乳清分离蛋白与变性木薯淀粉混合凝胶性质研究

研究了淀粉比例及木薯淀粉改性方式对乳清分离蛋白(WPI)与淀粉混合凝胶的影响。结果显示:当淀粉比例低于50%时,淀粉与WPI产生了协同效性,改善了混合凝胶储能模量;淀粉的羟丙基改性与交联改性均提高了混合凝胶G’;微观结构观察结果显示:淀粉膨胀颗粒被包裹在蛋白凝胶网络中,强化了凝胶结构;羟丙基淀粉在蛋白凝胶网络中较原淀粉更加破碎;而交联淀粉保留了较多完整的颗粒结构;WPI-交联淀粉混合凝胶呈现出完整淀粉颗粒周围附着蛋白胶粒的微观结构,强化了网络结构。     

乳清蛋白在无添加剂酸奶中的应用

本实验采用乳清蛋白制备了一种不添加稳定剂的酸奶,为制作无添加剂酸奶提供理论依据。通过分析不同添加量的乳清蛋白对酸奶发酵终点,以及后熟和保质期内酸奶的酸度、粘度、脱水收缩作用敏感性（STS）、持水率（WHC）的影响,结果发现：乳清蛋白对发酵终点的影响不大;随着乳清蛋白添加量的增加,在后熟时酸奶的酸度变化加快;乳清蛋白可以提高酸奶在保质期内的稳定性,对STS和WHC都有促进作用,可保证产品最终质量。此外,结合感官测评,乳清蛋白添加量在3~4%时,产品口感及稳定性较佳,通过使用乳清蛋白可以使无添加剂的酸奶在保质期内稳定。     

添加羟基自由基氧化的乳清蛋白对酸奶品质影响的研究

主要研究了经羟基自由基产生体系氧化后的乳清蛋白在酸奶中的应用,并对影响酸奶品质的主要参数(包括乳清析出率、保水性、酸度、pH、粘度)以及感官指标进行了评定.结果表明:在酸奶中添加经H2O2体系氧化后的乳清蛋白,产品各项感官指标明显好于添加FeCl3体系的酸奶,且能够提高产品的性能和口感,尤其是添加氧化3h的氧化蛋白其感官评分达到最大.这说明适当的氧化可以改进产品的品质,提高产品的可接受性.     

果胶-乳清蛋白混合比例和pH值对体系流变学特性的影响

该文以果胶-乳清蛋白混合体系为研究对象,采用Haake RS6000流变仪对钙离子诱导条件下,果胶-乳清蛋白混合体系凝胶形成及流变学特性的影响因素进行研究。结果表明,随着果胶和乳清蛋白添加量的增加,混合体系黏度增强。在一定的乳清蛋白浓度下,随着pH值的增加溶液黏度逐渐减小,当pH=7、乳清蛋白体系质量浓度为40 g/L时,黏度最大(2.304 Pa·s)。果胶-40 g/L乳清蛋白体系能被Ca²⁺诱导形成凝胶,随着Ca²⁺浓度增加,黏度值逐渐增大,最高值出现在100 mmol/L处。果胶-40 g/L乳清蛋白混合体系呈现剪切稀化现象。     

乳清蛋白粉对凝固型酸奶品质的影响

为提高凝固型酸奶的品质及安全性,将1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3%、4%、5%乳清蛋白粉(Whey protein powder,WPP)加入全脂乳粉中生产酸奶,以不添加WPP的凝固型酸奶为对照组,测定酸奶酸度、持水力(WHC)、脱水收缩敏感性(STS)、质构特性、流变学特性和微观结构变化,并进行感官评定,研究不同添加量乳清蛋白粉对凝固型酸奶品质特性的影响,以确定WPP最适添加量。结果表明:随着乳清蛋白粉添加量的增加,酸奶的滴定酸度、持水力、乳酸菌总数、硬度、胶着性、粘弹性、凝胶性逐渐增加,脱水收缩敏感性(STS)逐渐减小;当WPP添加量为2%时,酸奶的持水力、粘弹性都明显提升,STS明显降低,且具有较好的口感、更连续的网络结构,与对照组相比综合品质得到明显提高。     

添加羟基自由基氧化的乳清蛋白对酸奶品质影响的研究

主要研究了经羟基自由基产生体系氧化后的乳清蛋白在酸奶中的应用,并对影响酸奶品质的主要参数(包括乳清析出率、保水性、酸度、pH、粘度)以及感官指标进行了评定。结果表明:在酸奶中添加经H2O2体系氧化后的乳清蛋白,产品各项感官指标明显好于添加FeCl3体系的酸奶,且能够提高产品的性能和口感,尤其是添加氧化3h的氧化蛋白其感官评分达到最大。这说明适当的氧化可以改进产品的品质,提高产品的可接受性。      

