过氧化氢分光光度法测定镍钛铌合金中钛

镍钛铌合金是一种重要的功能材料,其中的钛含量对合金性能影响显著。实验以过氧化氢为显色剂,采用分光光度法测定镍钛铌合金中高含量钛。样品用稀硫酸溶解,加入过氧化氢在室温下形成黄色络合物,于410nm处测定吸光度。试验优化了酸度、过氧化氢用量、显色时间等影响体系显色的因素。在优化的试验条件下,钛质量浓量在70.0~80.0μg/mL范围内符合朗伯比尔定律,显色体系的表观摩尔吸光系数为1.5×10² L·mol^-1·cm^-1。样品溶液无需分取而直接测定,避免了稀释带来的误差。镍的本色干扰采用基体匹配法消除。按照实验方法测定两个镍钛铌合金样品中钛,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别0.40%和0.30%,并与滴定法测定结果相一致。方法实现了镍钛铌合金中高含量钛的准确测定。     

8-羟基喹啉分光光度法测定铍铜中间合金中铝

为测定铍铜中间合金中铝的含量,使用硝酸溶解试样,用氨水调节至pH 6～7,使铁、铝以氢氧化物形式沉淀,过滤并洗涤使其与基体铜分离。采用盐酸溶解沉淀,在pH 5.0的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液中,铝与8-羟基喹啉形成络合物,采用三氯甲烷萃取,络合物最大吸收波长位于393 nm处,表观摩尔吸光系数为6.45×10³ L·mol^-1·cm^-1。在三氯甲烷显色溶液中,铝离子的质量浓度在0～4 000 μg/L范围内符合比尔定律。铁、铜等干扰元素于显色前使用铜试剂-三氯甲烷萃取分离除去。方法适用于铍铜中间合金中0.000 2%～0.5%铝的测定,结果与ICP-AES法测定结果相符合,样品加标回收率为98%～102%。     

偶氮胂Ⅲ光度法测定铝合金中微量钪

在pH 1.8的HCl-KCl缓冲溶液中,钪与偶氮胂Ⅲ形成稳定的紫红色络合物,其最大吸收峰在680 nm处。研究了酸度、偶氮胂Ⅲ用量、反应时间、共存元素等因素对显色反应的影响。结果表明:酸度和偶氮胂Ⅲ用量对体系吸光度影响较大,最佳pH值和偶氮胂Ⅲ体积范围分别为1.5~2.0和1.5~2.5 mL;温度对显色反应影响不大,室温下显色5 min即可测定,且吸光度在120 min内基本保持不变;铁、钛、锆严重干扰钪的测定,采用铜铁试剂沉淀分离的方法可消除其影响。在最佳条件下,钪在0~1.0 μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.8×10⁴ L·mol^-1·cm^-1。方法用于铝合金中微量钪的测定,相对标准偏差(RSD)不超过2%,测定结果与标样认定值或对比方法(电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法)测定结果基本一致。     

百里香酚蓝分光光度法测定铝合金中钛

采用氢氧化钠溶液和双氧水溶解样品,加入酒石酸钾钠溶液消除Fe³⁺的干扰,加入硫脲溶液提高Cu²⁺的允许量,在稀硫酸介质中,增敏剂阿拉伯树胶存在下,钛与显色剂百里香酚蓝发生反应形成稳定的蓝紫色络合物,建立了百里香酚蓝分光光度法测定铝合金中钛的方法。结果表明:络合物最大吸收峰位于590nm,溶液中钛质量浓度在0.1~2μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律,方法检出限为 0.03μg/mL,表观摩尔吸光系数为3.7×10⁴ L·mol^-1·cm^-1。方法用于铝合金标准样品中钛含量的测定,测定值与认定值基本一致,钛测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为2.3%和3.4%。     

