二次再热超超临界机组分析

二次再热是超超临界燃煤发电机组节能减排重要方向。以我国首台二次再热机组为对象,依据热力学分析法,建立了热力系统分析的数学模型,研究了该超超临界机组及主要部件的效率和损失,讨论了负荷变化的影响。结果表明:二次再热机组TMCR工况下效率为45.9%,高于同等级的一次再热机组,其中锅炉效率为55.3%,汽轮机效率为88.1%。在机组损失分布中,锅炉损率最大,占机组的84.1%,其中以燃烧损失和传热损失为主。对于回热系统,高压加热器效率高于低压加热器。变负荷时,随着负荷的增加,锅炉和回热系统效率有所提高,同时锅炉损率有所降低,汽轮机损率有所升高。     

150MW燃气蒸汽联合循环机组热力学分析

为满足日趋严格的环保要求并实现能源结构优化,燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组的发展越来越受到重视。以某钢厂150MW级燃气-蒸汽联合机组为例,依据热力学第一、二定律,建立机组热力学模型,对该热力系统各部位的损失大小及分布情况进行热力学分析。分析表明:该钢厂联合循环发电机组负荷率为96%工况时,运行发电效率高达44.2%,此时效率为53.5%,在不同运行工况下燃烧室和余热锅炉均为损失最主要部位。文中研究结果可为电厂的运行优化和设计提供理论依据。     

基于分析法抽汽压损对煤耗率的影响

根据热经济性指标和的物理意义,定义锅炉效率、机组效率、发电煤耗率的数学计算式;由小扰动理论和微分理论,当抽汽压损变化时,在热力系统汽水分布方程的基础上详细推导抽汽量变化与不同类型加热器出口水焓与疏水焓的微分关系式;根据锅炉效率、机组效率、发电煤耗率的数学计算式,推导锅炉效率、机组效率、发电煤耗率变化与抽汽量的微分关系式。结合N1000-25/600/600机组,定量分析抽汽压损变化对锅炉效率、机组效率、发电煤耗率的影响,为有效分析机组经济性提供理论依据。     

600MW超临界燃煤锅炉分析

煤炭一直以来都是中国最主要的一次性能源,相应地,燃煤锅炉也占有电力市场绝大部分份额。燃煤锅炉存在诸多能量损失途径,能量转换效率较低。系统地分析燃煤锅炉的热力性能非常必要。是热力学第二定律中的一个重要概念,它不仅能反映能量的数量,更能反映能量的品质。基于概念,对某600MW超临界燃煤锅炉模型进行了详细的分析,综合考虑物理和化学,计算了系统的损失、耗散等参数,对锅炉的设计、优化提供了可靠依据。     

火电厂热力系统的分析

为揭示直接空冷机组热力系统的不可逆损失的机理和挖掘其节能潜力,对600MW直接空冷机组的热力系统进行分析和节能评价。结果表明:600MW直接空冷机组的目的效率为39.08%,总损失占60.92%。凝汽器的损系数为6.11%,而相同容量水冷机组的凝汽器损系数仅为2.23%,因此,必须对凝汽器采取节能措施,提高直接空冷机组的整体效率。     

动态基准温度对回热系统加热器_效率影响分析

以随时空变化的环境温度(即动态基准温度)为基准点,对国内300 MW亚临界机组、600 MW及1 000 MW超临界机组回热系统的相关值进行了计算,在此基础上利用火用效率矩阵方程对回热系统加热器的效率进行了计算,分析了动态基准温度对回热系统加热器效率变化影响:随着基准温度升高,各加热器效率均降低,而抽汽压力越低效率降低的越多,各机组8号加热器效率降低的最大;对于各机组的8号加热器,当△Tjz=20℃时,△η分别等于-37.12%(300 MW机组)、-32.6%(600 MW机组)、-20.51%(1 000 MW机组),随机组容量增大呈现出降低的趋势。这可为回热系统乃至整个机组分析的动态基准点的选择提供参考。     

火电机组热力系统成本分布通用矩阵方程

基于成本理论建立了热力系统局部成本分析通用模型及火电机组热力系统成本分布的通用矩阵方程,并对某600MW机组的热力系统进行实例计算与分析,得到了额定工况下独立流的单位成本.结果表明：该方程构造规范,适用于各种不同的热力系统,可以用于分析热力系统中存在的共性规律;对于具体的热力系统,通过将一些必要的矩阵元素代入方程中,可得到独立流的单位成本和单位成本的分布规律,为机组的节能降耗提供指导;如果对方程进行进一步的微分运算分析,还可求出一些因素变化对单位成本影响的敏感度.     

