含Ag的Al-Cu-Mg基合金的断续时效特征

采用维氏硬度、拉伸力学性能测试、扫描电镜和透射电子显微镜分析手段,研究了断续时效对含Ag的Al-Cu-Mg基合金的组织和性能的影响。结果表明:185℃高温欠时效Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金在低温进行二次时效时,会发生二次析出现象,合金塑性显著提高。随着185℃欠时效时间的延长,合金二次时效初始硬度升高,峰值时间缩短,峰值硬度增量降低。二次时效温度为65℃时,合金中主要强化相为G.P.区和少量的Ω相,其峰值强度硬度低于T6态,提高二次时效温度至150℃,合金主要强化相为Ω相和少量的G.P.区,其峰值强度硬度略高于T6态。     

Effects of Pre-Ageing Treatment on Subsequent Artificial Ageing Characteristics of an Al-1.01Mg-0.68Si-1.78Cu Alloy

The influences of pre-ageing temperature and natural ageing time on subsequent artificial age hardening behavior and precipitation sequence of new type Al-1.01Mg-0.68Si-1.78Cu alloy were investigated by hardness test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) observations. When pre-ageing temperature is 20℃ (natural ageing), the peak hardness of subsequent artificial aged alloy is lower than that of T6 treated alloy (negative effect), while a positive effect a...     

800MPa级Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金

通过采用在线精炼、在线细化、热顶铸造等技术手段,成功在直接水冷半连续铸造设备上制备出了合金化元素总量达20%的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金,打破了7000系铝合金合金化元素总量不高于14%的极限。利用金相显微镜、透射电镜进行微观组织观察,采用差热分析仪测试相转变温度,测试了硬度、拉伸性能并利用扫描电镜进行断口分析。该合金经过挤压、RRA热处理后,其抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别达到810.3,799.3MPa和3.4%。通过对单级时效动力学和三级时效动力学进行研究,确定了合金的最佳时效温度为120℃,而时效时间的可选择范围较大。Zn含量高达16.1%的铝合金中主要由未溶第二相和时效析出相η′相共同强化,未发现其他新析出相。     

气垫式预时效工艺对6016铝合金汽车板性能的影响

利用拉伸试验、硬度测试、杯突实验及差示扫描量热等检测手段,研究了固溶处理后不同停留时间下气垫式预时效工艺对6016铝合金汽车板成形性及烤漆硬化性的影响,并分析其析出特性。结果表明,气垫式预时效工艺可以抑制自然时效的不利影响。固溶处理后室温停放时间越短,气垫式预时效工艺对6016铝合金汽车板冲压成形性及烤漆硬化性的改善作用越显著。固溶处理后室温停放5min的6016铝合金汽车板经160℃×10min的预时效处理后,同时具有良好的成形性及烤漆硬化性,在烤漆过程中析出较多的强化相。     

人工时效对激光选区熔化AlMg4.5Sc0.55Mn0.5Zr0.2合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用激光选区熔化制备AlMg_4.5Sc_0.55Mn_0.5Zr_0.2合金,研究人工时效工艺参数对合金维氏硬度的影响规律,分析沉积态和优选时效态合金的室温拉伸性能和显微组织。结果表明：人工时效使该合金的维氏硬度由102HV提升至140HV以上。随着时效温度升高（305~335℃）或时效时间延长（1.5~48 h）,维氏硬度呈现先增加、再降低、最后逐渐趋于稳定的规律。在315℃时效3 h或12 h后,合金的室温拉伸性能基本相当,无明显的各向异性;抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达到470 MPa和410 MPa,断后伸长率保持在15.0%。力学性能的提升得益于人工时效过程中弥散析出且与基体共格的纳米增强颗粒Al₃（Sc,Zr）。     

Impact of pre-ageing on age hardening response of twin-belt cast AlMg1SiCu sheet

The potential of twin-belt cast (TBC) AlMg1SiCu sheet for structural automotive applications was investigated with a particular emphasis on the impact of pre-ageing on its age hardening response. The optimum T6 process for the TBC AlMg1SiCu sheet is identified to be a water-quench from the solution heat treatment at 540 °C and a subsequent ageing treatment at 180 °C. This process gives hardness values as high as 120 HV within several hours when ageing at 180 °C is performed shortly after the solution treatment. The age hardening capacity is impaired, however, when the sheet is stored at room temperature before the artificial ageing cycle. Pre-ageing at 100 and 140 °C is effective in improving the age hardening response of the naturally aged 6061 sheet. Pre-ageing suppresses natural ageing and clustering activities and gives lower T4 yet a much higher T6 hardness.     

