基于傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪(FT ICR MS)的超宽波段光解离光谱系统的研制及应用

基于质谱技术的光解离光谱方法具有灵敏度高和可行性好的优势,近年来在气相离子化学和分析化学研究领域得到了快速发展和广泛应用。本工作基于一台7 T的傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪(FT ICR MS),搭建了超宽波段的可调谐激光光路系统,获得了气相离子超宽波段的光解离光谱。该系统的光谱可调谐范围为192~3 700 nm,是目前已知在单台质谱仪上可获得最宽波段的光解离光谱系统。超宽波段的波长覆盖范围使用两台宽波段可调谐OPO激光器实现,光路可以在真空传输,提高了紫外和红外激光的传输效率。该系统结合了电喷雾(ESI)电离源和FT ICR MS的高分辨能力以及超强的离子操控能力,可以获得目标离子的紫外-可见光以及中红外区域的光解离光谱,分别对应于分子的电子和振动能级,实现了分子结构信息的互补。以罗丹明110和色胺为例,获得了相应的离子在不同波段中的光解离光谱,初步证明了该仪器实现相关功能的可行性。     

椭圆型晶体谱仪谱测量的解谱研究

对椭圆型晶体谱仪配X射线CCD相机的X射线谱测量系统（EBCS-XCCD）进行了简要描述,研究了CCD相机记录信号的解谱处理方法,推出了对实测原始谱曲线辨认或标识值的计算公式及激光等离子体X射线源在某一波长光谱强度的公式,使之应用在激光打靶产生的等离子体源辐射X射线谱的回推,辨认出了激光等离子体X射线源能谱,并与文献[1]的结果进行了比较,结果基本一致。这一事实有力地佐证了解谱方法的可行性,也表明X射线CCD相机是适宜于椭圆型晶体谱仪的光谱测量记录。在已知晶体的积分反射率、滤片透射率和CCD探测效率的条件下,还可以获得X射线源光谱强度,可为下一步诊断激光等离子体的电子温度和离子密度的空间分布轮廓和进一步细化X激光研究奠定了更深厚的基础。     

基于离子束溅射Ta2O5薄膜的紫外吸收膜技术

为获得高性能紫外激光薄膜元件,急需研制紫外高反射吸收薄膜,实现吸收损耗的精确测量。本文采用离子束溅射技术,通过调控氧气流量实现了具有不同吸收的Ta_2O_5薄膜的制备。以Ta_2O_5薄膜作为高折射率材料,设计了355nm的紫外高反射吸收薄膜。采用离子束溅射沉积技术,在熔融石英基底上制备了355nm的吸收薄膜,对于A=5%的紫外吸收光谱,在355nm的透射率、反射率和吸收率分别为0.1%,95.0%和4.9%;对于A=12%的紫外吸收光谱,在355nm的透射率、反射率和吸收率分别为0.1%,87.4%和12.5%。实验结果表明,采用离子束溅射沉积技术,可以实现不同吸收率的355nm高反射吸收薄膜的制备,对于基于光热偏转测量技术的紫外光学薄膜弱吸收测量仪的定标具有重要的意义。     

Mobile spectroscopic system for trace gas detection using a tunable mid-IR laser

We describe a mobile spectroscopic system for trace gas analysis based on the open path differential absorption spectrometer and the photoacoustic spectrometer. The first method allows long distance measurements (up to a few kilometers) while the second one provides local in situ detection of pollutants. The open path system is based on the nanosecond (f = 10 Hz, tau = 5 ns) lamp pumped Nd:YAG laser and a tunable two cascade optical parametric generator operating in the 5-12 microm spectral region. This source was mounted into the lidar setup based on the coaxial transmitter/receiver. The photoacoustic system was constructed using the same laser as well as a nonresonant photoacoustic cell.     

Evanescent-field scanning microscope with fourier-transform infrared spectrometer

An evanescent-field scanning microscope for infrared microanalysis has been developed. This microscope uses an evanescent field produced by total internal reflection with a high refractive index prism to attain a high spatial resolution, better than the wavelength. This microscope was combined with a Fourier-transform spectrometer. The principle of the method and experimental results for edge detection at different absorption wavelengths are described.     