乳清蛋白-黄油乳液凝胶对低脂酸奶理化特性及品质的影响

乳液凝胶是一种新型的脂肪替代物,乳清蛋白和黄油是乳品中常用的原、辅料,利用乳清蛋白和黄油制作的乳液凝胶在乳制品加工中具有良好的应用前景.制备不同蛋白和脂肪含量的乳清蛋白-黄油乳液凝胶颗粒(whey protein-butter emulsion gel particles,WPI-EG),研究其对低脂酸奶理化特性及感官...     

乳成分对酸奶凝胶微观结构和流变学性质的影响

酸奶凝胶的许多宏观的物理特性与其微观结构和流变学性质密切相关。从酸奶的微结构、流变学性质和质地等方面综述了乳脂肪、蛋白质及调节酪蛋白和乳清蛋白比例对酸奶凝胶的影响。     

乳清浓缩蛋白在酸奶生产中的应用

以鲜奶，奶粉，乳清蛋白等乳成分为主要原料，研究了乳清浓缩蛋白在酸奶生产中的制做方法，对乳清浓缩蛋白代替部分高档脱脂奶粉生产酸奶产品的保水率，粘度，口感及组织状态进行了比较分析。结果表明，在酸奶生产中，添加一定的浓缩乳清蛋白代替高档脱脂奶粉是可行的，产品较为理想。     

乳清浓缩蛋白对搅拌型酸奶品质特性影响的研究

研究了以全脂奶粉和乳清浓缩蛋白（WPC-3503）为原料，按照全脂奶粉：乳清浓缩蛋白为100：0，90：10，80：20，70：30的质量配比生产乳固形物含量为12％的酸奶，对含有不同乳清蛋白比例的酸奶在贮藏过程中理化特性、乳酸菌总数的变化以及感官特性进行了比较分析。结果表明，WPC-3503代替10％-20％全脂奶粉生产酸奶时，在贮藏过程中可减缓pH值及酸度的变化速度，提高酸奶的黏度和保水率，改善感官特性，但对乳酸菌总数无明显的影响。     

Physical properties of yogurt fortified with various commercial whey protein concentrates

The effects of whey protein concentrates on physical and rheological properties of yogurt were studied. Five commercial whey protein concentrates (340 g kg^?1 protein nominal) were used to fortify milk to 45 g protein kg^?1. Fermentation was performed with two different starters (ropy and non‐ropy). Resulting yogurts were compared with a control yogurt enriched with skim milk powder. The water‐holding capacity of the yogurt fortified with skim milk powder was 500 g kg^?1 and ranged from 600 to 638 g kg^?1 when fortified with whey protein concentrates. Significant rheological differences have been noticed between the yogurts fortified with different whey protein concentrates, independent of the starter used. Three whey protein concentrates generated yogurts with a behavior similar to the control. The two others produced yogurt with lower firmness (15 g compared with 17 g), lower Brookfield viscosity (6 Pa s compared with 9 Pa s), lower yield stress (2 Pa compared with 4 Pa), lower complex viscosity (13 Pa s compared with 26 Pa s), and lower apparent viscosity (0.4 Pa s compared with 1 Pa s) than the control, respectively. The yogurts with the lowest firmness and viscosity were produced with concentrates which contained the highest amount of non‐protein nitrogen fraction (160 g kg^?1 versus 126 g kg^?1 of the total nitrogen), and the highest amount of denaturation of the whey protein (262 versus 200 g kg^?1 of the total nitrogen). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Physicochemical and functional properties of goat milk whey protein and casein obtained during different lactation stages

During lactation, goat milk contains colostrum, transitional milk, mature milk, and end milk. The protein present in goat milk during different lactation periods has different characteristics. This study aimed to characterize the protein profile of goat milk samples obtained at different lactation stages and to identify changes in the physicochemical and functional properties of whey protein and casein from goat milk collected at 1, 3, 15, 100, and 200 d after calving. The results demonstrated that the lactation period had a great influence on the physicochemical and functional properties of goat milk whey protein and casein, especially the protein properties of colostrum on the first day after delivery. The denaturation temperature, hydrophobicity, and turbidity of whey protein were significantly higher on the first day postpartum than at other lactation periods. Correspondingly, the colostrum whey protein also had better functional properties, such as emulsification, oil holding capacity, and foaming properties on the first day postpartum than at other lactation periods. For casein, the turbidity, particle size, water holding capacity, and foaming properties on the first day after delivery were significantly higher than those at other lactation periods, whereas the denaturation temperature, oil holding capacity, and emulsification followed the opposite trend. For both whey protein and casein, the 2 indicators of emulsifying properties, namely, emulsifying activity index and the emulsion stability, also followed an opposite trend relative to lactation stage, whereas the changes in foaming capacity with the lactation period were completely consistent with the change of foaming stability. These findings could provide useful information for the use of goat milk whey protein and casein obtained during different lactation stages in the dairy industry.     