Ageing behaviour of SiCp-reinforced AA 7075 composites

The precipitation behaviour in 7075 aluminium alloy matrix composites reinforced with 0–40 vol% particulate SiCp (12.5 μm) was studied using macrohardness (HV) measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the low volume percentage (5,10) SiCp composites, the hardness-ageing curves and DSC scans are similar to those of the unreinforced alloy. However, the age-hardening quantities and DSC Gurnier-Preston (GP) zone peak size are smaller than those of the unreinforced alloy. Additionally, the high-temperature peaks (ageing curves at 200 °C or DSC scanning curves) are broader. In the high volume percentage (20, 30, 40) SiCp composites, the hardness-ageing curves and DSC scans are very different from those of the unreinforced alloys. Only a high-temperature broad peak was observed during the DSC scanning. On the hardness-ageing curves no hardening phenomena were detected, but rather a softening phenomenon occurred in the 30% or 40% SiCp composites, suggesting that during ageing an exothermic dislocation recovery softening process coexists with precipitation hardening. A model was introduced by dividing the matrix of the composite into Region I (normal precipitation) and Region II (particular precipitation). The precipitation of GP zones is completely suppressed and the precipitation of η′ phase is accelerated in Region II. The matrix of the low volume fraction SiCp composite comprises Regions I and II, whereas that of the high volume fraction SiCp composite comprises only Region II. The ageing behaviour and DSC scans of the composites can be fully explained by this model. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Altered age-hardening behavior in the ultrafine-grained surface layer of Mg-Zn-Y-Ce-Zr alloy processed by sliding friction treatment

To gain insight into the ageing behavior of ultrafine grain(UFG)structure,the precipitation phenom-ena and microstructural evolutions of Mg-6Zn-1Y-0.4Ce-0.5 Zr(wt.％)alloy processed by sliding friction treatment(SFT)were systematically studied using hardness texting,transmission electron microscopy(TEM)equipped with high-angle annular dark-field scanning(HADDF-STEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and XRD line broadening analysis.The microhardness of the SFT-processed(SFTed)sample initially decreases from 109.6 HV to 104.8 HV at ageing for 8 h,and then increases to the peak-ageing point of 115.4 HV at 16 h.Subsequently,it enters the over-aged period.The un-SFTed sample,as the counterpart,follows a regular ageing behavior that increases from 89.9 HV to 99.6 HV when ageing for 12 h,and then drops.A multi-mechanistic model is established to describe the strengthening due to grain refinement,disloca-tion accumulation,precipitation etc.The analysis reveals that the temperature sensitive UFG structure has an obvious grain coarsening effect,which arouses the soft phenomenon in the early ageing stage.But precipitation hardening provides an excellent hardness enhancement for overcoming the negative influ-ence and helping to reach the peak-aged point.In our microstructural observations,a lot of equilibrium ultrafine MgZn2 precipitates precipitate along dislocations because defects can provide the favorable conditions for the migration and segregation of solute atoms.     

Influence of cold rolling degree and ageing treatments on the precipitation hardening of 2024 and 7075 alloys

In the present work, the precipitation hardening of 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys is investigated as a function of cold rolling degree, ageing time and temperature using Vickers microhardness measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is found that a variation in such parameters can improve the hardness and plays an important role in the precipitation hardening process. At specific ageing temperature, the large cold rolled 7075 alloy exhibits two peaks of hardness. Moreover, for both alloys, the increment of hardness during ageing decreases with increasing the cold rolling degree. While in some cases microhardness measurements give impression that the precipitation reaction is slowed down by deformation, DSC analysis indicates that the precipitation is much accelerated since only a slight deformation decreases strongly the temperatures of reactions. However, the degree of cold rolling does not play a crucial role.     

工艺参数对7075铝合金板材时效成形性的影响

为评价7075铝合金板材的可时效成形性并掌握最佳的时效成形工艺参数,基于机械加载时效成形试验工装,开展了时效温度和时间对7075铝合金板材时效成形后构件力学性能和物理性能影响的试验研究.结果表明:7075铝合金板材的时效成形性与工艺参数密切相关,随着时效温度和时间的增大,板材的电导率呈升高趋势,而其拉伸性能则呈降低趋势;且合金的拉伸断裂方式与时效状态有关,过时效初期以沿晶韧窝和穿晶韧窝混合型断裂为主,随着过时效进行主要为韧窝断裂.综合考虑构件时效成形后拉伸性能和电导率等情况,合金最佳时效温度为180℃,且保温时间不宜长于16 h.     

