稀土金属钆在双辊薄带连铸过程中流动、传热和凝固行为的数学模拟

采用ANSYS Fluent商业软件,建立了三维流动和传热数学模型,探索了不同浇注温度下稀土金属钆在双辊薄带连铸过程中的流动、传热和凝固行为。结果表明：浇注温度对钆液的流动模式和铸坯的温度分布影响很小;浇注温度从1 673 K升高至1 698 K再至1 723 K,回流区面积增大,液面流速减小,整体铸坯温度提高,凝固坯壳减薄,凝固终点位置下移;1 723 K浇注温度下铸坯在中心对称面出口处未完全凝固,容易发生漏液;在浇注温度为1 673 K条件下,可以获得较合理的凝固坯壳厚度分布。     

宽板坯轻压下区固液相凝固收缩模型的研究

根据铸坯坯壳凝固线收缩量与温度变化的关系及两相区固-液相的物质守恒规律,建立了宽板坯固液相凝固收缩模型,利用连铸宽板坯实际生产工艺条件,分析了拉坯速度、浇注温度等因素对铸坯凝固前沿补缩量的影响规律.研究结果表明,同一拉速、浇注温度条件下,铸坯凝固前沿所需补缩量随距弯月面距离的增加而逐渐减小;冷却条件相同,拉速及浇注温度对铸坯凝固前沿所需总补缩量的影响很小;凝固坯壳对减小轻压下作用于凝固前沿压下量的贡献量约为17.2%.     

连铸工艺因素对铸坯凝固过程影响的模型研究

建立了武钢连铸板坯凝固传热数学模型，计算凝固过程温度场分布，应用模型探讨了连铸工艺因素对铸坯温度和凝固过程的影响，并提出提高铸坯温度的工艺手段：适当提高拉速、控制二冷喷水量和改善二冷末端冷却方式，能提高铸坯温度，提高浇注过热度对高温出坯不利。     

功率超声对水平连铸Al-1%Si合金凝固的影响

研究了水平连铸过程中在保温炉内施加功率超声熔体处理对Al-1%Si合金凝固过程的影响.结果表明施加功率超声后,合金凝固曲线第1个拐点左移,斜率发生了变化,且随着超声功率的增加,合金的结晶温度升高,当超声功率为1000W时,结晶温度提高了33℃;同时,施加了功率超声后,保温炉内金属液温度分布均匀性随着超声功率的增加得到了显著的改善;金相分析表明,当超声功率为1000W时,铸坯凝固组织得到了细化,同时晶粒尺寸更加均匀;此外,施加功率超声处理后铸坯表面质量得到了提高.     

连铸工艺对方坯凝固组织影响的数值模拟

铸坯凝固组织特征对于连铸坯粗坯质量具有重要影响。通过建立重轨钢U71Mn方坯连铸过程中传热和凝固组织模拟数学模型,研究了CA模型特征参数和连铸操作工艺参数对于凝固组织特征的影响规律。研究结果表明：平均形核过冷度控制柱状晶区域,随着该值的增大,柱状晶区域也随之增大;最大形核密度控制晶粒尺寸,该值越大晶粒的尺寸则越小。连铸拉坯速度波动在±0.5m/min时,最终铸态组织特征并没有明显变化,而浇注温度对于最终铸坯组织结构具有较大的影响,晶粒平均半径由15℃的1.555mm增加到45℃的1.721mm,并且中心等轴晶比例逐渐减小。因此,连铸生产过程中,在满足钢液顺利浇注的条件下,降低浇注钢液的过热度会很大程度上改善重轨钢内部组织结构,提高铸坯内部质量。     

功率超声对水平连铸Al-1%Si合金凝固的影响

研究了水平连铸过程中在保温炉内施加功率超声熔体处理对Al-1%Si合金凝固过程的影响.结果表明:施加功率超声后,合金凝固曲线第1个拐点左移,斜率发生了变化,且随着超声功率的增加,合金的结晶温度升高,当超声功率为1000W时,结晶温度提高了33℃;同时,施加了功率超声后,保温炉内金属液温度分布均匀性随着超声功率的增加得到了显著的改善;金相分析表明,当超声功率为1000W时,铸坯凝固组织得到了细化,同时晶粒尺寸更加均匀;此外,施加功率超声处理后铸坯表面质量得到了提高.     

过热度和轻压下量对高强IF钢中心偏析的影响

通过热酸侵蚀、化学分析等方法,对不同浇注过热度、不同凝固末端轻压下量条件下生产的高强IF钢铸坯中心偏析情况进行研究,分析浇注过热度及轻压下量对铸坯中心偏析的影响。结果表明:试验条件下轻压下量为2.9 mm或3.9 mm对铸坯中心偏析没有影响,而浇注过热度为33℃或29℃对铸坯中心偏析影响较大,过热度越高,铸坯中心偏析越严重。浇注过热度为33℃时,P元素中心偏析度在0.95~1.08之间,S元素中心偏析度在0.91~1.12之间;浇注过热度为29℃时,P元素中心偏析度控制在0.95~1.03之间,S元素中心偏析度控制在0.93~1.07之间。在浇注条件允许的情况下,应该尽量降低浇注过热度。     

方坯连铸过程中结晶器内的热响应及振动响应

采用热电偶测温系统以及在线振动监测系统对方坯连铸机进行了长时间的在线监测,结果表明:结晶器内铸坯凝固状态与铜管温度场及振动状态存在一定的相关关系:结晶器铜管温度场的不稳定往往伴随着结晶器振动的不稳定;浇注初期坯壳凝固状态不稳定,温度波动大,振动偏摆大;拉速增大坯壳温度不均匀倾向增大,采用浸入式水口保护浇铸与敞开式油润滑浇注方式相比,结晶器换热效率更高,温度场更稳定。     

72A帘线钢小方坯凝固组织的CAFE法模拟

采用元胞自动机(CA)-有限元(FE)耦合模型,模拟了某厂连铸参数下72A帘线钢小方坯的凝固组织,模型中加入了相变(1→γ→α)与电磁搅拌(EMS)对凝固过程的影响,随后通过此模型对该厂72A帘线钢最佳浇注温度进行了讨论。结果表明,由该模型模拟得出的温度曲线、凝固组织与实际测量结果符合的好;综合考虑铸坯质量与生产顺行,在不改变现行连铸参数条件下,浇注温度需控制在1 495℃左右为宜。     

消失模铸造AZ91D振动凝固及半固态热处理组织的演变

研究了不同浇注温度下消失模铸造AZ91D在振动凝固和“振动凝固＋半固态热处理”条件下组织的变化。结果表明，对不同浇注温度下的消失模铸造AZ91D试样实施振动凝固能细化试样的显微组织，且在浇注温度为740℃、振动力为1．5kN时组织细化效果最好；对经振动和不振动凝固的试样进行半固态等温热处理，两者的组织都得到球化，且随着等温时间的延长，两者的组织都会合并长大，其中半固态等温热处理的较佳工艺为“570℃下保温10min”。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.