复合钕铁硼/铁氧体黏结磁体电泳工艺研究

复合钕铁硼磁体在高温潮湿环境下易被腐蚀,因而需要涂层保护.研究了复合永磁体基体性能和阴极电泳环氧树脂工艺参数对复合钕铁硼/铁氧体黏结磁体的电泳涂漆质量的影响,通过QJ57直流电阻电桥测试了磁体的电阻,采用盐雾试验和湿热试验测试了涂层耐腐蚀性能.结果表明,复合黏结磁体中锶铁氧体磁粉含量质量分数超过30%时,电阻率急剧升高,难以获得优良的涂层.采用EED-060M环氧树脂电泳漆,在漆液温度28～32 ℃,电压120～180 V,固化温度150～170 ℃的电泳工艺条件下,在锶铁氧体含量质量分数少于30%的磁体表面可包覆上一层致密、光滑的,且具有优异耐蚀性能的涂层.     

基于电化学对汽车用有机防腐蚀涂层的性能评价

为了应对汽车内腔的腐蚀问题,制备了一种汽车内腔防腐蚀有机涂层,对汽车在服役过程中内腔受到的腐蚀进行防护.采用高低温试验、热分析、微观结构、湿热试验、盐雾试验和电化学测试方法对涂层性能进行了评价.结果表明:涂层在高温(80℃,24 h)和低温(-35℃,8 h)环境中具有很好的稳定性,膜层结构紧密;在高温高湿360 h和盐雾的环境下测试120 h后,耐腐蚀性能达到行业标准一级;在3.5％(质量分数)NaCl溶液中浸泡96 h后涂层电阻仍达3.14×106Ω·cm2,表明制备的有机防腐蚀涂层具有良好的防腐蚀性能.     

镀锌板无铬耐指纹涂料助剂的研究

在确定镀锌板耐指纹涂料主要组分为水性丙烯酸树脂、氨基树脂交联剂的基础上,采用模拟中性盐雾试验、5%NaCl盐水浸泡试验、沸水加速试验及电化学测试研究了超细SiO2微粉、锆盐、偶联剂等助剂对涂料性能及涂层质量的影响,并给出了各组分的合理用量:2.5%SiO2,1.5%锆盐,1%硅烷偶联剂(以上均为质量分数).结果表明,镀锌板涂覆耐指纹涂料后具有优良的耐指纹、耐黑变等性能.     

高固体分环氧防腐蚀涂层/铝合金在模拟超深海高压环境下的防护行为研究

为了提高铝合金在深海环境中的防护性能,研制了一种铝合金深海防护用高固体分环氧防腐蚀涂料.采用电化学测试技术、盐雾加速试验和涂层形貌分析等手段研究了高固体分环氧防腐蚀涂层在模拟常压海水环境和超深海高压环境(36.0 MPa)下对铝合金的防护行为.结果 表明:高固体分环氧防腐蚀涂料在铝合金基材上的耐盐雾寿命达1000h以上,涂层在铝合金上的拉拔附着力为11.28～13.52 MPa,经36.0 MPa高压盐水浸泡35 d后的湿附着力为7.52～8.12 MPa.铝合金/涂层体系在超深海高压环境下,漆膜吸水导致涂层电阻降低及电容逐渐增大,浸泡35 d后,涂层低频阻抗模值降低到3.85×106 Ω·cm2;深海高压导致涂层中的颜填料疏松,容易形成腐蚀通道导致涂层破损和基体腐蚀.提高涂层在金属上的湿附着力和致密性,是延长涂层在深海环境下防护寿命的关键因素.     

航天器镁合金防腐-热控一体化涂层性能研究

以航天器镁合金防腐-热控一体化涂层为研究对象,分别通过盐雾试验、湿热试验和空间环境辐照试验(包括真空-紫外辐照、真空-质子辐照和真空-电子辐照)研究了涂层防腐性能和空间环境稳定性。结果表明以氟化羟基树脂和六亚甲基二异氰酸酯三聚体交联反应制得的脂肪族聚氨酯为粘结剂,制备的热控涂层具有耐湿热504h,耐盐雾腐蚀1008h的防腐性能,盐雾环境对α_S有一定影响,Δα_S为0.02;真空-紫外辐照、真空-质子辐照对α_S有一定影响,Δα_S分别为0.03和0.04;真空-紫外辐照、真空-质子辐照、真空-电子辐照均对热控涂层ε_H影响不明显,热控涂层高发射率热控特性在空间环境中稳定性好。     

