不同喷涂工艺下NiCoCrAlYTa涂层的显微结构和性能

为探索不同喷涂工艺对NiCoCrAlYTa涂层的显微结构和性能的影响规律,确定最优工艺,采用大气等离子、低压等离子、常规超音速火焰和低温超音速火焰4种工艺在镍基单晶高温合金表面制备了NiCoCrAlYTa涂层。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和显微硬度计等分析手段对喷涂态涂层的相组成、显微结构和显微硬度等进行了表征。结果表明,不同喷涂工艺下涂层的相组成均为γ′-Ni_3Al、β-NiAl和γ-Ni固溶体。低压等离子和超音速火焰喷涂的涂层致密且孔隙率低,其中超音速火焰喷涂的涂层孔隙率低于1%。低压等离子和低温超音速火焰喷涂的涂层氧含量很低,控制在0.3%~0.6%的范围。综合来说,低温超音速火焰喷涂工艺制备的涂层结构致密,孔隙率和氧含量很低。该工艺是沉积NiCoCrAlYTa涂层的首选。     

硬质相对冷喷涂FeAl金属间化合物涂层性能的影响

FeAl金属间化合物具有优良的物理性能和力学性能,但其室温塑性和断裂韧性低,限制了其工程应用.利用机械合金化制备了Fe(Al)固溶体合金粉末及Al2O3,WC硬质相增强的复合合金粉末,通过冷喷涂沉积涂层并结合后热处理原位反应制备了FeAl金属间化合物涂层及其复合涂层.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及显微硬度仪等研究了硬质相对球磨粉末组织结构、冷喷涂FeAl金属间化合物涂层组织结构及性能的影响.结果表明.硬质相可显著加速球磨粉末内部层状结构的细化程度,喷涂态涂层具有不同于传统热喷涂涂层的层状组织结构,热处理可实现喷涂态涂层中Fe(Al)固溶体向FeAl金属间化合物的原位转变,致使层状结构消失,获得无粒子界面的FeAl金属间化合物涂层,弥散分布的硬质相可显著提高冷喷涂FeAl金属间化合物涂层的强化稳定性.     

Nitridation of aluminum particles and formation process of aluminum nitride coatings by reactive RF plasma spraying

Nitridation of aluminum particles and formation process of aluminum nitride coatings by reactive RF plasma spraying was investigated by collecting splat and depositions and fabrication of the coating. Nitriding reaction of aluminum particles during flight in the plasma and after deposit on the substrate was confirmed by the observation of splats and the deposition morphologies, respectively. However, as nitriding reaction of aluminum particles easily forms brittle agglomerates on the substrate, the formation of sound coating was difficult. Though the coating was fabricated with the spraying condition of RF power of 5 kW, it was impossible to fabricate the coatings with RF power of 6 kW. In order to fabricate aluminum nitride coatings by reactive RF plasma spraying, it is necessary to control the plasma and the substrate temperature for the suitable conditions with changing RF power and nitrogen gas flow rate.     

高速电弧喷涂FeAlNbB非晶纳米晶涂层的组织与性能

为了提高钢铁材料的耐磨性和硬度,利用高速电弧喷涂技术在45钢基体上制备了FeAlNbB非晶纳米晶涂层.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDAX),透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射仪等设备对涂层的组织结构和相组成进行了分析,研究了非晶纳米晶的形成机制.实验结果表明:FeAlNbB非晶纳米晶涂层是非晶相、α-Fe、FeAl纳米晶和Fe3Al微晶共存的多相组织,涂层中非晶相含量约36.2%,纳米晶尺寸约14.1 nm;涂层组织均匀,结构致密,平均孔隙率约2.3%;非晶纳米晶涂层具有较高的硬度,其耐磨性是相同实验条件下制备的3Cr13涂层的2.2倍.     

