汽轮机排汽通道喷水减温对末级流场的影响

汽轮机超低负荷运行时,末级的鼓风工况导致汽轮机排汽超温,因此需要对排汽通道进行喷水减温.采用欧拉-拉格朗日质子追踪法对排汽通道内喷水减温的传热传质特性进行了数值研究,分析了喷水减温对末级流场的影响.结果表明:排汽通道内的流场具有蒸汽与减温水温差小、蒸汽流动速度快的特点,导致减温水的蒸发量极小.喷水对动静间隙涡和分离涡的...     

基于二次回归正交试验的脱硫废水蒸发特性分析

为研究脱硫废水在锅炉尾部烟道的蒸发规律,建立了雾化液滴在烟气中蒸发和扩散的数学模型,基于二次回归正交试验方法,对不同烟气温度、烟气流速和喷水质量流量时脱硫废水液滴蒸发距离和蒸发时间进行模拟计算,得到了显著不失拟的回归方程,分析了各因素对蒸发距离和蒸发时间的影响.结果表明:烟气温度、烟气流速和喷水质量流量与脱硫废水液滴蒸...     

调峰燃气—蒸汽动力装置及空气蓄能

为适应电网峰谷差的不断增大,必须建立适宜的调峰机制。本文分析了各种型式的蒸汽燃气动力装置承担调峰负荷的经济性。指出了湿压缩燃气轮机循环是很有发展前途的动力装置。阐述了充分利用天然资源发展空气蓄能电站是当前有效的大规模蓄能方式。     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环的低热值燃料热经济性分析

由于低热值气体燃料中含有大量惰性气体,可燃成分少,发热量低,燃料的体积流量大,因而在燃用低热值气体燃料时,燃气-蒸汽联合循环的特性也发生了变化.分析了压缩比、燃气初温、不同燃料成分对联合循环发电装置热效率的影响;阐述了不同燃料成分时压缩燃料耗功的变化,以及对燃气-蒸汽联合循环装置热效率的影响.对比分析了燃气-蒸汽联合循环与蒸汽循环装置的经济性.     

第三讲 燃气蒸汽联合循环与双流体循环

近25年来,燃气轮机在世界各国的工业领域己获得了相当广泛的应用.随着燃气轮机燃气初温的提高和机组功率的增大,如何合理地利用其排气余热,以进一步增高机组的功率,改善其热功转换效率或热利用率,则是世人共同关注的课题.燃气蒸汽联合循环以及目前正在开发中的双流体循环——燃气轮机回注蒸汽的程氏循环和在燃气轮机的压气机出口喷水蒸发的回热循环,正是这种技术发展的代表,前者已经发展成熟,取得了巨大的经济效益,后两者正在加紧研究之中,而程氏循环已有应用实例和正式产品.本文将对燃气蒸汽联合循环与双流体循环的特性及其发展现状,作比较详细的介绍,供读者分析参考.     

GE公司的燃气轮机

该公司成功地研制了燃用天然气的功率为141MW的MS7001F型燃气轮机。燃气初温为1260℃,可用率为95％,可靠率为98％。在蒸汽-燃气联合装置中,动力装置的功率可达200MW,效率大于50％。将来,燃气轮机将在蒸汽-燃气联合装置中与内置式煤气化器一起工作,燃用低热值煤气。以14个GESTAG E型模块为基础组成的功率最大     

燃汽-蒸汽联合循环灵活性分析

新能源的快速发展冲击了电网的稳定性,也对火力发电机组的调峰调频能力提出了更高的要求。考虑到燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组具有热效率高、启停快、易于调峰等特性,使用燃气-蒸汽联合循环进行调峰调频是理想的选择。介绍燃气-蒸汽联合循环的工作方式和结构特性,比较不同的联合循环的优缺点,讨论联合循环机组在变工况运行时影响其效率的因素,并对某燃气热力电厂的不同运行工况进行了热力性质计算,对循环机组的变工况特性进行直观分析。分析得出,低负荷运行工况下,燃气-蒸汽联合循环的热效率随着负荷下降而呈现加快升高趋势,经济性很低,不宜长期运行。     

