基于波前编码的无热化红外成像技术综述（特邀）

波前编码红外成像技术是一种结合光学编码和数字解码两步成像的计算光学成像技术。波前编码无热化红外成像系统通过在红外光学系统的光阑附近增加特殊面形的光学相位板,对场景红外辐射进行编码调制,使得在宽的环境温度范围内红外焦平面探测器输出的中间编码图像具有高度一致性,再对中间编码图像进行数字解码得到清晰红外图像。近年来,国内外学者开展了大量波前编码无热化红外成像技术的理论分析和原理验证,表明其无热化特性的有效性。文中结合作者近年来的研究工作,主要介绍波前编码无热化红外成像技术的研究背景、基本原理、关键技术、国内外典型的设计方案和原理样机、并展望了波前编码红外成像技术的应用价值和发展趋势。     

疵病检测中适用于不同倍率物镜的波前编码板优化设计

为了更有效地对光刻投影物镜进行疵病显微检测 ,通过对波前编码(WFC)板上光线入射角度及其系数之间变化关系 的分析,设计和优化了一个可以同时适用于5X、10X显微物镜的WFC板。设计 结果表明,加入优化设计的WFC板后,分别对5X、10X和 20X显微物镜延拓了3到10倍的景深; 同时,光学系统的调制传递函数(MTF)在空间截止 频率附近都能保持较好的数值,保证了其应有的分辨率。通过成像仿真实验,对比了加 入WFC板前后的不同倍 率显微物镜的离焦成像能力。结果表明,所设计的WFC板对不同倍率的显微物镜都 有良好的景深延拓能力,在疵病显微检测中具有良好的适应性和有效性。     

不同光瞳对波前编码成像系统的影响

波前编码成像技术是一种光学编码和数字解码相结合进行景深延拓非常有效的技术.为了深入研究波前编码成像系统的成像性能,在介绍了波前编码成像原理的基础上,通过对比分析方形光瞳和圆形光瞳在编码前后分别对应不同离焦情况下的点扩散函数PSF和相应光学系统的模拟成像,得出:在传统光学系统中,圆形光瞳的离焦抑制能力优于方形光瞳;而在波前编码光学系统中,方形光瞳的离焦抑制能力明显优于圆形光瞳.这一结果对光学系统设计工作者具有非常重要的参考价值.     

应用波前编码技术的离轴三反系统的设计及其分析

波前编码技术是一种新兴的"光学一数字"一体化成像技术,可以在保持光学系统相对孔径不变的情况下扩展其焦深,并控制与离焦有关的像差.这一特性使得该技术在空间相机上的应用有着广阔的前景.讨论了波前编码技术在空间用离轴三反光学系统上的应用,通过建立以次镜为波前编码元件的过渡模型给出了光学设计的结果,并以调制传递函数(MTF)为评价尺度对传统系统和应用波前编码技术的新系统的成像特性进行了对比;同时讨论了焦深扩展因子对系统焦深扩展程度以及成像质量的影响.分析结果证明了波前编码技术在空间光学系统上的巨大应用价值.     

波前编码技术在同轴三反系统的应用及其分析

在轨运行的空间相机受到温差或运动振动等影响导致像面离焦, 成像质量下降。波前编码技术可以在保持光学系统整体参数不变的情况下扩展系统的焦深, 使调制传递函数对离焦不敏感。将波前编码技术应用于空间同轴三反系统, 提出在系统的出瞳面上加置掩模板, 并对掩模板的面型进行优化, 对原系统和应用波前编码技术的新系统的成像特性进行了分析和对比。讨论了波前编码掩模板的相位因子对系统的焦深延拓以及对像质的影响。理论及仿真结果表明: 将波前编码技术应用于同轴三反系统, 使系统对离焦不敏感, 可以很好地扩大系统的焦深, 对解决空间光学系统像面离焦问题具有很高的实用价值。     

基于波前编码的红外光学系统消热差设计研究

消热差是红外光学系统设计的重要环节之一,本文介绍使用波前编码技术进行红外光学系统消热差设计的原理及方法,分析波前编码的基本原理,给出波前编码光学系统调制传递函数(Modulation Transfer Function,MTF)的表达式.在此基础上,以三片式长波红外光学系统为例,利用ZEMAX光学设计软件分析其在常温(+20℃)、-40℃和+60℃下的成像质量.分析结果表明,该系统在常温下的成像质量接近衍射极限,但是当温度在-40～+60℃之间变化时,MTF值迅速下降且出现零点,说明系统的成像质量急剧恶化,不再满足使用要求.加入波前编码相位版进行消热差设计后,MTF值对温度不再敏感,在不同温度下可以得到较为清晰的目标图像,表明波前编码技术可以实现红外光学系统的消热差设计.     

太赫兹孔径编码成像研究综述

太赫兹孔径编码成像借鉴了光学孔径编码成像和微波关联成像的基本原理,通过反射式天线等技术改变目标区域太赫兹波等效空间幅相分布来实现高分辨成像,具有高帧率、高分辨、前视凝视等诸多优势,是太赫兹雷达的重要发展趋势之一.介绍了太赫兹孔径编码成像提出的背景,系统阐述了其原理、现状、实现方式、关键问题,指出了其在末制导、安检反恐等领域广阔的应用前景,以期为推动太赫兹孔径编码成像和新体制太赫兹雷达研究提供一定的借鉴.     

