乳制品标准及实验室质量控制

正当今社会,对食品安全的要求越来越高,乳制品尤甚,如何做好乳制品的质量控制是企业发展的重中之重。在第十一届中国国际食品安全技术论坛(CBIFS 2018)上,飞鹤乳业质量管理部中心实验室副总监张凤霞以"乳制品标准及实验室质量控制介绍"为题进行了演讲,她详细介绍了有关乳制品安全的法律法规等相关内容,以及实验室质量控制的经验。     

环介导等温扩增技术检测不同乳制品常见食源性致病菌

目的 验证环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)试剂和仪器在不同乳制品常见食源性致病菌检测中的应用效果.方法 针对不同乳制品中常见食源性致病菌,运用LAMP建立便捷、快速、高效地检测方法,并以实验室储备菌株及人工污染乳制品样品评价LAMP检测引物试剂...     

乳制品质量快速检测原理与技术研究进展

乳制品是鲜奶以及所有以奶为主要原料加工制成的产品的总称,乳制品的安全问题是全球关注的热点。为了对乳制品质量进行监控,目前已有的检测标准和方法需要在实验室进行,检测环境条件要求较高,周期较长。研究并开发灵敏、准确、便捷的检测方法十分必要。近年来,一系列新的乳制品质量快速检测技术已经被广泛应用,本文主要介绍了电子学、光谱学和生物学检测技术的原理及其在乳制品质量检测应用中的优缺点,同时展望了乳制品质量检测技术的发展方向,旨在为乳制品质量检测技术的进一步发展提供资料参考和思路。     

欧陆分析引入欧洲技术给乳制品设一道安全屏障

乳制品安全检测有了好消息。10月8日，全球知名生物分析领域检测服务供应商欧陆分析在苏州开设出乳制品实验室，将提供婴幼儿配方奶粉等食品的全套检测，让乳制品拥有安全屏障。据悉，这是苏州第一家全外资独立第三方乳制品检测实验室。
　　欧陆分析科技集团是一家在法国上市的欧洲企业，是全球知名生物分析领域检测服务供应商，在欧洲环境检测领域排名第一。欧陆分析苏州公司成立于2005年，是集团在中国的全资子公司。今年，欧陆分析苏州公司投资3000万元，建立起乳制品实验室。这将新增78种乳制品检测方法，苏州欧陆分析的总检测数将达到200多个大项、700多个小项。     

膜过滤在乳品行业应用形势及该技术的特性分析

膜分离技术在20世纪50年代后期进入研究高峰,之后很快由实验室发展到工业化应用。该技术是一种使用半透膜的分离方法,如今已广泛用于海水淡化、纯水制造、溶液浓缩、蛋白质等溶质分离、纯化精制等方面。膜分离技术被誉为20世纪末至21世纪最有发展前途的生产技术之一,为满足消费者对牛奶和其他乳制品不断提高的需求,膜分离技术正越来越广泛地用于改造和变革乳制品的传统工艺,乳制品行业中采取膜分离技术可以简化工艺,降低能耗,减少废水污染,提高乳制品品质,提高乳制品综合利用率等。     

乳制品与癌症患病风险关系的研究进展

综述现有的流行病学研究、实验室研究和Meta分析,并分析乳制品及其中各种成分对癌症发病风险的影响。目前的Meta分析和WCRF/AICR报告得出,乳制品和乳腺癌、卵巢癌的发病率无关联,而过量乳制品是前列腺癌的危险因素,适量乳制品对结肠癌可能有保护作用;乳制品中增加癌症风险的成分可能是饱和脂肪、激素和环境污染物,起保护作用的一般为维生素D、乳糖、乳酸菌和某些不饱和脂肪酸。因此,按照《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》的推荐量(300g/d)摄入乳制品是安全并有益的;国家也应加强对乳制品行业的管制,防止过量的激素和污染物对民众健康和行业形象产生不良影响。     