喷涂距离对Fe基非晶涂层孔隙影响的研究

热喷涂涂层中孔隙的存在会降低涂层的耐蚀性,减少涂层寿命,而热喷涂工艺参数很大程度上影响涂层的孔隙率。本文采用计算机数值模拟和设计验证实验的分析方法,重点研究了JP-8000超音速火焰喷涂系统(HVOF)制备Fe基非晶涂层工艺参数中喷涂距离与涂层孔隙的关联性。利用商用计算软件Fluent计算平台,研究加入粉末粒子前,喷枪内火焰温度和速度的变化规律,以及加入非晶粉末后,不同喷涂距离条件下颗粒飞行过程的温度和速度的变化规律。仿真结果表明,喷涂距离为360~380 mm时,非晶粉末颗粒在撞击基板时处于半融化状态,颗粒在基板上具有良好的流动性,可获得孔隙率较低的涂层。验证实验结果与仿真结果一致。X射线衍射结果表明,粉末、不同喷涂距离所制备的涂层以及同成分的非晶条带均为完全非晶态结构。SEM和孔隙率统计结果表明,喷涂距离为370 mm时,涂层截面的孔隙较少,且孔隙率最低,为0.57%,验证了计算模拟优化的最佳喷涂距离范围。     

Application of reaction synthesis principles to thermal spray coatings

Reaction synthesis principles have been extended to plasma spraying to obtain coatings consisting of mixed oxide phases and iron aluminides. Elemental powders of iron and aluminium were fed through a d.c. plasma torch to deposit intermetallic coatings on carbon steel substrates. Carbon steel substrates were also pre-heated with a plasma flame to create an iron oxide surface on the substrate such that an exothermic thermite reaction takes place when molten splats of aluminium impinge the pre-heated substrate at sub- or supersonic velocities. A thermite reaction between iron oxide and aluminium allowed the formation of alumina, FeAl2O4, iron, and iron aluminide phases. The presence of FeAl2O4 and Al2O3 increased the surface hardnesses of the coating, and the hardnesses of the coatings are significantly higher than the hardnesses of steel substrate, and aluminium particles. X-ray analysis of the coatings, microstructural observations, and microhardness measurements suggest that plasma spraying conditions can be tailored to obtain coatings with high hardness values with in situ synthesized reinforcements (spinel and alumina) or iron aluminide phases. Aluminium-rich phases were observed in the as-deposited coatings when a mixture of aluminium and iron or aluminium and nickel were fed through the plasma gun in ratios equivalent to Fe3Al, FeAl, Ni3Al, and NiAl. In some cases, annealing allowed the formation of iron-rich or nickel-rich aluminide phases. High solidification rates of molten splats allowed very limited diffusional reactions between the splats of aluminium and iron, or aluminium and nickel because the available diffusional time for exothermic interfacial reactions is limited to a fraction of a second at best. Oxidation of part of the aluminium led to the formation of alumina in the as-deposited coatings, and therefore, a vacuum plasma spraying technique is desirable to obtain intermetallic phases. The results suggest that reactive spraying will allow deposition of coatings by utilizing the heats of reaction between the constituents, and reactive spraying will broaden the engineering applications of reaction synthesis techniques.     

氧气流量对超音速火焰喷涂多尺度WC-17Co涂层组织结构与性能的影响

工艺参数对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层的组织结构、硬度、耐磨性影响较大,但相关研究较少。采用超音速火焰喷涂技术(HVOF)在4种氧气流量(322,402,482,543 L/min)下将多尺度WC-17Co粉末(含30%纳米WC和70%微米WC)喷涂在Q235钢基体表面制备WC-17Co涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析涂层的截面形貌和物相,测试了涂层的硬度值,通过销盘磨损试验机测试涂层的耐磨损性能,研究氧气流量对多尺度WC-17Co涂层组织结构与耐磨性能的影响。结果发现:4种氧气流量下所制备的涂层组织致密,孔隙率为0.306%~1.290%;随着氧气流量降低,涂层中WC分解更严重,当氧气流量为322 L/min时,涂层中分解相(W_2C、W和Co_3W_3C)最多;涂层的硬度随着氧气流量增加而增加,当氧气流量为543 L/min时,涂层的硬度[(933.8±29.3)HV_(3N)]是Q235钢[(183±7)HV_(3N)]的5倍;随着氧气流量增加,涂层磨损失重逐渐减小,当氧气流量为543 L/min时,涂层的磨损失重仅为(8.57±0.95)mg,耐磨损性能较基材明显提高。     

冷喷涂Al基复合涂层的制备及耐蚀性能研究

铝合金以其轻量化特性及优异的耐腐蚀性能得到广泛应用.冷喷涂技术具有低温高速沉积的特点,是制备铝防腐涂层的有效方法.采用机械混合的方式制备了铝基-陶瓷相混合粉末,并通过冷喷涂在Al1060表面制备了Al5056,Al5056-Al2O3,Al5056-SiC,Al5056-WC 4种涂层.通过 Image-Pro Plu...     