阴离子交换树脂相分光光度法测定铝合金中痕量铜

建立了以Dowex 1×2型阴离子交换树脂为吸附相,在pH值为8.0、非离子表面活性剂存在下,铜与铜试剂、乳化剂OP三元络合体系测定铜含量的分光光度法。通过试验确定了Dowex 1×2型阴离子树脂用量为0.30 mL、显色剂用量为2.0 mL、乳化剂OP溶液用量为1.0 mL、最佳吸附时间为25 min、最大吸收波长为437 nm。常见共存离子不干扰铜的测定,Fe³⁺、Co²⁺、Ni²⁺对显色体系的干扰,可加入5 mL 50.0 g/L EDTA-200.0 g/L TAC混合掩蔽剂掩蔽。Cu浓度在4.0～50.0 μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律,线性回归方程为A=0.279 0ρ+0.062 7,相关系数r=0.999 3,表观摩尔吸光系数ε为1.79×10⁵ L·mol^-1·cm^-1。方法的检出限为0.063 mg/mL。对铝合金样品中痕量铜进行测定,相对标准偏差(n=6)为3.0%~7.9%,测定结果同原子吸收光谱法的结果一致。     

乙醛-双环已酮草酰二腙光度法测定纯铝中铜

多年来,我厂化验室分析纯铝中铜含量采用双环已酮草酰二腙(BCO)光度法[1],该方法虽有较好的选择性和较高的灵敏度(ε610=1·6×104),但溶液的酸度要求较高(pH 9·1~9·7),且稳定性不好,测定准确度较低。经试验后,在原体系中加入乙醛,铜生成紫红色络合物,最大吸收峰由610 nm移至540 nm,摩尔吸光系数为2·3×104,稳定性也较好。1实验部分1·1主要仪器和试剂721型分光光度计;酸度计;150 mL银皿或银烧杯。氢氧化钠溶液:250 g/L;硝酸:1 1;氢氧化铵:1 1;柠檬酸钠溶液:500 g/L;乙醛:体积分数为40%;BCO溶液:1·0 g/L,称取0·1 g BCO试剂,加50 …     

2-(5-碘-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯胺与钯显色反应的研究及其应用

探讨了2-(5-碘-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯胺(5-I-PADMA)与钯(Ⅱ)的显色反应。实验表明,在0.6 mol/L高氯酸介质中,5-I-PADMA与钯(Ⅱ) 反应形成摩尔比为1∶1的蓝色稳定络合物,该络合物最大吸收峰位于613 nm处。钯(Ⅱ)含量在0~0.6 μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律,线性回归方程为△A=0.828 4 ρ(μg/mL)- 0.001 6,相关系数r=0.999 9,表观摩尔吸光系数为8.82 × 10⁴ L·mol^-1·cm^-1。方法应用于钯分子筛和矿样中钯的测定,结果与原子吸收光谱法一致,相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.2%～1.4%。     

5-(5-碘-2-吡啶偶氮)-2,4-二氨基甲苯双波长叠加分光光度法同时测定钴和钯

以试剂5-(5-碘-2-吡啶偶氮)-2,4-二氨基甲苯( 5-I-PADAT )做显色剂,建立了双波长叠加分光光度法同时测定钴和钯的新方法。研究发现,在0.6～2.4 mol/L HClO₄介质中,钯(Ⅱ)与5-I-PADAT反应形成稳定络合物,而在此高酸度下,钴(Ⅱ)则完全不能显色;在pH 3.6~10的缓冲介质中,钴(Ⅱ)与5-I-PADAT反应形成稳定络合物,钴络合物形成后以强酸酸化,提高酸度至0.6~3.0 mol/L HClO₄,可转变为另一种具有较高吸收特性质子化型体。研究还发现,钴(Ⅱ)、钯(Ⅱ)与5-I-PADAT形成的络合物,均呈现两个吸收峰,且吸收峰位置十分接近,强峰分别位于580和583 nm,弱峰分别位于532和543 nm。基于钴(Ⅱ)、钯(Ⅱ)与5-I-PADAT显色酸度的差异以及吸光度的加合性特点,采用双波长叠加,建立了分光光度法同时测定钴和钯的新方法。钴、钯质量浓度分别在0～0.4 μg/mL和0～1.0 μg/mL范围内服从比尔定律,表观摩尔吸光系数分别为2.17×10⁵ L·mol^-1·cm^-1和1.10×10⁵ L·mol^-1·cm^-1,灵敏度较单波长分别提高1.75和1.53 倍。方法应用于催化剂和矿样中钴和钯的同时测定,测定值与推荐值相一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别为0.50%～2.3%(钴)和1.0%～1.4%(钯)。     