Evanescent-field scanning microscope with fourier-transform infrared spectrometer

An evanescent-field scanning microscope for infrared microanalysis has been developed. This microscope uses an evanescent field produced by total internal reflection with a high refractive index prism to attain a high spatial resolution, better than the wavelength. This microscope was combined with a Fourier-transform spectrometer. The principle of the method and experimental results for edge detection at different absorption wavelengths are described.     

Time-resolved near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy on photo-induced phase transitions using a tabletop soft-x-ray spectrometer

We present a table-top soft-x-ray spectrometer for the wavelength range λ = 1-5 nm based on a stable laser-driven x-ray source, making use of a gas-puff target. With this setup, optical light-pump/soft-x-ray probe near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) experiments with a temporal resolution of about 230 ps are feasible. Pump-probe NEXAFS measurements were carried out in the "water-window" region (2.28 nm-4.36 nm) on the manganite Pr(0.7)Ca(0.3)MnO(3), investigating diminutive changes of the oxygen K edge that derive from an optically induced phase transition. The results show the practicability of the table-top soft-x-ray spectrometer on demanding investigations so far exclusively conducted at synchrotron radiation sources.     

多波长激发高分辨率微型拉曼光谱仪设计

针对不同激光波长激发测试样品所需拉曼光谱范围的差异性问题,同时为了保证拉曼光谱仪的小型化及高分辨率需求,提出一种以Czerny-Turner光路结构为基础的微型拉曼光谱仪,通过Zemax光学设计软件对光谱仪的准直镜、聚焦镜、柱面镜、光栅以及CCD的倾角及距离进行了优化。该仪器激光波长为633 nm,光谱范围为640～800 nm。进一步优化光栅旋转角度并配合聚焦镜,可使此光学系统同时适用于激光波长532 nm、光谱范围540～650 nm和激光波长785 nm、光谱范围790～1 000 nm两个波段。拉曼光谱仪分辨率为0.1 nm,该光谱仪在保证高分辨率的情况下解决了不同波段范围光学结构差异性大而导致光机设计很难整合在一起的问题。     

医用显微成像光谱仪的光谱定标技术

为了能对自主研制的脑肿瘤手术医用显微成像光谱仪进行光谱定标,设计了由单色仪、钨灯光源、棱镜-光栅-棱镜成像光谱仪及手术显微平台组成的光谱定标系统。采用单色仪波长扫描法,自主开发了相应的光谱定标系统软件,获得了显微成像光谱仪全谱段的光谱数据,完成了数据处理和分析等工作。通过调整光路、单色仪定标、成像光谱仪定标3个步骤实现了系统的光谱定标。定标结果表明:显微成像光谱仪的光谱区大于400~900nm;定标精度高于0.1nm,光谱分辨率高于3nm,各项特征指标均高于设计指标。测试验证实验表明,所建立的光谱定标系统定标精准,结构简单、紧凑,操作简单,符合显微成像光谱仪的实际临床应用要求。     

Measurement of soft X-ray absorption spectra and elemental analysis in local regions of mammalian cells using an electronic zooming tube

Direct measurement of absorption spectra for minute areas (2 μm ×2 μm) in a dried mammalian cell was attempted using X-ray contact images of a whole cell. The wavelength region used ranged from 1.5 to 10 nm covering the absorption edges of the major cellular elements. The measurements were achieved taking advantage of synchrotron radiation as a tuneable light source and an electronic zooming tube as an X-ray detector with a high spatial resolution. The spectra in every intracellular area exhibited marked absorption changes at the absorption edges of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, while minor but significant changes for iron and calcium were observed, particularly in the cytoplasmic areas. These results reveal the different spatial distributions of the constituent elements in a cell.     

CaF2, MgF2, SiO2, Al2O3, SiC, LiF, BaF2, and ZrO2 optical single crystals used in studies in the VUV spectral region

Spectral characteristics of single crystals—fluorite, magnesium fluoride, quartz, sapphire, silicon carbide, lithium fluoride, barium fluoride, and fianite—used as materials for optical windows in studies in the VUV spectral region are presented. Spectral and photometric studies of single crystals in the spectral range 30–700 nm were performed on a BM-70 vacuum spectrophotometer. This instrument is equipped with a vacuum chamber for measuring the light transmission and reflection at radiation angles of incidence between 10° and 70°; this allows both characteristics to be measured sequentially in time without breaking vacuum. Replaceable radiation sources (with and without a window) were used to perform studies in the spectral range 30–700 nm, including measurements in flows of atmospheric and inert gases (Ne, He, Ar, N, and H).     