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and property of cold-sprayed nanostructured FeAl/Al2O3 intermetallic composite coating

It is difficult to deposit dense intermetallic compound coatings by cold spraying directly using compound feedstock powders due to their intrinsic low temperature brittleness. A method to prepare intermetallic compound coatings in-situ employing cold spraying was developed using a metastable alloy powder assisted with post heat treatment. In this study, a nanostructured Fe(Al)/Al₂O₃ composite alloy coating was prepared by cold spraying of ball-milled powder. The cold-sprayed Fe(Al)/Al₂O₃ composite alloy coating was evolved in-situ to FeAl/Al₂O₃ intermetallic composite coating through a post heat treatment. The effect of heat treatment on the phase formation, microstructure and microhardness of cold-sprayed Fe(Al)/Al₂O₃ composite coating was investigated. The results showed that annealing at a temperature of 600 °C results in the complete transformation of the Fe(Al) solid solution to a FeAl intermetallic compound. Annealing temperature significantly influenced the microstructure and microhardness of the cold-sprayed FeAl/Al₂O₃ coating. On raising the temperature to over 950 °C, diffusion occurred not only in the coating but also at the interface between the coating and substrate. The microhardness of the FeAl/Al₂O₃ coating was maintained at about 600HV_0.1 at an annealing temperature below 500 °C, and gradually decreased to 400HV_0.1 at 1100 °C.     

等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层的组织与性能

为了提高WC-12Co涂层的喷涂质量,采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)方法在Q235钢基体上制备WC-12Co复合涂层,探讨了不同工艺参数下涂层的组织与性能,用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能谱仪(EDS)研究涂层形貌和微观组织及涂层成分演变规律,采用显微硬度计测试涂层显微硬度。结果表明:涂层主要由WC和W2C以及少量的Co3W3C和Co6W6C相组成;涂层主要以机械结合方式为主,厚度大约在300μm,粘结层厚度约为60μm。该试验最优工艺参数为电流300 A,送粉率50 g/min,喷涂距离110 mm;优化后涂层硬度为1 169HV0.5 N,孔隙率为3.6%。     

Rapid solidification in thermal spray deposition: Microstructure and modelling

Mechanical thermal and adhesive properties of thermal spray coating are primarily determined by the phase and microstructure of single splats, which ultimately depend on rapid solidification of each splat and on the interactions between the splats and between the splat and the substrate. Significant efforts are being made to develop a better understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying these phenomena. This paper reviews a series of work in the area of mathematical modeling of phase and microstructure formation during the rapid solidification of single splats and coatings. The model development has been complimented by special experiments. Conditions under which plantar interface solidification occurs, columnar celluar or dendritic growth takes place, or banded structure forms, have been identified. A microstructure map can therefore built using the model presented here. The process parameters that promote crystalline nucleation and grain structure formation can be isolated and the effect of interfacial heat transfer, splat substrate temperature difference, and substrate melting and resolidification can be examined using the model. The model prediction agree qualitatively well with the experimental data for alumina, yttria, partially-stabilized zirconia, and molybdenum.     

Modeling development of residual stresses in thermal spray coatings

The diameter, velocity and temperature of stainless steel and tungsten carbide cobalt particles applied onto stainless steel substrates using a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) torch were measured. The microstructure of the coatings produced was examined using a scanning electron microscope and coating thickness, porosity and roughness measured. Using the experimental spray parameters as inputs to a 3-D stochastic model we simulated coating formation. Measured values of coating thickness and porosity agreed well with predicted values while calculated surface roughness was somewhat higher than that observed in experiments. An object oriented finite element code (OOF) developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology was used to calculate residual stresses in the coating. The model uses an adaptive meshing technique to discretize the coating microstructure into a mesh suitable for finite element analysis. To define the coating geometry we used either micrographs of coating cross-sections or computer generated images of coatings. Similar values of residual stress are obtained in either case. High stresses are present at the interface between the coating and substrate. The magnitude of stresses increases significantly with coating thickness. Stresses are relieved by voids such as pores or cracks in the coating. Residual stresses increase with coating temperature and can be decreased by preheating the substrate.     