Effect of denatured whey protein concentrate and its fractions on cheese composition and rheological properties

The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the effect of a denatured whey protein concentrate (DWPC) and its fractions on cheese yield, composition, and rheological properties, and (2) to separate the direct effect of the DWPC or its fractions on cheese rheological properties from the effect of a concomitant increase in cheese moisture. Semihard cheeses were produced at a laboratory scale, and mechanical properties were characterized by dynamic rheometry. Centrifugation was used to induce a moisture gradient in cheese to separate the direct contribution of the DWPC from the contribution of moisture to cheese mechanical properties. Cheese yield increased and complex modulus (G*) decreased when the DWPC was substituted for milk proteins in milk. For cheeses with the same moisture content, the substitution of denatured whey proteins for milk proteins had no direct effect on rheological parameters. The DWPC was fractionated to evaluate the contribution of its different components (sedimentable aggregates, soluble component, and diffusible component) to cheese yield, composition, and rheological properties. The sedimentable aggregates were primarily responsible for the increase in cheese yield when DWPC was added. Overall, moisture content explained to a large extent the variation in cheese rheological properties depending on the DWPC fraction. However, when the effect of moisture was removed, the addition of the DWPC sedimentable fraction to milk increased cheese complex modulus. Whey protein aggregates were hypothesized to act as active fillers that physically interact with the casein matrix and confer rigidity after pressing.     

Smoothing temperature and ratio of casein to whey protein: Two tools to improve nonfat stirred yogurt properties

Consumers are not always ready to compromise on the loss of texture and increased syneresis that nonfat stirred yogurts display compared with yogurts that contain fat. In this study, we investigated milk protein composition and smoothing temperature as a means to control nonfat yogurt microstructure, textural properties, and syneresis. Yogurts were prepared with different ratios of casein to whey protein (R1.5, R2.8, and R3.9). Yogurts were pumped through a smoothing pilot system comprising a plate heat exchanger set at 15, 20, or 25°C and then stored at 4°C until analysis (d 1, 9, and 23). Yogurt particle size and firmness were measured. Yogurt syneresis and water mobility were determined, respectively, by centrifugation and time domain low-frequency proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-LF-NMR). Increasing the smoothing temperature increased gel firmness and microgel (dense protein aggregates) sizes independently of the whey protein content. Also, yogurt microgel sizes changed with storage time, but the evolution pattern depended on protein ratio. Yogurt R1.5 showed the largest particles, and their sizes increased with storage, whereas R2.8 and R3.9 had smaller microgels, and R3.9 did not show any increase in microgel size during storage. Micrographs showed a heterogeneous gel with the empty area occupied by serum for R1.5, whereas R2.8 and R3.9 showed fewer serum zones and a more disrupted gel embedding microgels. Induced syneresis reduced with greater whey protein content and time of storage. This is in agreement with ¹H-LF-NMR showing less bulk water mobility with increasing whey protein content during storage. However, ¹H-LF-RMN revealed higher values of spontaneous serum separation during storage for R1.5 and R3.9 yogurts, whereas these were lower and stable for R2.8 yogurt. Microgels play an important structural role in yogurt textural attributes, and their characteristics are modulated by whey protein content and smoothing temperature. Optimization of these parameters may help improve nonfat stirred dairy gel.     

The effect of supplementing goats milk with whey protein concentrate on textural properties of set-type yoghurt

Yoghurt was manufactured from goat's milk and supplemented with 30 g L^?1 of whey protein concentrate (WPC). The textural properties of the yoghurt were evaluated during the shelf‐life of the product and the textural characteristics of yoghurt made from cow's milk were used as a reference. The instrumental analyses used were the puncture test, stress relaxation test and texture profile analysis. The addition of WPC to goat's milk enhanced the textural characteristics of yoghurt. These advantageous attributes included increased firmness, hardness and adhesiveness. These attributes were quantitatively similar (P > 0.05) to those obtained from yoghurt made from cow's milk. In addition, the textural properties were maintained constant throughout the shelf‐life of the product.