The tri-band high-resolution spectrometer for the ITER CXRS diagnostic system

A tri-band high-resolution spectrometer, which was designed for performing diagnostics on the ITER facility using the charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS), is described. The CXRS allows measurements of such plasma parameters as the ion temperature, the speed of the toroidal and poloidal plasma rotation, and the concentration of light impurities. The spectrometer is based on three transparent holographic diffraction gratings and is designed to operate simultaneously in three spectral bands: 468 ± 6 nm, 529 ± 6 nm, and 656 ± 8 nm. The results of measuring the main performance parameters of the transparent diffraction gratings and the spectrometer as a whole are presented. It was established that the characteristics of the developed spectrometer satisfy the requirements for the spectroscopic equipment for the ITER CXRS diagnostic system.     

Compact soft x-ray spectrometer for plasma diagnostics at the Heidelberg Electron Beam Ion Trap

A compact flat-field soft x-ray grazing-incidence grating spectrometer equipped with a cryogenically cooled back-illuminated charge-coupled device camera was built and implemented at the Heidelberg Electron Beam Ion Trap. The instrument spans the spectral region from 1 to 37 nm using two different gratings. In slitless operation mode, it directly images a radiation source, in this case ions confined in an electron beam ion trap, with high efficiency and reaching hereby a resolving power of lambda/Deltalambda approximately =130 at 2 nm and of lambda/Deltalambda approximately =600 at 28 nm. Capable of automatized operation, its low noise and excellent stability make it an ideal instrument not only for spectroscopic diagnostics requiring wide spectral coverage but also for precision wavelength measurements.     

An optical spectrometer for a confocal scanning laser microscope

An optical spectrometer for the visible range has been developed for the confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) Phoibos 1000. The spectrometer records information from a single point or a user-defined region within the microscope specimen. A prism disperses the spectral components of the recorded light over a linear CCD photodiode array with 256 elements. A regulated cooling unit cools the diode array, thereby reducing the detector dark current to a level, which allows integration times of up to 60 s. The spectral resolving power, λ/Δλ, ranges from 400 at λ = 375 nm to 100 at λ = 700 nm. Since the entrance aperture of the spectrometer has the same diameter as the detector aperture of the CSLM, the three-dimensional spatial resolution for spectrometer readings is equivalent to that of conventional confocal scanning, that is, down to 0.2 μm lateral and 0.8 μm axial resolution with an N.A.=1.3 objective.     

Spectroscopic comparison between 1200 grooves/mm ruled and holographic gratings of a flat-field spectrometer and its absolute sensitivity calibration using bremsstrahlung continuum

A flat-field extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer with a varied line spacing groove grating (1200 grooves/mm at grating center) has been developed to study the emission spectra from highly ionized medium Z impurities in large helical device (LHD). It covers a wavelength range of 50-500 A using a mechanically ruled grating, which was later replaced by a newly developed laminar-type holographic grating for comparative studies. Differences in spectral resolution, intensities of higher order spectra, and sensitivities of the spectrometer were studied between the two gratings by observing the emission spectra of LHD plasmas. Although the achieved resolution was alike between them, i.e., deltalambda approximately 0.24 A at 200 A, the holographic grating was much superior in suppressing the higher order light than the ruled grating. The relative sensitivity between the two gratings was evaluated using continuum radiation from LHD plasmas. As a result, it was found that the holographic grating has a flat response in the full wavelength range, but the sensitivity of the ruled grating drops sharply below 200 A. A new technique for the absolute calibration of the EUV holographic grating spectrometer was tried by combining the continuum radiation with a branching ratio of C IV lines (3p-3s: 5800 A/3p-2s: 312 A), and an accurate absolute sensitivity has been successfully obtained.     