毛细管电泳技术在乳制品营养与安全分析中的应用

乳制品的营养与安全一直广受世界范围内的关注,各种色谱及色谱-质谱联用技术在乳制品分析中得到广泛应用。毛细管电泳技术在乳制品的营养与安全分析中独具特色,成为不可或缺的分析技术。本文围绕毛细管电泳技术分析乳及乳制品中乳糖和半乳糖、胆碱、5’-单磷酸核苷酸、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐、山梨酸和苯甲酸等小分子化合物的方法,结合本实验室利用毛细管电泳技术参加能力验证等方面的工作,从营养成分、限量物质、残留分析、禁用物质、复原乳识别和能力验证这6个方面,对近10年来毛细管电泳技术在乳制品营养与安全分析中有代表性的应用研究及其进展进行总结,并对其在乳制品中小分子化学物质分析中的发展趋势进行了展望。     

乳制品中重金属铜的测定方法研究

通过不同方法测定乳制品中重金属铜,验证新方法是否满足检测要求,是否试运于实验室使用.     

乳品检测实验室基建及布局方案

乳品检测实验室设计的合理性及规范性作为一个乳制品生产厂设计的一部分,具有非常重要的地位。整个实验室的设计工作还须符合国家标准的相关规定,同时结合实际生产规模及生产的产品对实验室的布局进行合理的排列。实验室布局设计主要内容包括:实验室的选址要求、实验室整体面积的选定、实验室基建标准的总体要求、各工厂实验室的设置结构及功能室配置等。     

一种适用于乳制品基因组DNA快速提取方法的研究

目的对比NaOH裂解法、PBS裂解法以及直接煮沸法3种方法提取乳制品中核酸的提取效果,优化提取条件,确定一种更适用于现场检测、简便快速的的乳制品DNA快速提取技术。方法以牛奶、水牛奶、牦牛奶、羊奶、骆驼奶、以及驴奶6种常见的乳制品为材料,分别用NaOH裂解法、PBS裂解法以及直接煮沸法3种提取方法提取乳制品中的DNA,并根据裂解液用量和裂解时间进行优化,通过PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,检测DNA提取的质量和灵敏度。结果 NaOH裂解法能够提取所有物种的乳制品DNA,而且可以在最佳裂解条件下提取模拟掺假混合乳的DNA进行检测,发现其检测限能达到1%的牛奶含量。结论该方法取样量小,成本低,在15 min内即可完成快速提取,为实验室乳制品DNA定性或定量鉴别,以及乳制品的现场掺假鉴别提供了一种快速灵敏低成本的样品前处理技术。     

消费者对乳制品质量安全认知途径及影响

对消费者进行调研,结合相关理论,采用Logistics回归分析法对消费者对乳品质量的认知途径进行实证探讨。结果表明,家庭最高学历的消费者对乳品安全认知程度、消费者购买乳品次数、消费者对乳品质量的安全认知度、家里有13岁以下孩童对乳品质量的安全认知度起到促进作用。基于分析结果,从扩大乳品信息的披露途径、加强消费者交易、激励乳品企业信息披露等方面提出建议,以期推动消费者对乳品质量的安全认知度提升。     

Short communication: Farm and socioeconomic characteristics of the top 100 dairy farm counties in the United States

The objectives of this study are to describe dairy farm demographic and socioeconomic conditions in the top 100 counties in the United States for dairy sales in 2007, and to describe the association of dairy farm demographics with socioeconomic conditions. The top 100 counties were responsible for 56% of all US dairy sales in 2007 with a median growth rate of 78% compared with 1997. Counties varied widely for farm demographics with as few as 5 very large dairy farms that averaged $17,924,000 in dairy sales per farm to as many as 1,730 dairy farms with less than $250,000 in dairy sales per farm. Most of the top 100 dairy counties had higher illiteracy rates, a higher proportion of residents without a high school degree, and lower median incomes than state averages, but unemployment rates were similar to the state average. The socioeconomic measures were from public records and not collected specifically for this research. Nevertheless, the top dairy counties in the western states tended to have poorer socioeconomic conditions than the top dairy counties in other regions, and significant associations were observed between dairy farm demographics and socioeconomic conditions. Having many dairy farms was associated more favorably with county socioeconomic conditions than having high dairy sales.     