Pr对具有表面蒸发环形池内热毛细对流的影响

为了了解普朗特数对具有表面蒸发的环形液池内热毛细对流的影响,对流体在其纯蒸汽环境中蒸发时的热毛细对流进行了数值模拟,流体Pr变化范围为0.01至50.00,环形液池半径比和深宽比分别为0.5和1.0。结果表明,随着Pr的增加,表面温度逐渐升高,表面蒸发质量通量增大,热毛细对流流胞逐渐向外壁和自由表面移动,这种影响随着蒸发Biot数增加而逐渐减小;当蒸发Bi较小时,总蒸发质量随Pr增加而增大,当Bi较大时,Pr对总蒸发质量影响很小。     

快速降压环境下盐水液滴蒸发过程的传热传质研究

采用VOF（Volume of Fluid）自由表面捕捉方法对盐水液滴蒸发过程中气液界面进行追踪,建立了降压环境下单个盐水液滴的蒸发模型,并通过盐水液滴蒸发的实验数据验证了此模型。通过对盐水液滴在相变过程中的形态变化以及传热传质特性的分析,研究了液滴内部温度、速度、蒸汽分布以及液滴形态等随时间的变化情况,分析了影响盐水液滴降压蒸发过程的主要因素。结果表明：在降压蒸发过程中液滴形态变化和环境中蒸汽的分布会随速度场的变化而变化;蒸发过程中初始盐组分质量浓度越大的液滴蒸发速率越缓慢,最终能达到的液滴最低中心温度越高,且液滴中心温度回升速度越慢、回升时间也越晚;液滴初始温度对蒸发速率影响较大,初始温度越高,表面蒸发速率越快,液滴中心温度回升速度越快。     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环蒸汽系统参数影响分析

以SGT5-4000F型燃气-蒸汽联合循环为研究对象,以系统热平衡方程为理论依据建立数学模型。推导了余热锅炉效率及排烟温度的解析式,并对联合循环蒸汽侧的主要参数对余热锅炉效率及排烟温度的影响进行了分析。结果表明:高压蒸汽的压力及温度升高会使余热锅炉效率降低,排烟温度也会随之升高。中压蒸汽压力的影响则与之相反。本研究的结果可以为燃气-蒸汽联合循环的设计提供理论参考。     

柴油机喷雾蒸发混合和燃烧的数值模拟

应用一个准维多区模型对柴油机喷雾的蒸发、混合和燃烧进行了数值模拟,提出了求解燃油蒸发过程的油滴直径瞬时变化的简单代数方程,考虑了碰壁对喷雾射流贯穿的影响。并对一台直喷式柴油机的燃烧过程进行了计算,计算结果与试验值符合较好。     

Numerical simulation of emulsified fuel spray combustion with puffing and micro-explosion

The purpose of this study was to develop numerical simulation of spray combustion of emulsified fuel with considering puffing and micro-explosion. First, a mathematical model for puffing was proposed. In the proposed puffing model, the rate of mass change of a droplet during puffing was expressed by the evaporation rate of dispersed water and the mass change rate due to fine droplets spouted from the droplet surface. The mass change rate due to fine droplets was related to the evaporation rate of the dispersed water and each liquid content. This model had only one experimental parameter. The essential feature of this model was that it was simple to apply to numerical simulation of spray combustion. First, the validity of the proposed puffing model was investigated with the experimental results for a single droplet. The calculated results for a single droplet with the experimental parameter varying from 5.0 to 10 were in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover, numerical simulation of spray combustion of emulsified fuel was carried out. The occurrence of puffing and micro-explosion was determined by the inner droplet temperature. When micro-explosion occurred, a droplet changed to vapor rapidly. When the proposed puffing model was used in numerical simulation of spray combustion, the experimental parameter in the puffing model was determined for each droplet by random numbers within the range 5.0-10. The calculated results of spray combustion of emulsified fuel without considering puffing or micro-explosions were different from the experimental results even where combustion reactions were almost terminated. Meanwhile, the calculated results when considering puffing and micro-explosions were in good agreement with experimental results at the same location.     