1000MW机组抽汽压损对损影响的定量分析

抽汽压损是一种不明显的热力损失,使蒸汽的作功能力下降、热经济性降低。假定抽汽口的压力不变,加热器端差不变,分析抽汽压损变化对热力系统的影响。根据抽汽压损的理论分析和热力系统汽水分布方程建立抽汽压损对回热系统抽汽系数影响的数学模型,并结合平衡原理和小扰动理论建立抽汽压损对损分布的影响的数学模型。以某电厂N 1 000-25/600/600机组热力系统为例,在TRL工况下,定量计算热力系统损变化情况。根据定量计算结果定性分析了抽汽压损对热力系统的影响。     

分析方法在电站锅炉中的应用

概述分析的基本原理及方法,建立电站锅炉分析模型;通过平衡分析方法能反映电站锅炉的外部损失如排烟、散热损失,并揭示能量转换过程的内部损失,即不可逆过程损失。以某220t/h燃煤锅炉为研究对象,其计算结果揭示了电站锅炉的各种损失及其部位,为火电厂进一步开展节能工作提供理论依据。     

Analysis Model for Unit Consumption of Power Boilers and its Application

根据单耗分析理论,将锅炉各受热面的工质吸热量视为不同的热产品,分析生产这些热产品所经过的从燃料到理论燃烧温度下的烟气热流,再到实际燃烧放热温度下的烟气热流,最后到热产品具有的工质热流共3个不可逆热力学过程及其附加燃料单耗,建立了一套完整的电厂锅炉单耗分析模型;并针对某超临界机组系统及其热力参数,在热力计算的基础上,进行了锅炉单耗分析.结果表明：工质在省煤器吸热获得热流是最小的,其效率最低;从理论上证明了锅炉省煤器的概念名不副实,它的存在成为燃煤火电机组发电效率进一步提高的制约因素.     

Exergy analysis of a coal‐based 210 MW thermal power plant

In the present work, exergy analysis of a coal‐based thermal power plant is done using the design data from a 210 MW thermal power plant under operation in India. The entire plant cycle is split up into three zones for the analysis: (1) only the turbo‐generator with its inlets and outlets, (2) turbo‐generator, condenser, feed pumps and the regenerative heaters, (3) the entire cycle with boiler, turbo‐generator, condenser, feed pumps, regenerative heaters and the plant auxiliaries. It helps to find out the contributions of different parts of the plant towards exergy destruction. The exergy efficiency is calculated using the operating data from the plant at different conditions, viz. at different loads, different condenser pressures, with and without regenerative heaters and with different settings of the turbine governing. The load variation is studied with the data at 100, 75, 60 and 40% of full load. Effects of two different condenser pressures, i.e. 76 and 89 mmHg (abs.), are studied. Effect of regeneration on exergy efficiency is studied by successively removing the high pressure regenerative heaters out of operation. The turbine governing system has been kept at constant pressure and sliding pressure modes to study their effects. It is observed that the major source of irreversibility in the power cycle is the boiler, which contributes to an exergy destruction of the order of 60%. Part load operation increases the irreversibilities in the cycle and the effect is more pronounced with the reduction of the load. Increase in the condenser back pressure decreases the exergy efficiency. Successive withdrawal of the high pressure heaters show a gradual increment in the exergy efficiency for the control volume excluding the boiler, while a decrease in exergy efficiency when the whole plant including the boiler is considered. Keeping the main steam pressure before the turbine control valves in sliding mode improves the exergy efficiencies in case of part load operation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于液态金属朗肯循环的空间双模式核热推进系统性能分析

随着深空探测技术的进步,空间核动力越来越成为载人航天任务的理想选择,将双模式空间核动力推进系统应用于航天推进系统已成为一种新的趋势。基于空间核能液态金属朗肯循环,提出一种新型的双模式核热推进系统,并对该推进系统发电模式下的液态金属朗肯循环进行了性能分析。利用能量分析和?分析的方法对双模式核热推进系统下的朗肯循环进行热力计算,得出各部件的能量损失和?损,找出损失最大的部件并分析原因,取不同的空间环境温度研究其对?损和?效率的影响,为系统的进一步优化提供理论依据。     

小型热电站热电联产分析及节能评价

采用平衡分析法,分别对小型热电联产系统和分散锅炉房供热系统进行了流分析,把两者计算所得效率作一对比,从而得出热电联产系统是取代分散锅炉房供热的节能措施之一。同时还对热电联产系统内各环节中的流损失进行计算,得出各热力设备的效率,找出系统用能不合理的主要薄弱环节,为今后设备的工艺过程改进指出了方向。     