晶态磷化工艺与阴极电泳技术的配套性研究

为了探究不同磷化膜与阴极电泳涂装的配套性效果,并研究不同工艺条件对配套性的影响,利用晶态磷化工艺制备的磷化样板作为阴极电泳的基板,考察了电泳电压、电泳时间、电泳温度、膜层耐碱性对电泳漆膜配套性的影响。结果表明:制得的常温低渣磷化膜和改性纳米SiO_2磷化膜均具有优异的耐碱性能,在电泳电压为200~240 V、电泳时间为120~180 s,电泳温度为25~30℃时均能够获得较好的电泳膜层。对电泳后的漆膜涂层进行附着力、杯凸、盐雾划叉等试验测试,同样表明上述制备的两种磷化膜和电泳有较好的配套性,电泳后的漆膜各项性能均能达到国家及行业标准要求。     

纳米重晶石/环氧复合钢板涂层材料机械及耐腐蚀性能的研究

研究了纳米重晶石改性方法,以及纳米重晶石添加量对钢板涂层硬度、T弯、应变和耐盐雾等性能的影响,并通过扫描电镜观察了纳米重晶石/环氧复合涂层断面以及粒子在基体中的分散状况.研究表明,使用5%硬脂酸钠改性后的纳米重晶石活化指数最大,且具有良好的分散性;纳米重晶石添加量为1.0%时,涂层性能有较大的提高,T弯从4T改善到2T;耐盐雾时间也由720h增加到1096h,提高了20%以上.另外,从涂层断面观察发现,纳米重晶石添加量为1.0%时,颗粒较均匀地分散,粘接紧密,形成较为致密的复合涂层.     

纳米TiO2/醇酸复合涂层的耐腐蚀性能研究

采用盐雾试验和电化学交流阻抗技术,研究了纳米TiO2对钢板涂层耐腐蚀性能的影响,并通过扫描电镜观察了纳米TiO2复合涂层断面形貌.研究表明,纳米TiO2复合涂层的耐腐蚀性能均优于未添加纳米TiO2涂层,当纳米TiO2添加量为1.5%(质量分数)时,涂层耐盐雾时间由420h提高到710h,涂层阻抗值也由107Ω·cm2增加至109Ω·cm2.从涂层断面观察发现,纳米TiO2添加量为1.5%(质量分数)时,颗粒较均匀分散,粘接紧密,形成较为致密的纳米复合涂层.     

8Cr4Mo4V钢表面减摩耐蚀涂层研究

为了提升8Cr4Mo4V钢表面的减摩耐蚀性能,利用真空磁控溅射镀膜技术,在单晶硅P(111)、8Cr4Mo4V钢表面分别制备了WCx和CrN/WCx2种涂层.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了涂层截面形貌,采用UMT高温摩擦磨损试验机、台阶仪、纳米压痕仪、电化学工作站和盐雾试验机分别研究了8Cr4Mo4V钢和2种涂层的摩擦磨损性能、硬度和弹性模量、电化学腐蚀性能和耐盐雾腐蚀性能.结果 表明:涂层截面结构致密均匀,涂层的增加使8Cr4Mo4V钢的摩擦系数降低至0.20以下,磨损率降低2～3个数量级,纳米硬度提高3倍以上,弹性模量降低24％左右,电化学腐蚀降低1个数量级,耐盐雾性能明显提升,涂层起到了很好的保护基材的作用.     

一种水性丙烯酸氨基烤漆的制备及其性能研究

为了提高水性丙烯酸氨基烤漆的适用期及其漆膜的综合性能,通过对水性丙烯酸树脂和氨基树脂等材料的筛选和涂料配方设计,研制出一种综合性能优异的水性丙烯酸氨基烤漆。选取适当酸值的WA006型水性丙烯酸树脂与反应活性高、固化速率快的325型氨基树脂作为主要成膜物质。当WA006固体分与325的质量比为4∶1,烘烤温度130℃,烘烤时间30 min时,漆膜柔韧性达1 mm,铅笔硬度3 H,冲击强度正冲50 cm,反冲40 cm,耐水(25℃) 240 h以上,耐酸(质量分数3%H2SO4) 24 h,耐碱(质量分数2%NaOH) 24 h,耐盐水(质量分数5%NaCl) 200 h,涂膜无起泡、起皱、脱落现象,耐湿热性[(47±1)℃,湿度(50±2)%]200 h涂层无变化。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...