基于多组分蒸发模型的汽油机冷起动数值模拟

建立了汽油多组分油膜蒸发模型,并运用该模型对进气道喷射式汽油机冷起动首循环的气流运动、喷雾过程、油膜形成和发展过程、混合气形成过程及缸内燃烧进行了三维数值模拟,详细解析了油滴和油膜中每种组分的蒸发规律,给出了每种组分的浓度分布.模拟结果表明:冷起动时轻组分的蒸发主导首循环混合气的形成质量,中、重组分的蒸发情况仅起辅助作用;汽油的轻组分越多,燃料蒸发量越大,有利于形成稳定可靠的可燃混合气,改善缸内燃烧过程,提高起动稳定性;计算所得的缸压曲线与试验结果吻合良好,说明开发的多组分汽油蒸发模型具有较高的模拟精度.     

Investigation of heat and mass transfer between the two phases of an evaporating droplet stream using laser-induced fluorescence techniques: Comparison with modeling

Heat and mass exchanges between the two phases of a spray is a key point for the understanding of physical phenomena occurring during spray evaporation in a combustion chamber. Development and validation of physical models and computational tools dealing with spray evaporation requires experimental databases on both liquid and gas phases. This paper reports an experimental study of evaporating acetone droplets streaming linearly at moderate ambient temperatures up to 75 °C. Two-color laser-induced fluorescence is used to characterize the temporal evolution of droplet mean temperature. Simultaneously, fuel vapor distribution in the gas phase surrounding the droplet stream is investigated using acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence.Temperature measurements are compared to simplified heat and mass transfer model taking into account variable physical properties, droplet-to-droplet interactions and internal fluid circulation within the droplets. The droplet surface temperature, calculated with the model, is used to initiate the numerical simulation of fuel vapor diffusion and transport in the gas phase, assuming thermodynamic equilibrium at the droplet surface. Influence of droplet diameter and droplet spacing on the fuel vapor concentration field is investigated and numerical results are compared with experiments.     

空心喷雾油滴碰撞热多孔介质的数值研究

为加深对多孔介质发动机中均匀混合气形成的了解,用改进的KIVA-3V详细模拟了空心喷雾油滴碰撞热多孔介质的过程。在KIVA-3V中增加了油滴碰撞热多孔介质壁面的碰撞模型、传热模型及空心喷雾的线性不稳定性液膜破碎(LISA)模型。油滴与热壁的碰撞模型和传热模型经检验证明了其合理性。在简化多孔介质结构的基础上,在不同的环境压力及喷雾锥角下,模拟了空心喷雾与热多孔介质的相互作用。计算结果表明:油雾在碰撞到热多孔介质后,发生分裂的油束和多孔介质区域的高温,促使油滴实现快速蒸发并为油蒸汽与空气充分混合创造了前提。不同的空间压力及喷雾锥角直接影响到油滴在多孔介质中的分布。     

