TIG与FSW焊接工艺下2219铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展性能研究

目的 研究钨极惰性气体保护焊（TIG）和搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）对2219铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,并探究这2种不同焊接技术条件下焊接接头疲劳裂纹的产生与裂纹扩展原理,了解2种焊接接头的抗裂纹扩展能力,为工程实践应用提供数据参考。方法 采用疲劳裂纹扩展试验方法,测试上述2种焊接工艺条件下焊缝金属和热影响区组织的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/d N和阈值,使用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察并分析金相组织和疲劳断口形貌特征。结果 疲劳裂纹倾向于沿裂纹处萌生,裂纹的存在成为主要的裂纹扩展源头,有利于加速裂纹向前延伸。热影响区由于组织结构不均匀,不同位置的晶粒尺寸存在明显差异,疲劳裂纹扩展路径倾向于沿靠近焊缝一侧向靠近母材区域扩展。TIG焊接工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的裂纹扩展速率明显低于FSW焊接工艺下的焊缝金属和热影响区,与此同时,TIG焊接接头表现出优良的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能。结论 通过此研究,建议2219铝合金焊接接头采用TIG焊接工艺,抗疲劳裂纹扩展效果更佳。     

铜-钢电子束焊接材料的疲劳特性EI北大核心

异种金属焊接构件的疲劳性能对于航天器的服役可靠性具有重要影响。探索了Cr0.8铜合金和1Cr21Ni5Ti不锈钢异种金属焊接接头的疲劳寿命和疲劳断裂机制,采用合理的电子束焊接工艺制备得到铜-钢复合板。利用金相显微镜表征和分析焊缝处的组织与成分,使用电子拉伸试验机和疲劳试验机对焊接接头进行力学性能测试,利用扫描电镜观察不同周次断裂下的疲劳断口。结果显示:两种金属整体冶金结合情况良好,但是钢侧局部熔合区面积较大且由钢基体伸入到焊缝中;铜-钢电子束焊接接头的拉伸试样均断裂于焊缝最小截面处,疲劳试样的平均疲劳极限值为48.04 MPa,且均起裂于焊缝最小截面处;高周疲劳试样在焊缝上表面端点处观察到单一裂纹源,低周疲劳试样观察到较多裂纹源分布于焊缝上下表面及内部,两者的最终断裂区均位于铜合金基体。可见在疲劳断裂过程中,焊接试样在高周和低周断裂下的裂纹源数量存在差异,但是裂纹均易萌生于焊缝最小截面处,且向铜合金基体进行扩展。     

氧化膜对6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能的影响

对6 mm厚的6082-T6铝合金进行两种表面处理然后实施搅拌摩擦焊接,研究了对接面氧化膜对接头组织和疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,进行速度为1000 mm/min的高速焊接时,对接面未打磨和打磨的接头焊接质量都良好,接头强度系数达到81%;两种接头的疲劳性能基本相同,疲劳强度均为100 MPa;少数样品在焊核区外断裂,大部分样品在热影响区断裂。与接头相比,两种接头焊核区的疲劳性能有所提高,均为110 MPa,在疲劳测试中裂纹并未沿“S”线萌生和扩展。     

喷丸改性对7050铝合金FSW接头性能的影响

对5 mm厚的7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头进行喷丸表面改性处理,并对喷丸前后的接头进行残余应力测量、低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究喷丸改性对焊接接头残余应力分布和焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明,喷丸处理提高了接头表面粗糙程度,但接头表层及近表层产生硬化层,二次喷丸处理后的表层硬度值达198HV。二次喷丸最高硬度值比焊接态高33.1%。喷丸引入的残余压应力随喷丸次数增加而增大,最大压应力值位置也移向板材更深处。焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率相对焊接态均降低,表明喷丸改性提高了接头两微区抗疲劳断裂的能力。     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体／铁素体异种钢接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体 /铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系 ,测得疲劳裂纹在 Cr2 5 Ni13/ 13Cr Mo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率 da/ d N,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明 ,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径 ,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区 ,裂纹在铁素体材料侧 ,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线 5～ 2 5 μm扩展 ,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力 ,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在 Cr2 5 Ni13/ 13Cr Mo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为 :da/ d N=7.0 7× 10 - 1 3(△ K ) 3.86 3     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系,测得疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率da/dN,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区,裂纹在铁素体材料侧,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线5～25μm扩展,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为：da/dN=7.07×10-13(△K)3.863。     

搅拌摩擦与氩弧焊铝合金接头疲劳性能的比较

建立了铝合金焊接接头的S-N曲线,对比分析了搅拌摩擦和氩弧焊两种工艺对其焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,结果表明:在载荷相同的条件下,铝合金搅拌磨擦焊接接头的疲劳性能优于氩弧焊接头,搅拌摩擦焊接头的疲劳寿命N=106次的疲劳强度为59-65 MPa,搅拌摩擦焊接接头具有比氩弧焊接头更为细小的晶粒和狭窄的焊接热影响区,阻碍了滑移带的形成和裂纹的扩展,从而提高了接头的疲劳性能,铝合金焊接接头的缺陷是主要的疲劳裂纹源.     

