溶质离子扩散条件下泥页岩力学与化学井眼稳定模型研究

井壁失稳是钻井工程中经常遇到的一个十分复杂的问题，影响井壁稳定的因素是多方面的。以往建立的化学力学井眼稳定模型认为泥页岩表面有一层半透膜，通过引入膜效率系数，把钻井液与泥页岩相互作用所产生的力效应和纯力学结合起来。笔者认为水和溶质离子的流动改变了井壁孔隙压力，从而导致井壁失稳，在建立近井壁孔隙压力传递模型的基础上，考虑钻井液与泥页岩之间的水和离子的流动，建立了一个评价泥页岩化学与力学井眼稳定的新模型。模型计算结果表明：井眼失稳既可以发生在井壁，也可以发生在泥页岩内部，并具有时间效应；同时表明水的活度与溶液的性质是影响泥页岩井眼稳定的重要因素。     

A study of wellbore stability in shales including poroelastic, chemical, and thermal effects

This paper presents the development of a model for determining wellbore stability for oil and gas drilling operations. The effects of mechanical forces and poroelasticity on shale behavior are included, as well as chemical and thermal effects.Chemical effects are caused by the imbalance between the water activity in the drilling mud and the shale water activity. The magnitude of this contribution depends on the effectiveness of the mud/shale system to perform as a semipermeable membrane. Experimental results show that osmotic pressures develop inside shales when they are exposed to different drilling fluids. This osmotic pressure is treated as an equivalent hydraulic potential, and is then added to the hydraulic wellbore and pore pressure as time progresses.Thermal diffusion inside the drilled formation induces additional pore pressure and rock stress changes and consequently affects shale stability. Thermal effects are important because thermal diffusion into shale formations occurs more quickly than hydraulic diffusion and thereby dominates pore pressure changes during early time.Rock temperature and pore pressure are coupled for most porous media studies; however, we have found that they can be partially decoupled for shale formations by assuming that convective heat transfer is negligible. The partially decoupled temperature and pore pressure effects can therefore be solved analytically under appropriate initial and boundary conditions. Experimental data for shale strength alteration, which occurs when shales are exposed to different fluids, are also included for the determination of cohesion strength decay.Pore pressure, collapse stress, and critical mud weights are variables investigated for determining poroelastic, chemical, and thermal effects on shale stability. The most important factors, which affect wellbore stability, are clearly identified.     

A coupled conductive–convective thermo-poroelastic solution and implications for wellbore stability

Steam injection is widely used in heavy oil reservoirs to enhance oil recovery; elevated temperatures increase fluid mobility in several ways, but can also generate damage through shearing, crushing of weak grains, and casing impairment by shear, collapse, or buckling. Disposal of cold produced water by injection can generate thermally induced extensional fracturing, increasing the effective wellbore radius. Drilling with long open-hole sections can lead to rock temperature changes as large as 30–40 °C at the casing shoe through mud heating at depth and upward mud circulation, dramatically impacting wellbore stability. Clearly, thermal stress analysis of open and cased boreholes is of primary interest for drilling and completion planning, as bottom-hole temperature changes can have as large an impact as bottom-hole pressure changes.Local wellbore stresses are the sum of far-field, pore pressure and thermally induced stresses; they may be highly inhomogeneous because of different rock properties and heat transport processes. These stresses, combined with thermal weakening and pore pressure changes, may lead to phenomena such as formation damage, sand production, shale shrinkage, and various modes of instability (shearing, spalling, fracturing, etc.).Previous studies of thermally induced stresses were primarily based on assumptions of low permeability and heat conduction only; this is inadequate when high-permeability formations are encountered. To analyze induced stresses and formation damage, a geomechanics model that is fully coupled to diffusive transport processes is employed. By assuming a constant wellbore pressure and temperature boundary condition, a closed-form solution including heat conduction and convection is obtained for the stresses near a cylindrical wellbore. The stability of an open-hole subject to non-isothermal, non-hydrostatic in situ loading and various conditions is then investigated. Our studies indicate that maximum tangential stresses are found on the wellbore wall during production, but can be displaced into the formation if a cooler wellbore fluid is used. This is a more stable condition because of higher confining stresses deep within the borehole wall.     