爆炸喷涂Cr3C2-25NiCr涂层的微观结构及性能

为了使Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层能够应用于水力机械表面,采用爆炸喷涂技术在0Cr13Ni4Mo不锈钢基材表面制备了Cr_3C_2-25NiCr涂层,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、金相分析仪、拉伸试验机、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、电化学工作站等手段研究分析了该涂层的微观形貌、孔隙率、结合强度、显微硬度、耐磨性能、耐蚀性能等。结果表明:爆炸喷涂Cr_3C_2-25NiCr涂层具有高致密结构,平均孔隙率仅为0. 76%,并且其结合强度高达82 MPa;涂层平均显微硬度为1 026 HV2 N,远高于基体;且在相同试验条件下,涂层的磨损量仅为基体的1/72;同时涂层还具有远高于基体的耐腐蚀性能。     

Nano /spl alpha/-Fe/epoxy resin composite absorber coatings fabricated by thermal spraying technique

In this paper, the low temperature high velocity air fuel (LTHVAF) spraying technique was applied to prepare the /spl alpha/-Fe/epoxy resin nanocomposite coatings. The composite powders were mixed with different mass fractions, and the microstructure and reflectivity coefficient of coatings were tested. The results show that the microstructure of coatings is dense and low porosity; nano metal particles are dispersed in the coatings. The coatings are closely combined with substrate. In these coatings, the volume fraction calculated with density, component distribution, properties of metal particle, and coating thickness can affect the microwave absorption ability of the coatings. The reflectance coefficient of 70 mass% nano /spl alpha/-Fe/epoxy resin composite coatings is lower than others. In these nanocompsite absorber coatings, the relationship of the reflectivity coefficient and the coating structure were constructed with permittivity, permeability, and thickness. The optimal mass fraction of absorber coatings is about 0.3. It is analyzed with self-bonding strength and reflectivity coefficient. This means that the change of the coating structure affects the performance of the nanocomposite coatings.     

热处理对热障涂层孔隙率及热导率的影响

热障涂层高温使用过程中不可避免发生烧结,引起涂层失效。为探索烧结过程对涂层可靠性的影响,采用等离子喷涂制备氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)涂层,并对其进行1 000,1 100,1 200,1 300℃高温烧结试验,研究其高温烧结过程中的微观结构及热导率演变规律。结果表明:高温热处理引起热障涂层组织结构和热导率均发生变化,稳定状态的孔隙率为12%~14%,在热障涂层服役温度范围内热导率增加到1.25~1.45 W/(m·K)。     

Study on corrosion resistance of aluminium coating deposited on magnesium-zinc-yttrium-calcium alloy by cold spray

Pure aluminium coatings were prepared on magnesium-zinc-yttrium-calcium alloy substrate via cold spraying technology with different scanning speeds and working gas temperature. The correlation between the corrosion resistance of the coatings and the different spraying process was studied. While the working gas temperature is 600 °C and the scanning speed is 1 mm/s, aluminium coating has less porosity and the coating was well combined with the substrate. Higher temperature of working gas increases the plastic deformation of particles, which lead to a dense aluminium coating. The relationship of corrosion resistance on working gas temperature and scanning speed of aluminium coatings has also been investigated by immersion corrosion test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. The results show that the cold sprayed aluminium coatings revealed a lower porosity and higher corrosion resistance with the decreasing scanning speed and the increasing temperature of working gas. The porosity and corrosion current densities were 0.938 vol.% and 2.427 ⋅ 10⁻⁶ A/cm². The experimental results show that the aluminium coating prepared by cold spraying has a good protective effect on magnesium alloy.     