X90钢级管线钢预精焊接头的性能研究

为综合研究X90管线钢的焊接性,选用国内某钢厂轧制的X90管线钢卷板,利用预精焊工艺制备试验钢管4根,采用金相分析、扫描电镜(SEM)断口分析、夏比V型缺口冲击试验、拉伸、弯曲、硬度等试验,研究了焊接接头各个区域的组织和性能.试验结果表明:内外焊缝区组织均为针状铁素体,热影响区(HAZ)粗晶区晶粒粗化严重,主要组织为粒状贝氏体和贝氏体铁素体,在原奥氏体晶界和贝氏体板条内部存在块状或条状的(马氏体-奥氏体)M-A组元;HAZ冲击功离散性较大,出现了单值较低(45 J)的试样,SEM断口分析呈现典型的解理断裂特征;焊接接头抗拉强度805~815 MPa,断裂位置均在HAZ;焊接接头反弯试样易在HAZ出现裂纹和脆断现象;HAZ硬度在220~250 HV之间,较母材下降30 HV左右.HAZ是X90预精焊钢管焊接接头的薄弱环节,为提高X90管线钢的焊接稳定性,应重点研究精焊内外热循环双热影响亚区的组织转变和脆化机理.     

304不锈钢激光焊接接头组织性能及断裂机理研究

目的 研究工艺参数对接头微观组织及力学性能的影响规律,观察断口形貌并揭示断裂机理。方法 基于生产实际,采用激光焊接技术对304不锈钢进行平板对接试验,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和背散射电子衍射等手段观察不同焊接参数下的接头微观组织,利用拉伸试验机及显微硬度仪测试其力学性能;通过疲劳试验机测试不同应力下的疲劳寿命,并绘制相应的S-N曲线;使用扫描电镜观察并分析疲劳断口的形貌特征。结果 焊缝中心由等轴状奥氏体和针状铁素体组成,熔合区以柱状晶的形式向焊缝中心生长。激光功率及焊接速度越大,柱状晶的尺寸越小。当激光焊接功率为1 390 W、焊接速度为13mm/s、离焦量为-10 mm时,304不锈钢激光焊接接头的力学性能最好,此时的抗拉强度为785.9 MPa、伸长率为75.6%,拉伸断口呈典型的韧性断裂特征。在高应力水平（350 MPa和500 MPa）下,疲劳断口由裂纹萌生区、裂纹扩展区和瞬时断裂区组成,焊缝具有优良的抗疲劳性能。结论 焊接速度越快、焊接功率越小、离焦量为负,得到的焊接接头硬度越高,由于细晶强化及加工硬化的双重作用,接头达到了最佳力学性能。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦对接焊接头组织与性能研究

研究了5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊接接头组织与性能,采用金相显微镜观察焊接接头各区域的微观组织,并对接头显微硬度和力学性能进行了测定。结果表明,5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊核组织为动态再结晶生成的细小组织,强化相均匀分布;热机影响区由于动态再结晶和焊接热循环的双重作用,组织变化较大,晶粒有一定程度的长大,强化相有所细化;热影响区仅仅受到热循环作用,使得晶粒粗化和强化相出现聚集现象。搅拌摩擦焊接接头中心硬度与母材基本相当,热机影响区和热影响区由于焊接热输入的原因,使得硬度有所降低。搅拌摩擦焊室温拉伸性能和冲击性能不低于母材的,其中拉伸试样均断裂于母材,焊核室温冲击值达到母材的1.5倍以上,热影响区冲击值与母材的相当。     