2-(5-溴-4-甲基-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯胺双波长叠加光度法同时测定钯和铑

以试剂2-(5-溴-4-甲基-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯胺(5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA)为显色剂,建立了双波长叠加分光光度法同时测定铑和钯的新方法。结果表明:钯与5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA在0.9~4.2 mol/L 高氯酸介质中,形成稳定络合物;而铑与5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA在pH值为4.2~5.0的近中性介质中形成稳定络合物,络合物一旦形成则很稳定,向其中加入强酸酸化,该配合物不仅不分解,反而吸收峰红移,吸光度增大。研究还发现,铑、钯与5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA形成的络合物,均呈现两个强弱不等的吸收峰,强峰分别位于605 nm和606 nm,弱峰分别位于558 nm和563 nm。在605 nm和562 nm处,其各自的强弱峰对应的吸光度之和与溶液中铑、钯的质量浓度具有良好的线性关系。铑、钯质量浓度分别在0~0.55 μg/mL 和0~1.04 μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律;利用双波长叠加的分光光度法测得铑、钯的表观摩尔吸光系数分别为ε_Rh=2.64×10⁵ L·mol^-1·cm^-1和ε_Pd= 1.40 ×10⁵ L·mol^-1·cm^-1,铑络合物的组成为n(Rh)∶n(5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA) =1∶2,钯络合物的组成为n(Pd)∶n(5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA)=1∶1。方法用于实际样品催化剂中铑和钯的同时测定,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别为1.4%和4.9%,测定值与原子吸收光谱法测定值相一致。     

硫氰酸钾和1,10-二氮杂菲分光光度法测定高纯氧氯化锆中痕量铁

高纯氧氯化锆是制取高纯锆化学制品的重要原材料，铁作为高纯氧氯化锆中一种常见的杂质元素，含量为0.000 1%～0.005 0%(质量分数，下同),其含量的准确测定对于高纯氧氯化锆生产工艺的研究以及下游应用都具有重要意义。用盐酸(1+1)溶解样品，利用硫氰酸钾、1,10-二氮杂菲可以与样品中铁在稀盐酸介质中反应生成紫红色三元络合物的特性，建立了硫氰酸钾和1,10-二氮杂菲显色-甲基异丁基酮萃取分光光度法测定高纯氧氯化锆中痕量铁的方法。优化后的测定条件如下：显色体系中盐酸含量为1.0～2.5 mL,分别加入2.0 mL 500 g/L硫氰酸钾溶液和2.0 mL 2.5 g/L 1,10-二氮杂菲乙醇溶液，振荡10 s,显色1 min,以5.0 mL甲基异丁基酮萃取，振荡30 s,于分光光度计520 nm处测量吸光度。实验表明，显色体系中铁含量在0.50～16μg范围内时与吸光度呈良好的线性关系，校准曲线线性相关系数r=0.999 7;摩尔吸光系数为2.081 8×10⁴ L·mol^-1·cm^-1;方法的检出限为0.000 0...     

Effect of production parameters on cooling rates of AA2014 alloy powders produced by water jet cooled,rotating disc atomisation

Abstract

In this study, a novel type of rotating disc unit was designed and constructed and was used to produce rapidly solidified AA2014 alloy powders. Copper and stainless steel were used as the disc material and the temperature of the cooling water was selected as 0°C and 18°C. Effects of the production parameters, such as disc material, cooling water temperature, superheat of liquid metal and disc speed on the microstructure and the cooling rate of the powders, have been investigated.