Influence of degree of deformation in rolling on anneal hardening effect of a cast copper alloy

This paper reports results of investigations carried out on a cast copper alloy containing 8 at.% Al. The alloy, and pure copper for the sake of comparison, were subjected to cold rolling with a final reduction of 30, 50 or 70%. The cold rolled copper and copper alloy samples were isochronally and isothermally annealed up to the recrystallization temperature. The hardness, strength and electrical conductivity were measured and X-ray and DSC analyses performed. Anneal hardening effect was observed in the alloy in the temperature range 180–300°C, followed by an increase in the electrical conductivity. The amount of strengthening increases with increasing degree of prior cold work. The X-ray analysis shows a change in the lattice parameter during annealing when anneal hardening effect was observed. The DSC analysis shows the exothermic character of this effect.     

时效对Mg-Y-Nd合金的影响

研究了Mg-Y-Nd合金时效过程中的硬化软化现象．在时效初期(-473K／2h左右)出现了一次明显的时效硬化峰，之后硬度急剧下降；然后合金的硬度缓慢增加，出现小幅二次硬化现象；523K／600h后，合金出现软化现象微观结构的分析结果表明，初次时效峰是合金中析出了5nm大小的MgY弥散分布沉淀相所致；随后弥散相溶解消失，材料出现软化；在时效过程中β沉淀相的析出、增多和板条状组织的形成导致材料二次硬化．长时间时效后β沉淀相的聚集长大，以及在α／β界面产生纳米晶MgO区导致材料再次软化。     

A study on the nickel-rich ternary Ti–Ni–Al shape memory alloys

The transformation sequence and hardening effects of 400 °C aged Ti47.5Ni50.65Al1.85 and Ti49.5Ni50.13Al0.37 shape memory alloys have been investigated by electrical resistivity tests, internal friction measurements, hardness tests and TEM observations. Both solution hardening and precipitation hardening are found to occur in these alloys. The hardening effects of Ti47.5Ni50.65Al1.85 alloy are obvious and much higher than those of Ti49.5Ni50.13Al0.37 alloy due to the former having the larger Ni/Ti ratio and a higher Al solute content in its matrix. The transformation sequence of 400 °C aged Ti47.5Ni50.65Al1.85 alloy shows B2↔R-phase only for an ageing time of more than 10 h and that of 400°C aged Ti49.5Ni50.13Al0.37 alloy shows the sequence B2↔R-phase↔B19′ or B2↔R-phase with different ageing times. All of these characteristics are associated with Ti11Ni14 precipitates during the ageing process. These aged Ti–Ni–Al alloys exhibit very good shape memory effects, in which the maximal shape recovery occurs at the peak of hardness. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

固溶热处理对5083F铝合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

用5083F铝合金制造的船舶在海洋环境中以高速或高流速等状态运行时会受到少量腐蚀,适当的热处理可改善其耐腐蚀性能。通过硬度、转折电位、不同时效时间下的阴极极化电流密度及慢应变速率试验找到了防止腐蚀的最佳热处理条件,即在420℃下加热样品30 min,然后在水中冷却;最佳时效条件是样品在180℃下时效240 min。在海水中的慢应变速率试验(SSRT)显示,最佳条件下热处理略降低了试样的强度,但增加了伸长率和断裂时间,热处理提高了其抗腐蚀性能。     

铸态Cu20Ni35Mn合金的直接时效强化研究

制备成分为Cu20Ni35Mn的合金试样,对铸态锰白铜合金直接进行时效处理,研究了不同的时效工艺对锰白铜合金的强化效果,分析了时效强化机理.实验结果表明,锰白铜合金在铸态下可以直接进行时效处理,最佳时效工艺为:时效温度400～470℃,时效时间为60～72h,硬度可达到HV400以上.并发现MnNi相的析出是合金时效强化的主要原因.     

Effects of Sc Addition and Direct Aging Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of AlSi10Mg Alloy

Cu-mold centrifugal cast processing is employed as a rapid solidification method for producing samples with and without Sc. The Al–Si–Mg and Al–Si–Mg–Sc alloy samples are exposed to direct aging treatments varying temperature and time to verify the microstructural changes. Both rapidly solidified samples and as-aged samples are characterized by a number of methods, including optical microscopy, SEM–EDS, transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)–EDS, TEM–HAADF, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Vickers hardness. At first, the results point to a strong precipitate-related hardening effect formed as a result of the Sc addition to the alloy. All samples containing Sc show a higher hardness value when compared to their respective treated samples without Sc. Second, when comparing the Al–10Si–Mg–0.4Sc alloy samples among themselves after being treated at different conditions, high temperatures, and excessive treatment times are recognized as detrimental to the hardness. This is due to the growth of larger Sc-bearing precipitates of approximately 1 μm in size under such conditions, having lower efficiency in pinning dislocations during loading. The best aging condition is 255 °C for 60 min, which produces a very fine dispersion of Mg and Sc intermetallics (200 nm in size) with a peak hardness of 110 HV.     