热输入对Q1100钢焊接接头低温韧性及耐蚀性能的影响

采用10 kJ/cm和15 kJ/cm两种焊接热输入对Q1100超高强钢进行熔化极气体保护焊,研究焊接接头的组织性能及局部腐蚀行为。结果表明：两种热输入焊接接头的焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体和少量的粒状贝氏体,粗晶区组织均为板条贝氏体,细晶区组织均为板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体,临界相变区组织为多边形铁素体、马奥岛和碳化物的混合组织。两种热输入焊接接头中电荷转移电阻均为母材>热影响区>焊缝区,母材耐蚀性最好,热影响区次之,焊缝区耐蚀性最差。在腐蚀过程中,焊缝区作为阳极最先被腐蚀,当腐蚀一定时间后,腐蚀位置发生改变,阳极腐蚀区域转移到母材区,而焊缝区作为阴极得到保护。热输入为10 kJ/cm时,焊接接头具有更好的低温韧性和耐蚀性,其焊缝和热影响区-40℃冲击功分别为46.5 J和30.2 J。     

不同热输入下F460钢焊接粗晶热影响区韧脆转变的内在机理

使用Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机模拟F460钢单道次焊接条件下焊接粗晶热影响区的热循环过程,通过光镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)分析热影响区的显微组织、确定临界事件,通过ABAQUS软件计算临界解理断裂应力σf,进而系统分析不同焊接热输入E下韧脆转变温度变化的内在机理。结果表明:随着E的提高,焊接粗晶热影响区显微组织依次为少量板条马氏体和大量细密的板条贝氏体,板条贝氏体较多的板条/粒状贝氏体,粒状贝氏体较多的板条/粒状贝氏体,粗大的粒状贝氏体。原始奥氏体晶粒、贝氏体团的最大尺寸随着E的提高而变大。在完全解理断裂的冲击断口上,寻找停留在缺口尖端附近的残留裂纹,通过对比残留裂纹长度、原始奥氏体晶粒大小、贝氏体团尺寸,发现不同E下解理断裂的临界事件尺寸都是贝氏体团大小,而临界事件尺寸越小,韧脆转变温度越低。此外,通过有限元模拟缺口尖端的应力分布得到σf,σf越大冲击韧度越好,随着E的提高σf降低,故进一步说明随着E的提高韧脆转变温度Tk上升的内在机理。     

焊接方法对X90管线钢焊接接头性能的影响

目前,关于焊接方法对X90管线钢焊接接头组织性能的影响相关报道较少。采用手工电弧焊(SMAW)、熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW)、埋弧焊(SAW)3种焊接方法对X90管线钢进行对接焊。利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱仪(EDS)对焊接接头及冲击断口进行显微组织及成分分析,分析了焊接方法对X90管线钢焊接接头组织性能的影响规律。结果表明:焊缝区组织主要为粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体;SMAW粗晶区组织主要为多边形铁素体、粒状贝氏体及M/A组织,GMAW和SAW粗晶区组织主要为粗大的铁素体、粒状贝氏体及板条贝氏体;3种焊接接头硬度分布趋势一致,盖面层硬度最高;SMAW、GMAW和SAW焊接接头抗拉强度依次为714,771,790 MPa,断后伸长率依次为23.3%,22.9%,20.0%;SAW与GMAW熔合线处20℃冲击吸收功比SMAW高约40 J,断裂机制为微孔聚集型,在韧窝底部有金属碳化物粒子析出。     

Role of butter layer in low-cycle fatigue behavior of modified 9Cr and CrMoV dissimilar rotor welded joint

The present work aims at studying the role of butter layer (BL) in low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of modified 9Cr steel and CrMoV steel dissimilar welded joint. The significant difference of the chemical composition of base metals (BMs) makes it a challenge to achieve sound welded joint. Therefore, buttering was considered to obtain a transition layer between the dissimilar steels. The LCF tests of two kinds of specimens without and with butter layer were performed applying strain-controlled cyclic load with different axial strain amplitudes. The test results indicated that the number of cycles at higher strain amplitudes of welded joint without butter layer was greatly higher than that of the joint with butter layer, while the fatigue lifetime to crack initiation (2N_f) became closer to each other at low and middle strain amplitudes. The failure was in the tempered heat affected zone (HAZ) at the CrMoV side for specimens without BL, while the fracture occurred at the tempered HAZ in the BL for specimens with BL. The microstructure details of BM, BL, HAZ and weld metals (WMs) were revealed by optical microscopy (OM). It was found that the tempered martensite was major microstructure for welded joint and much more carbides were observed in tempered HAZ than other parts due to the repeated tempering. Microhardness test indicated a softest zone existing tempered HAZ of BL and also there was a softer zone in tempered HAZ at the CrMoV side due to repeated tempering during welding and post weld heat treatment (PWHT). And scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to observe the fractography. It was indicated that the fatigue crack initiation occurred from the specimen surface and all specimens were ductile–brittle mixed fractures. It is deemed that the softening behavior in BL caused by twice tempering correspondingly decreased the LCF lifetime at higher strain amplitudes. So suitable welding parameters and heat treatment processes became a key measure to ensure LCF property without losing other properties for welded joint with BL.     