小龙潭电厂300MW机组热力系统(火用)分析

应用能量平衡和(火用)分析方法,对小龙潭火力发电厂300MW机组热力系统能量转换过程进行了定量计算,分析了各个单元的能量有效利用及损失情况,指出了损失的主要部位和原因.结果表明:热量损失主要发生在凝汽器单元,凝汽器散失到周围环境中的热量为411.28 MW,占输入热量的51.57%,锅炉单元散失的热量为52.96 MW,占输入热量的6.64%,汽轮机单元散失的热量为20.40 MW,占输入热量的2.56%;(火用)损主要发生在锅炉单元,锅炉、汽轮机和凝汽器单元的(火用)损分别占输入(火用)的67.78%、18.54%和13%;锅炉中燃料燃烧及大温差传热是整个系统不可逆的主要原因;不同工况下每个单元的(火用)损和(火用)效率会随着环境温度适度改变,但同一工况下机组总的(火用)效率不随环境温度变化.     

Energy–exergy analysis and modernization suggestions for a combined‐cycle power plant

Energy and exergy analysis were carried out for a combined‐cycle power plant by using the data taken from its units in operation to analyse a complex energy system more thoroughly and to identify the potential for improving efficiency of the system. In this context, energy and exergy fluxes at the inlet and the exit of the devices in one of the power plant main units as well as the energy and exergy losses were determined. The results show that combustion chambers, gas turbines and heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) are the main sources of irreversibilities representing more than 85% of the overall exergy losses. Some constructive and thermal suggestions for these devices have been made to improve the efficiency of the system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火电厂热力系统炯分析计算研究

在对电厂各设备的运行性能和炯计算方法分析的基础上,寻求共通性构造出合理程序模型,开发编制了详尽的电厂热力系统分析计算软件以适用于机组性能在线计算.实例计算验证了方法的有效性,同时对结果进行了分析.表4参16     

金属镁还原系统的(火用)分析

从热力学原理出发,首次采用分析法研究了金属镁还原系统的损失部位与大小。结果表明:金属镁还原炉的效率很低,排烟损失和绝热燃烧损失都比较大,还原产物带走损失和还原炉体内部损失居次。据此提出了一些提高效率的措施。     

火电厂热力系统分析计算研究

在对电厂各设备的运行性能和计算方法分析的基础上,寻求共通性构造出合理程序模型,开发编制了详尽的电厂热力系统分析计算软件以适用于机组性能在线计算。实例计算验证了方法的有效性,同时对结果进行了分析。表4参16     

压水堆核电机组热力系统炯损分布的矩阵算法

基于火（用）分析法和矩阵算法,建立了压水堆核电机组热力系统的通用火（用）损分布矩阵方程,并以某900MW压水堆核电机组为例进行了计算分析,得到了额定工况下热力系统及设备的焖损分布规律．结果表明：反应堆的焖损失最大,占核能总火（用）的50．85％,其次为汽轮发电机、蒸汽发生器和凝汽器,分别占核能总火（用）的6．17％、3．2％和2．55％;矩阵方程较常规火（用）分析法具有构造简单、矩阵元素填写法则简便、物理意义明确和规律性强等优点;利用该方程便于开发出相应的计算程序,进而为核电机组节能潜力挖掘和故障诊断提供依据．     

Energy,exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a steam power plant: A case study

The objective of this paper is to perform the energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis for the Hamedan steam power plant. In the first part of the paper, the exergy destruction and exergy loss of each component of this power plant is estimated. Moreover, the effects of the load variations and ambient temperature are calculated in order to obtain a good insight into this analysis. The exergy efficiencies of the boiler, turbine, pump, heaters and the condenser are estimated at different ambient temperatures. The results show that energy losses have mainly occurred in the condenser where 306.9 MW is lost to the environment while only 67.63 MW has been lost from the boiler. Nevertheless, the irreversibility rate of the boiler is higher than the irreversibility rates of the other components. It is due to the fact that the combustion reaction and its high temperature are the most significant sources of exergy destruction in the boiler system, which can be reduced by preheating the combustion air and reducing the air–fuel ratio. When the ambient temperature is increased from 5 to 24°C, the irreversibility rate of the boiler, turbine, feed water heaters, pumps and the total irreversibility rate of the plant are increased. In addition, as the load varies from 125 to 250 MW (i.e. full load) the exergy efficiency of the boiler and turbine, condenser and heaters are increased due to the fact that the power plant is designed for the full load. In the second part of the paper, the exergoeconomic analysis is done for each component of the power plant in order to calculate the cost of exergy destruction. The results show that the boiler has the highest cost of exergy destruction. In addition, an optimization procedure is developed for that power plant. The results show that by considering the decision variables, the cost of exergy destruction and purchase can be decreased by almost 17.11%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.