中国奶羊业发展战略

分析了中国奶羊业的现状及问题，并有针对性地提出了中国奶羊业发展的８项战略，分别为：实验跨世纪的提高全民乳营养战略；北羊南进战略；养羊扶贫战略；奶山羊肉改战略，民族乳制品开发战略；羊奶进城战略；基地养羊战略；奶山羊产品系列开发战略。通过实施这些战略，将促使中国奶羊业更快更好地发展。     

进一步加快黑龙江省乳品行业发展的建议

本文依据黑龙江省乳品行业发展的总体形势，通过深入分析制约黑龙江省乳业发展的几个主要问题，结合我省几家有影响力的乳品企业的实际情况．提出了加快黑龙江省乳业发展的建议：包括进一步加强奶源基地建设、加速培育乳业“航母”、切实加大对龙头企业的扶持力度、规范乳品市场秩序、加强品牌整合力度。     

Impact of Milk Supply Management Policies on the South

Supply management for milk is defined in this paper as any method used to attempt to balance supply with demand. Price supports, voluntary dairy farmer programs, and mandatory programs were evaluated for the South. Partially as a result of government programs, milk production in the South increased 5% in the 1976 to 1986 while production in the United States increased 20%. Southern dairy farmers participated at a higher rate than US dairy farmers in both the milk diversion and dairy termination programs. Long-term average returns to southern dairy farmers in 1976 to 1985 were well under returns to dairy farmers in other regions, which partially explains the high participation. Southern dairy farmers indicated a poor future in dairy farming and retirement age as major reasons for dairy termination program participation.Southern dairy farmers are expressing mixed opinions regarding supply management programs for the future. “Let the 1985 program work” is one expression. Another group shows concern about low prices, adequate but not excessive supplies for the fluid market, and the family dairy farm. Some prefer mandatory supply management including marketing quotas. Milk price, used alone as the supply management policy, may be a harsh adjustment method for dairy farmers and the dairy industry in the South.     

Western Canadian dairy farmers' perspectives on the provision of outdoor access for dairy cows and on the perceptions of other stakeholders

The provision of pasture and outdoor access for dairy cattle differs around the globe. For example, in Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, dairy farms are largely pasture based, whereas dairy farms in the United States and Canada are largely confinement based. There is a high level of public support for pasture and outdoor access for dairy cows, and the available evidence shows that dairy cattle are highly motivated to access pasture, especially at night. The decision as to whether to provide outdoor access is typically made by farmers, but little is known about dairy farmers' perspectives on this topic. We investigated perspectives of Western Canadian dairy farmers on outdoor access, as well as how they believe different stakeholders (i.e., the dairy industry, the dairy cows, and the general public) regard outdoor access for dairy cows. Data were collected via (1) 11 focus group discussions with a total of 50 Western Canadian dairy farmers, and (2) semi-structured individual interviews with an additional 6 dairy farmers of Hutterite colonies. Data were analyzed using template analysis. Although most participants in this study did not provide outdoor access on their farms, or only provided outdoor access to certain cow groups, participants generally mentioned that they enjoyed seeing cows on pasture or outdoors. However, participants shared that the Canadian supply management system (including processors) required a consistent flow of production, which was thought to be easier and more economically realized with indoor housing of lactating cows. Participants believed that pasture or outdoor access for dairy cows was desired by the public. Some participants believed that dairy cows prefer to spend time outside under favorable weather conditions, but others felt that cows preferred to stay indoors in modern, ventilated freestall barns. The results of this study describe the perspectives of dairy farmers regarding the views of dairy industry stakeholders as they relate to outdoor access, helping to inform conversations around the provision of outdoor access for dairy cattle.     