陆相页岩气水平井段井壁失稳机理及水基钻井液对策

鄂尔多斯盆地陆相页岩气井水平段井壁失稳问题,是制约该盆地延长区块中生界上三叠统延长组页岩气资源勘探开发的重大工程技术难题。为此,采用X射线衍射分析获取页岩矿物组分特征,并分析其理化特征、比表面积及微观结构,在此基础上研发了基于纳米封堵的低自由水活度页岩水基钻井液体系(PSW-2),并现场应用于5口陆相页岩气水平井,保障了其长水平段钻进井眼的稳定性。研究结果表明:①该区延长组页岩黏土矿物含量高,属弱膨胀、易分散、多层理裂缝地层,井壁失稳是力学、物理化学、钻井机械扰动等因素综合作用的结果 ;②页岩平均孔径为4.494～8.502 nm,毛细管作用明显、吸水能力较强、水化不均匀,导致页岩局部强度下降,易形成突发性垮塌;③研制的PSW-2体系API滤失量低于2.8 mL、滚动回收率为95.15%(接近于油基钻井液98.25%的回收率)、线性膨胀率低至1.38%,润湿角由干岩样的26°增大为56.5°;④该钻井液体系浸泡后抗压强度增加至95.806MPa,接近于原岩的强度(110.70MPa)。结论认为,该水基钻井液体系通过微纳米成分封堵页岩孔隙、降低液相活度提高抑制性、减弱页岩毛细管自吸效应的...     

龙马溪页岩井壁失稳机理及高性能水基钻井液技术

目前长水平井段井壁失稳问题仍是制约国内外页岩气资源钻探开发的重大工程技术难题。为解决龙马溪组页岩长水平井段的井壁失稳问题,采用X射线衍射分析、氦气孔隙体积测试、高压压汞测试、高分辨率场发射扫描电镜、CT扫描、岩石连续刻划强度等实验,分析了龙马溪组页岩微观组构特征及理化特性,探讨了微观组构特征、理化特性对龙马溪组页岩井壁稳定的影响。研究表明:龙马溪页岩富含脆性矿物,黏土矿物以伊蒙混层为主,微纳米孔隙发育,微裂隙呈缝状、近平行分布,敏感性矿物的存在及其层理、微裂缝发育是导致页岩井壁失稳的主要内在因素。为此,针对性地提出了多元协同稳定井壁水基钻井液防塌技术对策,即"强化封堵-适度抑制-合理密度-高效润滑"。应用该技术对策构建了高性能水基钻井液优化配方,评价表明,该体系有较好的封堵性和抑制裂缝扩展的能力。该体系在黄金坝区块2口井三开进行了现场试验。现场试验结果表明,该体系较好地解决了页岩长水平井段的井壁失稳和水平段摩阻较大的问题,为中国采用水基钻井液技术高效钻探开发页岩气资源提供了新的思路及经验。      

力学温度和化学耦合作用下泥页岩地层井壁失稳研究

为减少泥页岩地层,特别是高温-高压泥页岩地层的井眼失稳问题,将泥页岩地层视为孔隙介质,在综合考虑岩石特性、井眼周围三维地应力、化学及热效应等因素对泥页岩地层井眼稳定的影响的情况下建立了井眼周围有 效应力计算模式,通过有限差分法进行求解。结合地层失效准则,得到了温度、渗流以及岩石特性对坍塌压力和破裂压力的影响规律。研究的结果表明对低渗透率的泥页岩来说,热效应以及化学反应在确定钻井液密度窗口时起到重要作用。计算结果对实际钻井有理论上的指导意义。     

On the physical and chemical stability of shales

The stability of clay-rich shales is profoundly affected by their complex physical and chemical interactions with drilling fluids. In this paper, an attempt is made to clarify the intricate links between transport processes (e.g. hydraulic flow, osmosis, diffusion of ions and pressure), physical change (e.g. loss of hydraulic overbalance due to mud pressure penetration) and chemical change (e.g. ion exchange, alteration of shale water content, changes in swelling pressure) that govern shale stability. It is shown that shale–fluid interactions can be manipulated to enhance cuttings and wellbore stabilization as well as improving hole-making ability in shale formations. The mode of shale-stabilizing action of a wide variety of water-based fluid additives is discussed and the merits of various mud systems are ranked. It is shown that shale stabilization normally achieved using oil-based/synthetic-based muds is now becoming achievable with economical and environmentally friendly water-based drilling fluids.     

钻井液对页岩力学特性及井壁稳定性的影响

钻井液长期浸泡会对层理性页岩产生影响,进而影响到页岩地层的井壁稳定性。利用川南地区龙马溪组页岩开展了不同钻井液浸泡后页岩单、三轴力学实验,分析了其力学特性及破坏形式的变化特征,并探讨了井壁失稳机理。结果表明:受层理影响,页岩力学特性具有明显的各向异性特征,且具有围压效应;油基钻井液对层理面的润滑作用增强了各向异性,页岩沿层理面发生剪切破坏,破坏形式受层理面控制;水基钻井液对页岩造成水化损伤,微裂缝扩展沟通层理,降低了各向异性,易发生复合破坏,破坏形式受基质体和层理面双重控制,井壁更易失稳;黏土矿物水化作用和孔缝毛细管效应是页岩地层井壁失稳的根本原因。该研究可为层理性页岩井壁稳定分析提供参考。     

