化学气相渗透2D-SiCf/SiC复合材料的蠕变性能及损伤机理

研究了采用化学气相渗透工艺制备2D-SiC_f/SiC复合材料的真空蠕变性能, 蠕变温度为 1200、1300和1400 ℃, 应力水平范围为100~140 MPa。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(TEM)分别观察分析了2D-SiC_f/SiC复合材料的蠕变断口形貌和微观结构。结果表明, 2D-SiC_f/SiC复合材料的主要蠕变损伤模式包括基体开裂、界面脱粘和纤维蠕变。桥接裂纹的纤维发生蠕变并促进了基体裂纹的张开、位移增大, 进一步导致复合材料蠕变断裂, 在复合材料蠕变过程中起决定性作用。2D-SiC_f/SiC复合材料的蠕变性能与SiC纤维微观结构的稳定性密切相关。在1200 ℃/100 MPa时, 纤维晶粒没有长大, 复合材料的蠕变断裂时间大于200 h; 蠕变温度为1400 ℃时, 纤维晶粒明显长大, 2D-SiC_f/SiC复合材料蠕变断裂时间缩短至8.6 h, 稳态蠕变速率增大了三个数量级。     

Microstructure,tensile properties and thermal stability of AlMgSiScZr alloy printed by laser powder bed fusion

The new generation of Sc and Zr modified Al alloys has been attracted wide concerns in aerospace industry,owing to the excellent mechanical performances and superior thermal stability than other normal Al alloys. By microalloying with Sc and Zr, the Al3(Sc, Zr) particle forms as the grain refiner during the solidification, which is extremely beneficial for the laser powder bed fusion(LPBF) processed Al alloys. In this study, a new type Al-14.1 Mg-0.47 Si-0.31 Sc-0.17 Zr alloy was additively manufactured by LPBF, and the microstructure, tensile properties and thermal stability were studied in detail. By using a single melt-67°scanning strategy, the LPBF-processed specimen with a relative density of 99.4 % and tensile strength of 487.7 MPa was obtained at 160 W-200 mm/s. And this AlMgSiScZr alloy can still exhibit an excellent tensile strength of 393.9 MPa at a moderate temperature of 473 K. After the aging treatment, the tensile properties further increased due to the precipitate hardening of Mg2 Si and Al3(Sc, Zr), and the maximum value(580 MPa) was reached at an aging time of 10 h. The average crystal size was almost unchanged after aging treated at 325°C and 24 h, indicating this AlMgSiScZr alloy has an improved thermal stability.The AlMgSiScZr alloy is recommended to substitute some particular titanium alloys in aerospace field afterwards.     

Ti811合金棒材的热稳定性能和蠕变性能

系统地研究了合金成分Ａｌ含量、拉应力和温度对Ｔｉ８１１合金棒材热稳定性能的影响，对合金的蠕变性能也进行了定性研究。结果表明：Ａｌ含量降低、应力和温度升高，则残余变形量增大；４２５℃／１００ｈ／４１０ＭＰａ热暴露，Ａｌ含量大于８（ｗｔ％）时，合金的热稳定性塑性急剧降低；不高于４７５℃暴露（０～４７５℃／１００ｈ／４１０ＭＰａ）以及４２５℃不同应力热暴露（０～４９０ＭＰａ／１００ｈ／４２５℃），合金具有较好的热稳定性。采用ＳＥＭ和ＴＥＭ技术分析了性能改变的原因。     

Experimental Study of the Creep Behaviour of the Cold‐Drawn 304L Stainless Steel

Abstract: In this article, the material and physical parameters for the creep constitutive equations of cold‐drawn 304L stainless steel have been determined using experimental data. Austenitic stainless steel 304L is used mostly in power generation and petrochemical industries because of its high‐temperature creep resistance even at above yield stresses. Test samples have been obtained from cold‐drawn bars, and the material conforms to ASTM A276‐05a specifications. The creep behaviour and properties have been examined for this material by conducting uni‐axial creep tests. Constant temperature and constant load uni‐axial creep tests have been carried out at three temperatures of 680,700 and 720 °C, subjected to constant loads which produce below and above yield initial stresses of 200, 250, 320, 340 and 360 MPa. The experimental data have been used to obtain the creep constitutive parameters using numerical optimisation techniques. In addition, the temperature and stress dependency of the creep properties for this alloy have been investigated using Larson–Miller and Monkman–Grant parameters.     