The microstructure of the produced powders was cellular and changed to cellular-dendritic with increasing powder size. It was found that cooling rates were relatively higher using a copper disc and 0°C cooling water temperature. The results indicated that cooling rates of 25 μm powders produced with a copper disc were estimated as 1·01×10⁶ K s^-1 and 9·02×10⁵ K s^-1 for 0°C and 18°C cooling water temperatures respectively. Decreasing the superheat of the liquid metal and increasing disc rotating speed also increased the cooling rates. PM/1050     

流动注射催化光度法测定环境水样中的痕量铁

基于在硝酸介质中Fe³⁺对双氧水氧化铬蓝黑R的褪色反应具有催化作用,利用流动注射自动进样技术在510 nm处检测显色剂浓度的变化,建立了流动注射催化动力学光度法测定痕量Fe³⁺的新方法。优化了反应介质、氧化剂、硝酸与双氧水的体积比、铬蓝黑R的浓度、反应温度及泵速等实验条件;考察了干扰离子的影响,对铜离子、铅离子等干扰严重的离子采用硫代硫酸钠掩蔽剂进行了干扰消除。方法的线性范围为0.08～0.68 μg/mL,检出限为9.77×10^-4 μg/mL。对0.2 μg/mL的Fe³⁺进行11次平行测定的相对标准偏差为0.4 %,分析速度为48.6次/h。方法可用于环境水样如雨水、自来水及河水中痕量铁的测定。     

Diffusion of titanium in copper

Interdiffusion coefficients in copper-titanium alloys have been determined by Matano's method in the temperature range between 973 and 1283 K on (pure Cu)-(Cu-1.98 at. pct Ti alloy) and (pure Cu)-(Cu-2.91 at. pct Ti alloy) couples. Temperature dependence of the impurity diffusion coefficient of titanium in copper, determined by extrapolation of the concentration dependence of the interdiffusion coefficient to zero mole fraction of titanium, is expressed by the following Arrhenius equation along with the probable errors:D _Ti/Cu=(0.693 _−0.135 ^+0.169 )×10⁻⁴exp[−(196±2)kJ mol⁻¹/RT] m²/s. The difference in the activation energies for the impurity diffusion of the 3d-transition metals and self-diffusion in copper has been calculated by applying LeClaire's model with the oscillating potential of the impurity atom in copper. The calculated values agree well with the experimental values including the present one. Kazutomo Hoshino, formerly Graduate Student, Tohoku University     

Electrical conductivity in directionally solidified lead-9 and -20 wt pct copper alloys

Composites consisting of aligned copper dendrites in a lead matrix have been produced by directional solidification processing for potential application as grids in lead-acid batteries. To promote a uniform composite of aligned copper dendrites in a protective lead matrix, two alloy compositions, Pb-9 and -20 wt pct Cu, have been directionally solidified through a temperature gradient,G _l of 4.5 Kmm^-1 at constant growth velocities which ranged from 1 to 100 μm s^-1. With slow growth rates (≲10 μm s^-1 ), the copper dendrites were generally columnar and continuous along the sample length; at higher velocities (≳60 μm s^-1), they assumed an intricate and equiaxed morphology. In accordance with copper content and growth rate, the electrical conductivity of the directionally solidified composites was found to be as much as a 2.5 times that of pure lead. The results are compared with that predicted by a model based on a geometrical dendrite. Formerly Doctoral Student, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University.Seoul Korea. This paper is based on work leading to the successful completion of his Ph.D. degree at Vanderbilt University.     

催化动力学光度法测定锌尾矿中痕量铅

在高氯酸-邻苯二甲酸氢钾介质中,于90 ℃水浴中加热,发现铅(Ⅱ)对碘酸钾氧化核固红的褪色反应有催化作用,据此建立了催化动力学光度法测定痕量铅的新方法。通过正交试验和方差分析确定最佳实验条件为:8.0 mL 1 g/L核固红(NFR)溶液,2.5 mL 0.02 mol/L HClO₄,0.5 mL 0.02 mol/L邻苯二甲酸氢钾溶液和1.5 mL 0.02 mol/L KIO₃溶液。方法线性范围为4.0×10^-5～4.4×10^-3 g/L,检出限为3.0×10^-6 g/L。实验表明,该催化反应为假一级反应,表观活化能E_a = 29.762 kJ/mol,反应表观速率常数K = 1.2×10^-4 s^-1。方法用于本地锌矿尾矿中铅含量的测定,测定值与原子吸收光谱法基本一致,相对标准偏差(n=9)为1.5% ~2.1%,加标回收率为98% ~ 104%。     