Level set method for atomization and evaporation simulations

Atomization and evaporation processes have extensively existed in a variety of scientific and engineering applications, such as, rain formation, spray cooling, and spray combustion in propulsion devices. In spray combustion, atomization and evaporation processes govern the resultant liquid droplet characteristics, which strongly affect the combustion efficiency and pollutant emissions. However, atomization and evaporation are very complicated processes that involve convoluted interfaces as well as the breakup and coalescence of liquid masses, together with mass and heat transfers on the interface. Deep insights into atomization and evaporation put a significant challenge to the measuring techniques due to the harsh conditions and multi-scale nature of the problem within the apparatus. With the developments of computational algorithm and computer capacity, detailed numerical simulation of the atomization and evaporation processes has been a promising tool to explore the underlying physics. Level set method is such an interface capturing method, and tremendous progresses have been made for detailed numerical simulation of atomization and evaporation over the past few decades. In this article, we attempt to review the recent progresses in the development of the level set method and its applications to atomization and evaporation. Firstly, the fundamentals of the level set method are introduced and recent advances in improving the mass conservation are emphasized. Secondly, numerical issues for detailed numerical simulation of atomization and evaporation are summarized and the strategies for treating them are highlighted. We then review the state-of-the-art progresses in detailed numerical simulation of atomization and evaporation with the level set method. The challenges and future prospects are summarized in the end.     

喷雾撞壁油膜流动的研究

对燃油喷雾撞壁形成的油膜运动进行了三维数值模拟计算 ,在应用边界层理论建立的油膜流动模型中将油膜视为极薄湍流边界层 ,考虑了雾滴与壁面油膜的相互作用、油膜蒸发、卷吸、与气体间的传热传质等物理过程 ,通过对已有试验数据的比较 ,分析了平均油膜厚度、速度、喷雾粘附比、卷吸量等变化及其影响因素 ,预测结果与试验结果相符 ,计算结果表明喷射撞壁后液滴的质量、动量和能量分布是决定油膜动力学特性的主要因素     

Numerical simulation of fuel sprays at high ambient pressure: the influence of real gas effects and gas solubility on droplet vaporisation

This paper deals with the numerical simulation of the vaporisation of an unsteady fuel spray at high ambient temperature and pressure solving the appropriate conservation equations. The extended droplet vaporisation model accounts for the effects of non-ideal droplet evaporation and gas solubility including the diffusion of heat and species within fuel droplets. To account for high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, the fuel properties and the phase boundary conditions are calculated by an equation of state and the liquid/vapour equilibrium is estimated from fugacities. Calculations for an unsteady diesel-like spray were performed for a gas temperature of 800 K and a pressure of 5 MPa and compared to experimental results for droplet velocities and diameter distribution. The spray model is based on an Eulerian/Lagrangian approach. The comparison shows that the differences between the various spray models are pronounced for single droplets. For droplet sprays the droplet diameter distribution is more influenced by secondary break-up and droplet coagulation.     

Three-dimensional numerical investigation on wall film formation and evaporation in port fuel injection engines

ABSTRACT

Wall film formation and evaporation were studied on a flat wall inside a constant-volume vessel using a three-dimensional numerical method. The computation was based on the discrete phase model (DPM) of spray dispersion, a spray–wall interaction model coupled with an enhanced wall film evaporation sub-model, in which the operating conditions of cold wall are considered for port fuel injection (PFI) engines. The influence of impacting parameters including injection pressure, the impingement distance from the injector and the impinged wall, injection duration, impingement angle, and wall temperature was discussed.     

Influence of evaporation on spray flamelet structures

The structure of laminar spray flames considerably differs from their gaseous counterpart. However, most often flamelet models employed in the simulation of turbulent spray combustion are based on laminar gas flame structures neglecting the influence of spray evaporation in the laminar spray flamelets. In this work, a combined theoretical and numerical study of the impact of spray evaporation on the structure of laminar spray flames is presented. Spray flamelet equations are derived, which explicitly take into account evaporation effects – the classical gas flamelet equations are recovered for non-evaporating conditions. Two new terms accounting for evaporation and for combined mixing and evaporation, respectively, are identified, and their relative importance is evaluated by means of numerical simulations of an axisymmetric laminar mono-disperse ethanol/air counterflow spray flame. The results show that the distribution of the spray evaporation rate plays a key role in the characterization of the spray flame structure. The new source terms overweigh the dissipation term of the gas phase in most situations even for non-evaporating species. Therefore, spray evaporation should always be considered. The relevance of the present formulation for turbulent spray modeling is evaluated and discussed, and a novel spray flamelet formulation is suggested.