一种GH4169镍基合金的组织结构与蠕变性能

通过对一种等温锻造GH4169镍基合金进行直接时效处理,蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的组织结构与蠕变行为。结果表明,GH4169合金的组织结构由γ基体,γ′相、γ″相和δ相组成,且各相之间保持共格界面。测定出合金在660℃/700MPa条件下的蠕变寿命为123h。合金在680℃/700MPa的蠕变寿命为39h,在实验温度和应力范围内,计算出直接时效合金的蠕变激活能为588.0kJ/mol。合金在蠕变期间的变形机制是位错滑移和孪晶变形,其中,沿晶界析出的粒状碳化物,可抑制晶界滑移,是使合金具有较好蠕变抗力的主要原因。随蠕变进行,开动的滑移系中位错运动至晶界受阻,并塞积于该区域引起应力集中,当应力集中值大于晶界的结合强度时,可促使其在与应力轴垂直的晶界处发生裂纹的萌生与扩展,直至断裂,是合金在蠕变期间的断裂机制。     

Effect of thermal exposure on the microstructure and creep properties of a fourth-generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy

The effect of thermal exposure on microstructure and creep properties of a fourth-generation nickelbased single crystal superalloy was investigated.The thermal exposure of samples after the full heat treatment was carried out at 1000℃,1100℃ and 1140℃ for 100 h and 200 h.The γ' coarsening,γ' rafting and γ channel widening were observed in samples after thermal exposure.When the thermal exposure time was constant,the morphology of γ' phase in the alloy evolved significantly with increasing aging temperature.The interracial dislocation networks in aged samples after creep ruptured gradually became irregular and sparse with the increase of exposure temperature.When the higher exposure temperature was used,enla rgement of the defect pores was observed in samples,the microcracks were more likely to initiate and propagate at the corner of these pores.After aging at 1000℃ for 100 h,the creep life at 1140℃/137 MPa was slightly longer than that of heat-treated sample,which could be attributed to the slightly coarsened γ' phase,homogenization of refractor elements.In contrast,the creep life of sample exposed at 1140℃ for 100 h was greatly decreased.The decrease of creep life was dominated by the rafting of γ'phase,the irregular interfacial dislocation networks as well as the enlargement of homogenization pores.     

升温速率对2219铝合金蠕变时效行为的影响

研究2219铝合金在蠕变时效成形过程中,升温速率对其蠕变行为及力学性能的影响规律。实验模拟构件在热压罐中的升温条件,降低材料的升温速率(0.75℃/min),延长其升温时间至4h(某典型构件真实蠕变时效升温时间),分别在0,150,210MPa 3种应力条件及不同的时效时间下进行蠕变实验,并对材料拉伸力学性能和微观组织(TEM)进行分析。结果表明:对比在材料尺度下0.5h的升温条件(5.5℃/min),升温速率的降低,在一定程度上提高了材料的力学性能,并且延长了材料强度达到峰值的时间;铝合金析出相的形状因子随着时效时间呈现先增长,到达峰值后下降的趋势;降低升温速率,材料在升温阶段即已发生了显著蠕变形变,在150MPa和210MPa应力条件下升温阶段的蠕变量分别占总蠕变量的29.28%和21.56%,且蠕变变形量和稳态蠕变速率会随着应力的升高而增加;由此,基于材料尺度(标准蠕变试样)的蠕变时效研究,用于表征构件尺度蠕变时效行为时,须进一步考虑升温速率对其成形及性能演变的影响。     

Effect of aging treatment on microstructure and creep behaviour of Sn–Ag and Sn–Ag–Bi solder alloys