Absolute calibration method for nanosecond-resolved, time-streaked, fiber optic light collection, spectroscopy systems

This paper describes a convenient and accurate method to calibrate fast (<1 ns resolution) streaked, fiber optic light collection, spectroscopy systems. Such systems are inherently difficult to calibrate due to the lack of sufficiently intense, calibrated light sources. Such a system is used to collect spectral data on plasmas generated in electron beam diodes fielded on the RITS-6 accelerator (8-12MV, 140-200kA) at Sandia National Laboratories. On RITS, plasma light is collected through a small diameter (200 μm) optical fiber and recorded on a fast streak camera at the output of a 1 meter Czerny-Turner monochromator. For this paper, a 300 W xenon short arc lamp (Oriel Model 6258) was used as the calibration source. Since the radiance of the xenon arc varies from cathode to anode, just the area around the tip of the cathode ("hotspot") was imaged onto the fiber, to produce the highest intensity output. To compensate for chromatic aberrations, the signal was optimized at each wavelength measured. Output power was measured using 10 nm bandpass interference filters and a calibrated photodetector. These measurements give power at discrete wavelengths across the spectrum, and when linearly interpolated, provide a calibration curve for the lamp. The shape of the spectrum is determined by the collective response of the optics, monochromator, and streak tube across the spectral region of interest. The ratio of the spectral curve to the measured bandpass filter curve at each wavelength produces a correction factor (Q) curve. This curve is then applied to the experimental data and the resultant spectra are given in absolute intensity units (photons∕sec∕cm(2)∕steradian∕nm). Error analysis shows this method to be accurate to within +∕- 20%, which represents a high level of accuracy for this type of measurement.     

真空紫外辐照对Lumogen薄膜损伤及光学性能的影响

为研究Lumogen(C22H16N2O6)薄膜在真空紫外波段的光致发光特性及辐照损伤,采用热阻蒸发法,以氟化镁为基底制备Lumogen薄膜.使用真空紫外荧光光谱仪、原子力显微镜(AFM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外?可见分光光度计等仪器分别对薄膜的光致发光特性、荧光强度衰减变化、表面形貌、透过率等进行测试与表征....     

基于光谱的激光—MAG复合焊耦合机理分析

采用光纤式光谱仪,对激光—MAG复合焊等离子体辐射,进行空间分布200～1100nm间光谱采集。选取特定谱段辐射积分,给出其在紫外辐射(FeII)、可见光辐射(FeI)、红外辐射(ArI)各扫描层面辐射强度分布。进一步结合高速摄像,研究激光—MAG复合焊的耦合机理。研究结果表明,激光与MAG复合后,其等离子体在焊接电弧中心位置的辐射增强(其中紫外和可见光谱段更明显),形成一个辐射梯度较大的辐射增强区。FeI、FeII对应谱段的电弧辐射区间增宽,这种现象在激光作用的电弧前沿更明显。特定谱段辐射的面分布表明,激光—MAG耦合后,辐射在熔池附近及电弧中部的辐射增强,而在电弧上部的辐射减弱。耦合后的等离子体能量分布更集中于中心部位和熔池附近,复合等离子体Fe辐射区间的增宽,也为电弧稳定提供电离通道。耦合后等离子体辐射分布,使得激光复合焊焊缝成形改善、电弧稳定性增加。     

Fast magneto-optical spectrometry by spectrometer

Time efficient measurement of the spectroscopic magneto-optical (MO) activity of materials has always been desirable. In conventional MO systems, the monochromator produces quasi-monochromatic light in a narrow wavelength window. Therefore, to measure the spectroscopic MO activity, a large number of measurements over the full spectra is required to obtain satisfactory wavelength resolution and thus is very time consuming. Here, we develop a novel system that is capable of fast measurement of the MO activity by only one white light source, two polarizers, one achromatic quarter-wave plate, and one spectrometer. This system is flexible from UV to IR region, only depending on the power spectra of light source and sensitivity of the detector at the corresponding wavelengths. As examples, we measured the intriguing optic and MO activity in glass, ferromagnetic thin film, and bulk GaAs in the visible to near infrared region. The results of glass demonstrated a minimum resolvable Faraday rotation angle of 0.004° by the currently equipped system.     

High resolution extreme ultraviolet spectrometer for an electron beam ion trap

An extreme ultraviolet spectrometer has been developed for spectroscopic studies of highly charged ions with an electron beam ion trap. It has a slit-less configuration with a spherical varied-line-spacing grating that provides a flat focal plane for grazing incidence light. Alternative use of two different gratings enables us to cover the wavelength range 1-25 nm. Test observations with the Tokyo electron beam ion trap demonstrate the high performance of the present spectrometer such as a resolving power of above 1000.