充分考虑到指令使用与实际位移轨迹、累计误差、工序安排、运行速度、间补次数等多种因素,使编程简单化的同时提高加工精度,最大效益的发挥经济型数控车床的作用,省时、高效、高质量的完成加工任务。     

XPN-FMS: A CAD tool for FMS modeling, analysis, animation, and simulation using Petri nets and X window

We propose a CAD tool, XPN-FMS, which is primarily based on a unique Petri net (PN) synthesis method, called the knitting technique, developed by the authors. Petri net theory has been applied to specification, validation, performance analysis, control code generation, and simulation for manufacturing systems. The analysis of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) based on PNs suffers from the complexity problem of reachability analysis (Peterson, 1981). CAD tools are urgently needed. There is no existing CAD tool for FMSs as comprehensive as XPN-FMS, in the sense that the latter integrates the functions of drawing, analysis, reduction (Chao and Wang, 1992; Murata and Koh, 1980), synthesis, property queries, and animation of FMS operations in one software package. Using the X window graphical interface and animation, XPN-FMS makes the modeling and analysis of an FMS visualizable and easy to understand and manipulate. It lets a user draw the factory layout of an FMS on the screen of a monitor using the supplied tools. A corresponding PN model can also be drawn on the monitor screen. XPN-FMS can animate and simulate the overall operating process of the FMS. It is useful for FMS specification, validation, and exploration of different design alternatives, status monitoring, and control. Using XPN-FMS with various inputs and comparing the resulting outputs, the user can determine how to improve efficiency, reduce cost, and pinpoint bottlenecks. For the PN models of FMSs that are decision free, we extend the theory and algorithm of a unique matrix-based method (Chao and Wang, 1993b) to search for subcritical loops (including types A and B) and to support scheduling and dealing with transition periods. XPN-FMS implements this extended method to find the minimum cycle time, critical loop, subcritical loops, next critical loop, and scheduling ranges to avoid the transient period for static scheduling. This is implemented in XPN-FMS for the input sequence control.This project is partially funded by NJIT's Separately Budgeted Research Program. Portions of this article were presented in Chao, Chen, Wang, and Zhou (1992),Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Chicago, Illinois, October 1992. The former name of the first author, which has appeared in some of his earlier publications, was Yuh Yaw.     

Challenges and Opportunities of AI-Enabled Monitoring,Diagnosis&Prognosis:A Review

Prognostics and Health Management(PHM),including monitoring,diagnosis,prognosis,and health management,occupies an increasingly important position in reducing costly breakdowns and avoiding catastrophic accidents in modern industry.With the development of artificial intelligence(AI),especially deep learning(DL)approaches,the application of AI-enabled methods to monitor,diagnose and predict potential equipment malfunctions has gone through tremendous progress with verified success in both academia and industry.However,there is still a gap to cover monitoring,diagnosis,and prognosis based on AI-enabled methods,simultaneously,and the importance of an open source community,including open source datasets and codes,has not been fully emphasized.To fill this gap,this paper provides a systematic overview of the current development,common technologies,open source datasets,codes,and challenges of AI-enabled PHM methods from three aspects of monitoring,diagnosis,and prognosis.