The economic value of organic dairy farms in Vermont and Minnesota

This study quantifies the overall economic values of organic dairy farms in Vermont and Minnesota and estimates the economic impacts of organic dairy farm sales relative to an equivalent level of sales from conventional dairy farms in those states. This question is of interest because the development of the organic dairy sector has allowed some farms that likely would not have remained in the conventional dairy business to continue being economically viable as organic dairy farms. Thus, these sales provide an economic impact in regions when this milk is exported to nonproducing regions. Organic and conventional dairy farm financial data in Vermont and Minnesota were collected and assembled to develop dairy farm production functions by region and dairy type. These production functions were then used in state-level input-output models to calculate economic impacts. The opportunity costs of organic dairy farm production were also estimated by comparing the relative statewide economic impacts of organic and conventional dairy farms if both experience a hypothetical 5-million-dollar increase in sales. Between 2008 and 2010, Vermont’s 180 organic dairy farms annually contributed $76.3 million in output (the value of an industry’s production within the state), 808 jobs, $34.1 million in gross state product, and $26.3 million in labor income to Vermont’s economy. Between 2009 and 2011, Minnesota’s 114 organic dairy farms annually contributed $77.7 million in output, 552 jobs, $32.1 million in gross state product, and $21 million in labor income to Minnesota’s economy. In Vermont, organic dairy farm sales revenue would result in greater state-wide impacts of 3% in output, 39% in labor income, 33% in gross state product, and 46% in employment relative to the impacts from an equivalent level of sales revenue to conventional dairy farms. In Minnesota, these economic impacts are 4, 9, 11, and 12% greater, respectively, for organic dairy farms relative to conventional dairy farms. This study concludes that organic dairy farms may contribute more to the local economy than average and similar-size conventional dairy farms in the Northeast and Upper Midwest and that organic dairy farm milk production supports economic development in rural communities.     

奶源价格下跌背景下中国乳企面临的营销风险分析

在国际国内奶源价格下跌的背景下,中国乳企将面临国内奶源缺失、库存爆仓、产品结构不合理、市场竞争进一步加剧和价格战等一系列营销风险。为了确保中国乳业的健康发展,在提高中国乳企自身营销风险防范意识的同时,中国政府和有关方面也应该发挥积极的作用;要在重视国内奶源基地建设的同时,建立乳企和奶农的长效利益机制;在适当限制进口奶粉数量的同时,积极扩大国内市场的乳品消费;在大力加强乳品消费教育的同时合理调整乳品消费结构,通过积极推进乳业兼并重组和乳业转型升级。不断提高中国乳企自身的经营管理水平,从而有效化解奶源价格下跌背景下中国乳企面临的营销风险。     

制约我国乳业实现跨越式发展的主要问题

通过比较我国乳业与发达国家乳业存在的差距和不足，讨论了加入WTO后，要实现我国乳品企业的跨越式发展应具备的条件。提出我国孔业在奶质量、奶源基地的建设、奶牛单产、原料乳成本、乳品结构等方面与国外相比存在很大的差距；并讨论了我国乳业管理体制、建立奶牛风险基金、高新技术在乳品工业的应用、技术创新体系建设和设备制造技术等问题，得出我国乳业要在管理方面、企业经营规模和效益方面、乳业的管理体制和政策方面、乳品加工技术的创新及体系方面需加强和提高，从而实现我国乳业的跨越式发展。     

乳制品质量安全水平多因素敏感性分析

一般认为,对乳品生产企业违法行为的惩罚力度过轻,是造成乳品质量问题发生的主要原因,而有关其他因素对乳品质量安全水平的影响,尤其是定量方面的研究还有待深入。为区分各因素对乳品质量安全的影响程度,本文采用多因素敏感分析方法-正交分析法,分析各影响因素对提高乳品质量安全水平的作用。通过对影响乳制品质量安全水平的各因素进行敏感性分析得出,单位监管成本、缺陷乳制品冒充安全乳品获得的额外利润以及生产商的单位预防成本是影响乳制品质量的主要因素。