HIGH-VELOCITY EXTRUSION FORGING OF BILLETS COMPACTED FROM IRON AND STEEL POWDERS

Abstract

Billets 25 mm in dia. and weighing ～135 g have been compacted from sponge-iron powder using a single-end-pressing technique. A range of densities from 5·6 to 7·2 g/cm³ was produced. The billets were then hot extrusion forged, at high speed, into tensile specimens of gauge-dia. 10 mm, gauge-length 28 mm, and head dimensions of 13 mm dia. × 12·5 mm long. About half the billets were pre-sintered before heating to forging temperature, while others were hot-forged without a pre-sintering stage. The tensile specimens were then tested and selected ones examined metallographically.

The work was extended to investigate the extrusion forging of alloy steel powder.     

The kinetics of the reduction of chromium oxide by hydrogen

The reduction kinetics has been studied as function of hydrogen partial pressures,pH₂O/pH₂ ratio, gas flow rate, and temperature. The reduction follows a linear time law and is dependent on the gas flow rate below a value of approximately 10 cm · s^-1, since the rate is determined by the removal of the water vapor being formed. In this range the reduction rate may be calculated from gas dynamical data. At sufficiently high flow rates the phase boundary reaction is rate determining. The activation energy is 123 kJ · mol^-1. The reduction rate is proportional to the square root of hydrogen pressure and decreases with increasing water vapor content. Formerly Research Associate with Dechema-Institut     

High-temperature wear and deformation processes in metal matrix composites

Dry-sliding wear behaviors of a particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix composite 6061 Al-20 pet A1₂O₃ and an unreinforced 6061 Al alloy were investigated in the temperature range 25 °C to 500 °C against a SAE 52100 bearing steel counterface. Experiments were carried out at a constant sliding speed of 0.2 m·s^- at different test loads. The deformation behavior of the materials was studied by performing uniaxial compression tests in the same temperature range as the wear tests. Both alloys showed a mild-to-severe wear transition above a certain test temperature. In the mild wear regime, the wear rate and the coefficient of friction of the unreinforced 6061 Al decreased slightly with temperature, but the temperature had almost no effect on the wear rate and the coefficient of friction of the 6061 Al-20 pet Al₂O₃ in the same regime. Particulate reinforcement led to an increase in the transition temperature and a 50 to 70 pet improvement in the wear resistance in the severe wear regime. This was attributed to the formation of tribological layers consisting of comminuted A1₂O₃ particles at the contact surface. High-temperature compression tests showed that the flow strength of 6061 Al-20 pet A1₂O₃ and 6061 Al decreased monotonically with temperature and both alloys exhibited a work-softening behavior at temperatures higher than the inflection point on the flow stressvs temperature curves. The logarithmic maximum stressvs reciprocal temperature relationship was not linear, indicating that the deformation processes were too complicated to be characterized by a single activation energy over the whole temperature range. For the range of 250 °C to 450 °C, the activation energy for deformation was estimated to be 311 kJ·mol^-1; for both the matrix alloy and the composite. Severe wear proceeded by thermally activated deformation processes involving dynamic recrystallization along a subsurface strain gradient. A power-Arrhenius type relationship was found to describe well the observed dependence of severe wear rates on the applied load and temperature. This relationship was used to calculate an apparent activation energy for wear of 87 kJ·mol^-1 for the particulate-reinforced composite and 33 kJ·mol^-1 for the matrix alloy. The wear regimes at elevated temperatures are represented in a deformation mechanism map and the relationship between high-strain deformation processes and severe wear are discussed.