基于波前编码的大焦深弹载双色红外探测系统

波前编码技术通过在光学系统光瞳位置加入特殊的相位掩模板,对目标信号光波进行编码调制,并在图像处理端对该编码信号进行解码而恢复原图像,由于被编码调制后的波前对离焦等像差的不敏感度扩大了十数倍,能显著扩大光学系统焦深。因此,波前编码技术能在编码与解码之间解决恶劣力热条件或多色制导体制对弹载红外探测系统带来的离焦和对准误差。文中基于波前编码扩大焦深基本原理,对一长长双色红外光学系统进行了10倍焦深扩大的波前编码像差钝化设计。集成样机后,进行了波前编码成像实验。以小孔点靶编码像作为PSF解码10倍离焦位置处的十字靶和四条靶图像,十字靶和四条靶解码图像清晰可辨,证明波前编码技术对于系统像差或离焦像差的抑制是有效的。最后,对波前编码成像效果进行了分析:解码图像的水波纹是由于空间采样PSF不足导致的,可提取不同视场位置PSF,使用空间变化解码算法实现条纹消除;由于解码图像会在放大信号的同时放大噪声,因此,解码算法需要进一步研究噪声抑制算法,以期满足弹载高能量、高信噪比应用的要求。     

波前编码技术:新兴的“光学-数字”一体化成像技术

波前编码技术是一种即可以提高系统成像质量又可以降低系统种类的“光学-数字“一体化的系统级成像技术,可以很好地控制离焦以及由离焦引起的像散、Petzval场曲、色差,还有由装调、温度漂移等引入的类似离焦的像差,在大视场、大焦深的条件下获得接近衍射极限的像质。介绍了波前编码技术的发展过程、理论基础、各国研究进展、应用前景等方面,并提出了目前存在的问题。     

基于波前编码的红外无热化光学系统相位掩模板热效应特性分析

分析了基于波前编码技术的无热化光学系统中相位掩模板的自身热效应,得到了不同温度下光瞳处相位板相位函数的变化.分析了由相位板热效应引起的波前编码系统成像特性的变化.通过数值及图像仿真证明了相位板热效应对波前编码无热化光学系统性能产生的影响.结果表明,相位板热效应对系统MTF(调制传递函数)的离焦不变特性和编码图像的可复原性产生严重的影响.     

Image compression with a hybrid wavelet-fractal coder

A hybrid wavelet-fractal coder (WFC) for image compression is proposed. The WFC uses the fractal contractive mapping to predict the wavelet coefficients of the higher resolution from those of the lower resolution and then encode the prediction residue with a bitplane wavelet coder. The fractal prediction is adaptively applied only to regions where the rate saving offered by fractal prediction justifies its overhead. A rate-distortion criterion is derived to evaluate the fractal rate saving and used to select the optimal fractal parameter set for WFC. The superior performance of the WFC is demonstrated with extensive experimental results.     

Downlink media streaming with wireless fountain coding in wireline‐cum‐WiFi networks

This paper addresses the problem of streaming packetized media data in a combined wireline/802.11 network. Since the wireless channel is normally the bottleneck for media streaming in such a network, we propose that wireless fountain coding (WFC) be used over the wireless downlink in order to efficiently utilize the wireless bandwidth and exploit the broadcast nature of the channel. Forward error correction (FEC) is also used to combat errors at the application‐layer. We analytically obtain the moment generating function (MGF) for the wireless link‐layer delay incurred by WFC. With the MGF, the expected value of this wireless link‐layer delay is found and used by the access point (AP), who has no knowledge of the buffer contents of wireless receivers, to make a coding‐based decision. We then derive the end‐to‐end packet loss/late probability based on the MGF. We develop an integrated ns‐3/EvalVid simulator to evaluate our proposed system and compare it with the traditional 802.11e scheme which is without WFC capability but equipped with application‐ and link‐layer retransmission mechanisms. Through extensive simulations of video streaming, we show that streaming with WFC is able to support more concurrent video flows compared to the traditional scheme. When the deadlines imposed on video packets are relatively stringent, streaming with WFC also shows superior performance in terms of packet loss/late probability, video distortion, and video frame delay, over the traditional scheme. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fabrication of a GaAs-AlGaAs GRIN-SCH SQW laser diode on silicon by epitaxial lift-off

The epitaxial liftoff (ELO) of a GaAs-AlGaAs graded-index separate-confinement-heterostructure (GRIN-SCH) single-quantum-well (SQW) laser diode and the subsequent transfer to a Si substrate are described. It is the first time that a layer structure containing Al/sub 0.60/Ga/sub 0.40/As has been lifted off, and the 5- mu m thin film was cleaved after ELO by a novel process, called wedge-induced facet cleaving (WFC). The pulsed operation performance of the ELO WFC laser was similar to that of conventionally processed GRIN-SCH SQW lasers. These results hold promise for integrating III-V short-cavity lasers on arbitrary substrates.<>     

Multitapering and a wavelet variant of MFCC in speech recognition

In speech recognition (ASR) based on hidden Markov models (HMM) it is necessary to obtain a spectral approximation with a reduced set of representation coefficients. The author introduces to the speech parameterisation scheme multitapering and a modification of the usual mel frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) processing scheme based on wavelets on intervals (wavelet frequency coefficients, WFC). Phoneme recognition performance improvements compared to the MFCC have been experimentally verified on data from a speech database, using multitapering and WFC.     