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of aging temperature on the creep behaviour of Sn–Ag and Sn–Ag–Bi solder alloys at testing temperatures ranging from 333 to 363 K under constant stress of 7·80 MPa. The steady state creep rate was found to increase continuously with increasing aging temperature at all testing temperatures. Results show that addition of Bi to the binary Sn–Ag solder alloy led to a significant increase in the strength and improvement in the creep resistance. The activation energy for the creep process of Sn–Ag and Sn–Ag–Bi solder alloys was found to have an average value of 36 and 45 kJ mol^?1 respectively. This might be characterised by diffusion of Ag in Sn. The microstructure of the aged samples for both alloys examined by X-ray diffraction measurements supported the improvement in the creep resistance for Sn–Ag alloy by adding a small trace of Bi.     

一种含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru的单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变行为

通过对含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru单晶镍基合金进行高温蠕变性能测试,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对不同蠕变期间的试样进行组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的高温蠕变行为。结果表明,本实验所选用的单晶合金在高温蠕变期间具有良好的蠕变抗力,在1040℃/160MPa的蠕变寿命达到725h。高温蠕变初期,合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向转变成筏状结构,其稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。高温蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相。位错的交替滑移使筏形γ′相扭曲,并在γ/γ′两相界面发生裂纹的萌生与扩展直至断裂,是合金在高温蠕变后期的断裂机制。     

热处理对网状结构TiB_W/Ti60复合材料组织与性能的影响

使用大尺寸球形Ti60钛合金粉与细小TiB2粉,通过低能球磨与反应热压烧结,成功制备了增强相呈网状分布的TiB晶须增强Ti60合金基(TiB_W/Ti60)复合材料。对TiB_W/Ti60复合材料进行热处理,以改善其组织结构与力学性能。结果表明:随着固溶温度的升高,TiB_W/Ti60复合材料基体中初生α相(密排六方相)含量减少,相应地转变β组织(α′(马氏体)+残留β相(体心立方相))含量增加,TiB_W/Ti60复合材料的抗拉强度升高,塑性降低;经过1 100℃/1h固溶处理之后,TiB_W/Ti60复合材料的室温抗拉强度为1 470 MPa,延伸率为1.9%。经过时效处理后,转变β组织中的α′相分解成细小α+β相。经过1 100℃/1h固溶+600℃/8h时效处理后TiB_W/Ti60复合材料的硬度达到HV538,抗拉强度达到1 552 MPa,延伸率为1.5%,经过1 000℃/1h固溶+600℃/8h时效处理,其抗拉强度达到1 460 MPa,延伸率为2.2%。     

平纹编织SiCf/SiC复合材料的中温蠕变断裂时间及损伤机制

碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅复合材料(SiC_f/SiC)是制造下一代航空发动机热结构件的关键材料,中等温度(～800℃)下,SiC_f/SiC的蠕变断裂时间t_u显著下降。为此,研究了平纹编织SiC_f/SiC (2D-SiC_f/SiC)在空气中500～1 000℃的蠕变性能及损伤机制,应力水平为100～160 MPa。利用SEM、TEM和EDS分析了断口形貌、微观组织和化学成分。结果表明：2D-SiC_f/SiC的t_u与温度和应力水平有关。相同温度下,2D-SiC_f/SiC的t_u随着应力增加而变短。当温度为800℃、蠕变应力大于基体开裂应力(PLS)时,2D-SiC_f/SiC发生中温脆化现象,其t_u下降。2D-SiC_f/SiC的中温脆化机制为基体开裂、BN界面氧化和SiO₂替代BN界面导致的强界面/基体结合。2D-Si...     