Pre-ageing of AlSiCuMg alloys in relation to structure and mechanical properties

The effect of magnesium addition to the AlSi9Cu3.5 alloy on the hardening and precipitates morphology during ageing at RT, 160°C or two stage ageing (TSA) was studied using TEM and XSAS methods. It was found that only alloys with Mg addition harden during RT ageing and they also attain the highest hardness maximum at 160°C or during TSA. Two types of precipitates (starting from 0.4 and 1.2 nm) were identified during ageing at RT using XSAS method. They cause streaks in the electron diffraction patterns. In alloys aged at 160°C with Mg addition the S′ phase was identified using lattice imaging technique in addition to the θ′ plates formed during ageing of the ternary AlSiCu alloy.     

Kinetics of precipitation hardening in SiC whisker-reinforced 6061 aluminium alloy

Ageing behaviour at 180 °C of 6061 aluminium alloy-SiC_w composites, drawn from bars obtained in various extruded ratios, and 6061 aluminium alloy used as matrix, have been compared. These materials were dissolved in a salt bath at 529 and 557 °C for 2 h, quenched in ice-water, and aged at 180 °C in an oil bath for increasing periods. Ageing kinetics were studied with Brinell hardness measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Various samples of the composite, deriving from bars with Φ20, Φ35 and Φ50 mm in diameter, and 6061 aluminium alloy, show the same ageing mechanism; however, the ageing rates results increased for composites. While 6061 aluminium alloy shows its maximum hardness value after about 4–5 h at 180 °C, the 6061-SiC_w composites reach theirs in 2–3 h. Moreover, for composites hardness abruptly decreases after 3 h, while aluminium alloy keeps its maximum value for an ageing time as long as 6 h. Thermal analysis allows us to put together a definite DSC trace for every microstructural state. The highest hardness values are obtained as a result of the formation of a Guinier Preston (GP) needle-shaped zones, which progressively become more thermally stable with protracted isothermal treatment at 180 °C. The different ageing process rates observed for composites and for the 6061 alloy are correlated with the sizes of the reinforcements. Dimensional analysis of whiskers has been performed by light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Ordinarily the longer the average length of the whiskers in the samples, the faster the ageing process. Higher temperatures are required for composite solutions than for 6061 alloy. On the other hand, 6061-SiC_w samples solutionized at higher temperature and then quenched sometimes show microcrack formation in the materials.     

Aging Behaviors of W-Ni-Fe Ternary Alloys with High Ni-to-Fe Ratios

The hardness variation of two kinds of alloys with 36 wt pct W content and 7/3, 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratios during strain aging at 800℃ was studied. The microstructures of the aged alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and TEM. The results show that the strain aging hardness of W-Ni-Fe ternary alloy with 7/3 Ni-to-Fe ratio decreases monotonically with the increase of aging time. Under the same conditions, the hardness of 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratio alloy decreases in the initial aging stage, but then increases as aging process goes on. X ray diffraction and TEM analysis show that there is not any precipitation depositing from the alloy with 7/3 Ni-to-Fe ratio during aging. The monotonic decrease in hardness of this alloy during aging process results from the recovery, recrystallization and solid solubility declining. In the alloy of 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratio, the fine β phase precipitates dispersively during aging which hardens the alloy. The two different kinds of mechanisms (the softening one and the hardening one) decide the hardness variation of the alloy with 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratio mentioned above.     

Influence of rolling schedule on characteristics of thermomechanically treated CuBe2 alloy

Thermomechanical treatment of CuBe2 alloy was performed as follows: quenching, primary ageing, cold rolling and secondary ageing at different temperatures. The cold rolling was carried out following two deformation schedules (with different intensity of deformation). The investigation results on influence of deformation intensity and secondary ageing temperature on hardness, electrical conductivity, structure and activation energy on thermomechanically treated CuBe2 alloy are presented. It was found that the deformation intensity had the greatest influence on hardness upon secondary ageing at 270°C. A hardness of 470 HV was attained by use of higher deformation intensity schedule while a hardness of 390 HV was attained with lower deformation intensity schedule.