Improving thermal barrier coatings by laser remelting

Thermal barrier coatings are extensively used to protect metallic components in applications where the operating conditions include aggressive environment at high temperatures. These coatings are usually processed by thermal spraying techniques and the resulting microstructure includes thin and large splats, associated with the deposition of individual droplets, with porosity between splats. This porosity reduces the oxidation and corrosion resistance favouring the entrance of aggressive species during service. To overcome this limitation, the top coat could be modified by laser glazing reducing surface roughness and sealing open porosity. ZrO2(Y2O3) top coat and NiCrAlY bond coating were air plasma sprayed onto an Inconel 600 Ni base alloy. The top coat was laser remelted and a densified ceramic layer was induced in the top surface of the ceramic coating. This layer inhibited the ingress of aggressive species and delayed bond coat oxidation.     

Characterisations of HVOF sprayed NiCrBSi coatings on Ni- and Fe-based superalloys and evaluation of cyclic oxidation behaviour of some Ni-based superalloys in molten salt environment

Microstructure plays a predominant role in determining material behaviour. Increasing microstructure uniformity has long been considered a fruitful means of improving thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of the materials. High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) is one of the emerging technologies among the thermal spraying techniques, for producing uniform and dense coatings, having high hardness and good adhesion values. In this study, HVOF technique was used to deposit NiCrBSi coatings, approximately 250-300 μm thick, on the Ni- and Fe-based superalloys for hot corrosion applications. The coatings were characterised in relation to coating thickness, porosity, microhardness and microstructure. The hot corrosion behaviour of the coatings deposited on nickel-based superalloys after exposure to molten salt (Na₂SO₄-60% V₂O₅) at 900 °C under cyclic conditions was also studied. The techniques used in the present investigation include X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The thermogravimetric technique was used to establish kinetics of corrosion. The structure of the as sprayed NiCrBSi coating mainly consisted of γ-nickel solid solution containing small fraction of Cr₇C₃ and Ni₃B phases. Very weak peaks of NiCr₂O₄ spinel oxides were also formed during spraying of the coatings. Some porosity (less than 1.4%) and inclusions were observed in the structure of the coatings. Coating microhardness values were found to be in the range of 750-930 Hv (Vickers Hardness) on different substrates. The NiCrBSi coating was found to be very effective in decreasing the corrosion rate in the given molten salt environment at 900 °C. The hot corrosion resistance imparted by NiCrBSi coatings may be attributed to the formation of oxides of silicon, chromium, nickel and spinels of nickel and chromium.     

等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积的气相沉积机理

以等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积(PS-PVD)喷涂团聚的 ZrO₂-7wt%Y₂O₃(7YSZ)粉末在五个喷距下制备了热障涂层。通过场发射-扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了五个涂层样品的微观结构和相成分差异。另外, 通过发射光谱(OES)诊断研究了射流中7YSZ粉末气相浓度随喷距的变化。最后, 阐述了3种不同的气相沉积涂层生长机制, 说明了射流中粉末的状态和气相浓度对涂层结构的影响。研究表明：(1)350 mm和1800 mm喷距下形成的均是致密结构涂层, 而650~1250 mm喷距下形成的是典型的PS-PVD柱状结构涂层。(2)350 mm喷距下制备的涂层由四方相(t’)和单斜相(m)氧化锆构成; 当喷距大于650 mm时, 涂层以四方相(t’)氧化锆为主。(3)350 mm喷距下涂层是由高浓度气相过饱和自发形核形成的新核和液/固粒子共同作用形成的; 喷距650~1250 mm下, 涂层生长以气相沉积于基体进行非自发形核为主, 气相在射流中的自发形核为辅; 喷距1800 mm下涂层由气相过冷凝固的粒子堆积而成。     

激光熔覆制备原位自生TiC增强Ni3（Si,Ti）复合涂层研究

运用激光熔覆技术修复受损的烟汽轮机叶片,在GH864镍基合金表面制备原位自生TiC颗粒增强Ni3(Si,Ti)金属间化合物复合涂层.利用扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、X射线衍射仪及显微硬度计研究了(Ti+C)的加入量对熔覆层组织及硬度的影响.研究表明:在优化的工艺参数下可获得宏观质量完好,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷,且与基体呈冶金结合的激光熔覆层,熔覆层由Ni(Si)、Ni3(Si,Ti)和TiC组成;当合金粉末中(Ti+C)的加入量为20%时熔覆层的硬度最高可达780Hv,是基体材料的2.4倍.