液晶波前校正器动态位相响应特性研究

为了对畸变波前进行精确校正,研究了液晶波前校正器在不同灰度级之间的动态位相响应特性,准确确定其响应时间。首先给出液晶波前校正器的响应时间和位相变化的检测方案。然后检测了液晶波前校正器在0和255灰度级之间的上升和下降时间,分别为7ms和11ms。在保证校正精度的条件下,对该位相曲线采取λ/10的误差截断,使上升和下降时间分别减少到4ms和6.8ms。最后,研究了各灰度级依次上升到255和从255再以次回落到各灰度级的动态响应时间。结果表明,各灰度级的上升时间在2～5.2ms之间变化,下降时间在3.66～8.74ms之间变化,且无论是上升还是下降,150和255灰度级之间转换速度最快,在255灰度级邻近的灰度响应速度最慢,且响应时间长于0和255灰度之间的响应时间。因此,在波前校正中,须以255灰度邻近的灰度级中最长的响应时间作为液晶波前校正器的响应时间,以确保波前校正精度。     

Substrate-Removed HgCdTe-Based Focal-Plane Arrays for Short-Wavelength Infrared Astronomy

Removal of the CdZnTe substrate offers several performance benefits for near-infrared (NIR, 1.7 μm) and short-wave infrared (SWIR, 2.5 μm) focal-plane arrays (FPAs). Among these are visible wavelength detection, improved infrared sensitivity and uniformity, and greatly reduced susceptibility to the effects of ionizing radiation. Data for substrate-removed NIR FPAs fabricated for the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) upgrade to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) are presented, including detailed data from delivered units and summary trends for additional units. The WFC3 flight FPA is expected to improve discovery speed by 3.5–120× over current HST instruments. For SWIR FPAs, selected results are presented from the 16 megapixel mosaic delivered to Observatories of Carnegie Institution in Washington which serve as an example of the current state of the art.     

A comparative study on the performance of MIMO‐STBC subject to Weibull fading channels

In this paper, we investigate the analytical performance of the multiple‐input multiple‐output system (MIMO) with orthogonal space‐time block codes (STBCs) subject to Weibull fading channels (WFC). Space‐time block code technique provides an efficient pattern for wireless transmission over various fading channels using multiple transmit antennas. Two approximating methods of the sum of independent Weibull random variables are studied. For each approach, we derive accurate approximate expressions for several performance metrics of MIMO‐STBC system operating under independent and nonidentical WFC. The proposed approximations are expressed in terms of 2 generalized hypergeometric functions, namely, Fox's H and Meijer's G functions. All the derived approximate expressions prove high accuracy, while compared with the simulation results established via Monte Carlo method and Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test as well. Although the 2 approaches have approximately the same accuracy, the second method approximate expressions are much less complex than those of the first method.     

脉搏传播时间变异性谱分析的预处理方法研究

研究了脉搏传播时间(PTT)变异性谱分析的预处理过程,提出了以平均心动频率作为重采样率的均匀重采样方法和基于平均心动频率控制的小波去趋势(WFC,wavelet detrend based on frequency control)方法。试验结果表明:1)采用平均心动频率作为重采样率,可以保证在信号不失真的情况下达到均匀采样的目的;2)相比于平滑先验(SDA,smoothness prior approach)方法和经验模态分解(EMD,empirical mode decomposition)方法,WFC方法得出了较好的去除非平稳趋势效果,同时在处理大数据量序列时有更高的运行效率。     

红外热成像技术在民用领域的应用

介绍了红外热成像技术的特点,讨论了红外热成像技术在民航、电力、石化、森林防火、医疗等民用领域的应用情况。介绍了红外热成像技术的市场状况,分析了不同应用领域对红外热成像技术的发展需求。     

NdFeB磁粉对粘结NdFeB/锶铁氧体复合磁体性能的影响

采用流动温压成型技术制备了各向同性粘结NdFeB/锶铁氧体复合磁体。研究了不同类型NdFeB磁粉对粘结NdFeB/锶铁氧体复合磁体磁性能和交换耦合作用的影响。结果表明,粘结贫稀土NdFeB/锶铁氧体复合磁体的综合磁性能最好,当NdFeB和铁氧体的质量比为3:2时,其磁性能Br=0.38 T,Hcj=524 kA/m,(BH)max=21.9 kJ/m3;另外,其Henkel曲线为典型的S型曲线。粘结纳米双相NdFeB/锶铁氧体复合磁体内的交换耦合作用近乎消失,磁体内以静磁交互作用为主。