Service properties of ultrafine-grained Ti–6Al–4V alloy at elevated temperature

This study deals with investigation of mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of the ultra-fine grained (UFG) alloy Ti–6Al–4V at elevated temperatures. UFG samples were produced by means of combination of equal-channel angular pressing and thermomechanical treatments. Studies of the temperature dependence of mechanical properties of the UFG alloy demonstrated their thermal stability upto 175–350 °C. It was revealed that 100-hour creep rupture strength at 300 °C increased from 750 MPa in the conventional state to 890 MPa in the UFG state. The alloy demonstrates stability of the UFG structure at 300 and 370 °C in the conditions of long-term tests. The fatigue tests were conducted with axial loading applied on a sample at 175 °C, the asymmetry factor of the cycle was 0.1. The fatigue endurance limit of the UFG alloy was almost 50 % higher than that of the CG alloy.     

Effects of environment on creep behavior of two oxide/oxide ceramic–matrix composites at 1200 °C

The tensile creep behavior of two oxide/oxide ceramic–matrix composites (CMCs) was investigated at 1200 °C in laboratory air, in steam, and in argon. The composites consist of a porous oxide matrix reinforced with laminated, woven mullite/alumina (Nextel™720) fibers, have no interface between the fiber and matrix, and rely on the porous matrix for flaw tolerance. The matrix materials were alumina and aluminosilicate. The tensile stress–strain behavior was investigated and the tensile properties were measured at 1200 °C. Tensile creep behavior of both CMCs was examined for creep stresses in the 80–150 MPa range. Creep run-out defined as 100 h at creep stress was achieved in air and in argon for stress levels ≤100 MPa for both composites. The retained strength and modulus of all specimens that achieved run-out were evaluated. The presence of steam accelerated creep rates and reduced creep life of both CMCs. In the case of the composite with the aluminosilicate matrix, no-load exposure in steam at 1200 °C caused severe degradation of tensile strength. Composite microstructure, as well as damage and failure mechanisms were investigated. Poor creep performance of both composites in steam is attributed to the degradation of the fibers and densification of the matrix. Results indicate that the aluminosilicate matrix is considerably more susceptible to densification and coarsening of the porosity than the alumina matrix. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.     

The high-temperature creep behaviour of an Al-1 wt% Cu solid-solution alloy

The creep behaviour of an Al-1 wt% Cu solid-solution alloy is investigated at a temperature of 813 K under stress range of 0.5–5 MPa. The creep characteristics of the alloy including the stress dependence of the steady-state creep rate (n=4.4), the shape of creep curve (normal primary stage), the transient creep after stress increase, and the value of the true activation energy for creep, suggest that some form of dislocation climb is the rate-controlling process at higher stresses above 1 MPa. However, at low stresses (< 1 MPa), the creep curves show no distinguished steady state, and the stress dependence of the minimum creep rate is as high as ～ 8. The creep behaviour of the alloy is discussed based on recent theories available for describing creep in solid-solution alloys.     

High-temperature ultra-strength of dual-phase Re0.5MoNbW(TaC)0.5 high-entropy alloy matrix composite

The dual-phase Re0.5MoNbW(TaC)0.5 composite,consisting of refractory body-centered cubic(BCC)high-entropy alloy and carbide with many fine eutectic structures,was successfully synthesized by arc melting.The phase stability,high-temperature mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism of the as-cast composite were studied.The microstructure of the composite remained stable after annealing at 1300℃for 168h.It exhibited remarkably high-temperature strength,yield strength～901 MPa,and true ultimate compressive strength～1186 MPa at 1200℃.The BCC phase and carbide exhibited a semi-coherent interface with good bonding after severe deformation at 1200℃.The dipolar dislocation walls in BCC phase,restricted dynamic interaction between defects in carbide,and the pinning effect of semi-coherent interface offered effective strengthening effects.     