X70大变形管环焊接头及断裂机制研究

目的基于应变设计大变形管线环焊接头热影响区的软化问题,解决制约管线安装质量和服役寿命等难题。方法通过显微硬度测试、微观组织分析,研究了X70大变形管接头热影响区的软化原因,并利用数字相关法研究了焊接接头拉伸过程中的断裂机制,还对焊接接头热影响区进行了激光增强探索。结果 X70焊接接头热影响区粗晶区的最大硬度损失达HV0.239;软化区最大应变达到37%以上;经过热影响区激光重熔后,X70钢焊接接头抗拉强度可提高10%以上,断裂位置均位于母材。结论 X70焊接接头热影响区粗晶区存在明显的软化;拉伸过程中在软化区出现了明显的应变集中,是X70焊接接头断裂于近缝区的主要原因;焊接接头热影响区粗晶区粗大的粒状贝氏体和铁素体导致了焊接接头热影响区的软化。     

Comparison of creep crack growth rate in heat affected zone of welded joint for 9%Cr ferritic heat resistant steel based on C, dδ/dt, K and Q parameters

Creep crack growth behavior is very sensitive to the materials’ micro-structures such as the heat affected zone of a weld joint. This is a main issue to be clarified for 9%Cr ferritic heat resistant steel for their application in structural components. In this paper, high temperature creep crack growth tests were conducted on CT specimens with cracks in the heat affected zone of weld joints of W added 9%Cr ferritic heat resistant steel, ASME grade P92. The creep crack growth behavior in the heat affected zone of welded joint was investigated using the Q^∗ concept following which the algorithm of predicting the life of creep crack growth has been proposed. Furthermore, three-dimensional elastic-plastic creep FEM analyses were conducted and the effect of stress multiaxiality of welded joint on creep crack growth rate was discussed as compared with that of base metal.     

Tensile and fatigue behavior of SZ,HAZ and BM in friction stir welded joint of rolled 6N01 aluminum alloy plate

Tensile and fatigue behavior of a 6N01 aluminum alloy friction stir welded (FSW) joint was studied. The tensile and fatigue tests were carried out for the large plate and small round bar specimens. The small round-bar specimens extracted from base material (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and stir zone (SZ). The HAZ exhibited the lowest hardness. The higher tensile and fatigue strengths of SZ were mainly due to fine and homogeneous grains and significant cyclic hardening. Fatigue failure of the large plate specimen including the whole FSW joint part occurred at the lowest hardness location in the HAZ.     

Microstructures and tensile properties of laser cladded AerMet100 steel coating on 300 M steel

A layer of AerMet100 steel was coated on the surface of forged 300 M steel using laser cladding technique. The chemical compositions, microstructures, hardness and tensile properties of this AerMet100/300 M material were systematically investigated. Results show that the composition of the AerMet100 clad layer is macroscopically homogeneous, and a compositional transition zone with width of 150 μm is observed between the clad layer and heat affected zone. Microstructures in transition zone transform from the fine needle-like bainite in 300 M steel to the lath tempered martensite in AerMet100 clad layer. Microstructures in heat affected zone also gradually change from the thick plate bainite and blocky retained austenite (unstable heat affected zone) to fine needle-like bainite and film-like austenite (stable heat affected zone) due to different thermal cycle processes. Thick plate bainite together with blocky retained austenite in unstable heat affected zone reduce the strength and ductility of AerMet100/300 M material. However, the tensile specimens, consisting of clad layer and stable heat affected zone, show slightly inferior mechanical properties to 300 M steel. Ductile fracture exists in AerMet100 clad layer while quasi-cleavage fracture occurs in the stable heat affected zone.     

Fatigue crack growth rate in welds of WDL61 0D steel

Abstract

In steel welded joint zones microcracks appear very easily, so the study of the fatigue crack growth rate in the welds is very important. To evaluate the fatigue characteristics in welded joints and in the heat affected zone of WDL610D steel, the fatigue crackgrowth rates were obtained through testing ofcompac ttension specimens. Fatigue crack growth rates with probabilities of 97.73% are given. The fatigue crack growth rates of two zones are compared. Also the results are compared with the formula in the 'Safety assessment code of pressure vessels with flaws in service' and the recommendations in the standard BSI PD6463. The results show that fatigue crack growth rates in the WDL610D steel are slower than that in the currently used 16MnR steel within the allowable range.