Ru对一种高W镍基单晶合金蠕变性能的影响

设计并制备了4%W/无Ru、6%W/无Ru以及6%W/2%Ru三种镍基单晶高温合金,通过蠕变性能测试、组织形貌观察、元素分布测定以及XRD谱线测定,研究Ru对一种高W镍基单晶合金蠕变性能的影响。结果表明,提高W含量会促进拓扑密堆相(TCP)析出,从而影响蠕变寿命,6%W/无Ru合金在1070℃/137 MPa条件下的蠕变寿命仅为58 h。元素Ru可改善元素W在γ/γ两相的浓度分布,高温蠕变期间元素Ru可抑制元素W由γ相向γ相扩散。6%W/2%Ru合金经高温蠕变无TCP相析出,其在1070℃/137 MPa条件下的蠕变寿命高达383 h。三种合金在高温蠕变期间,γ相均可形成垂直于应力轴方向的筏状结构,TCP相可破坏筏状结构的连续性,导致γ/γ两相扭折程度加剧,是6%W/无Ru合金蠕变寿命较低的主要原因。     

Creep of silicon nitride-titanium nitride composites

The effect of particulate TiN additions (0–50 wt%) on creep behaviour of hot-pressed (5 wt%Y₂O₃ + 2 wt%Al₂O₃)-doped silicon nitride (HPSN)-based ceramics was studied. Creep was measured using a four-point bending fixture in air at 1100–1340 °C. At 1100 °C, very low creep rates of HPSN with 0–30 wt% TiN are observed at nominal stresses up to 160 MPa. At 1200 °C the creep rate is slightly higher, and at 1300 °C the creep rate is increased by three orders of magnitude compared to 1100 °C and rupture occurs after a few hours under creep conditions. It was established that the formation of a TiN skeleton could detrimentally affect the creep behaviour of HPSN. An increase in TiN content leads to higher creep rates and to shorter rupture times of the samples. Activation energies of 500–1000 kJ mol^?1 in the temperature range of 1100–1340 °C at 100 MPa, and stress exponentsn?4 in the stress range 100–160 MPa at 1130–1200 °C were calculated. Possible creep mechanisms and the effect of oxidation on creep are discussed.     

ARALL层板蠕变特性的研究

本文研究了施加不同预应力及含不同胶粘剂的ARALL层板130℃时的蠕变特性,利用唯像分析的方法,采用陈化理论对实验得到的层板蠕变曲线进行了拟合,并且采用宏观与微观机理相结合的方法对其进行了分析.结果表明,ARALL层板的蠕变主要是由铝合金决定的,施加预应力使ARALL层板残余应力下降,从而降低了层板的蠕变程度.另一方面,采用高模量胶粘剂体系有利于降低层板的蠕应变量.     

Constitutive modelling and springback prediction for creep age forming of 2124 aluminium alloy

Abstract

In order to improve the mechanical properties and reduce fabrication cost of large sheet metal parts, creep age forming (CAF) technology was developed, which is a process combined creep forming and heat treatment together. Springback of the workpiece in CAF is directly related to process parameters, such as, aging time, experimental stress and temperature. The aim of this paper is to establish a set of creep constitutive model, which can accurately predict the springback of 2124 aluminium alloy in CAF. A series of creep tests were carried out under different stress levels as 200, 225 and 250 MPa, and different temperatures as 185, 190 and 195°C for the solid solution treated and quenched 2124 aluminium alloy. Based on creep test data, a set of classic creep constitutive equations were established. Some important conclusions were drawn: the fitting curves of the constitutive equations could describe the test data in a good way; the creep strain increases with the increasing aging time, temperature and experimental stress. Then the springback of 2124 aluminium alloy during CAF process were analyzed by the finite element software MSC.Marc. Comparisons between the experiment analyses and finite element models show good correlation, and approve the forecast capability of FEM simulation for springback after CAF. At the end, the influence of process parameters on springback is studied, which provides essential foundation for designer to evaluate scheme and to optimise tool system design.     

Structural instability of cold worked alloy 304 in 650 °C service

A heavily worked 304 stainless steel wire basket recrystallized and distorted while in service at 650 °C (1200 °F). This case study demonstrates that heavily cold worked austenitic stainless steel components can experience large losses in creep strength, and potentially structural collapse, under elevated temperature service, even at temperatures more than 300 °C (540 °F) below the normal solution annealing temperature. The creep strength of the recrystallized 304/304L steel was more than 1000 times less than that achievable with solution annealed 304H. These observations are consistent with limitations (2000 Addendum to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code) on the use of cold worked austenitic stainless steels for elevated temperature service.