力化耦合作用下的层理性页岩气水平井井壁失稳研究

针对现有页岩气水平井井壁稳定力化耦合分析大都仅考虑水化作用对岩石强度的影响,鲜有考虑水化应力应变影响的情况,以弹性力学和岩石力学等理论为基础,同时考虑水化作用对岩石力学参数的弱化效应和附加水化应力,建立了力化耦合作用下层理性页岩气水平井井壁坍塌压力预测模型,研究了层理性页岩气水平井井壁失稳机理,分析了影响井壁稳定的因素及影响规律。研究结果表明:存在层理面时,会使坍塌压力大幅升高;沿层理面方位钻进,井壁稳定性最好;当水化时间一定时,坍塌压力随距井壁径向距离增加而降低,水化时间越长,近井壁处易坍塌区域越大;考虑水化应力影响后坍塌压力会大幅升高,在设计钻井液密度时,不能忽略水化应力的影响。研究成果丰富了页岩气水平井井壁失稳理论,对层理性页岩气水平井钻井设计具有指导作用。      

Development and evaluation of an electropositive wellbore stabilizer with flexible adaptability for drilling strongly hydratable shales

In order to overcome serious instability problems in hydratable shale formations, a novel electropositive wellbore stabilizer(EPWS) was prepared by a new approach. It has good colloidal stability, particle size distribution, compatibility, sealing property, and flexible adaptability. A variety of methods including measurements of particle size, Zeta potential, colloidal stability, contact angle, shale stability index, shale dispersion, shale swelling and plugging experiments were adopted to characterize the EPWS and evaluate its anti-sloughing capacity and flexible adaptability. Results show that the EPWS has advantages over the conventional wellbore stabilizer(ZX-3) in particle size distribution, colloidal stability, inhibition, compatibility, and flexible adaptability. The EPWS with an average particle size of 507 nm and an average Zeta potential of54 m V could be stable for 147 days and be compatible with salt tolerant or positive charged additives, and it also exhibited preferable anti-sloughing performance to hydratable shales at 77, 100, and 120 °C, and better compatibility with sodium bentonite than ZX-3 and KCl. The EPWS can plug micro-fractures and pores by forming a tight external mud cake and an internal sealing belt to retard pressure transmission and prevent filtrate invasion, enhancing hydrophobicity of shale surfaces by adsorption to inhibit hydration. The EPWS with flexible adaptability to temperature for inhibition and sealing capacity is available for long open-hole sections during drilling.     

钻井卸载对泥页岩地层井壁稳定性的影响

钻进泥页岩地层时井壁易失稳,且井周岩石极易因钻井卸载产生诱导缝,导致岩石强度降低,从而加剧井壁失稳。因此,为确保泥页岩地层井壁的稳定,采用三轴力学试验仪模拟钻井卸载过程中的岩石应力变化过程,分析了卸载对泥页岩力学特性的影响,采用回归方法回归了泥页岩内聚力、内摩擦角与卸载幅度的关系,并将该关系引入到常规井壁稳定性模型中,建立了考虑卸载作用的泥页岩井壁稳定性模型。结果表明:卸载会使泥页岩的强度降低,随着卸载幅度变大,泥页岩强度的降低幅度增大;考虑卸载作用后,泥页岩地层的坍塌压力增大,尤其在高地应力和各向异性较强的泥页岩地层,由卸载造成的坍塌压力增量更为明显;井筒与最小水平主应力的夹角较小时,可以降低卸载对泥页岩井壁稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,卸载对泥页岩地层坍塌压力的影响不可忽视,进行钻井液设计时应考虑卸载对坍塌压力的影响。      

深层脆性页岩力学性能及井壁稳定性研究

四川盆地中部龙马溪组页岩地层硬度高、脆性强,钻井过程中井壁坍塌严重,阻卡频发。为解决钻井过程中井壁坍塌问题,测试了以四川盆地自201井为代表的深层页岩微细观组构、水理化性能及力学性能参数各向异性特征,并考虑井眼轨迹、层理缝产状、井筒-地层耦合渗流效应、层理缝力学弱面效应等因素,建立了深层脆性页岩水平井井壁稳定理论模型。实验结果表明:深层页岩脆性矿物含量高达70%,水化膨胀性极低,页岩基质力学强度高,但层理缝间强度低,页岩容易沿层理缝滑移崩落。模型计算结果表明:层理缝力学弱面效应影响明显,当井眼轨迹与层理缝面法向之间夹角满足一定角度,井壁倾向沿层理缝剪切滑移垮塌;井筒-地层间渗流效应不可忽略,压力穿透效应降低钻井液的有效径向支撑力,诱发层理缝起裂、延伸至崩落,合理的钻井液密度及有效封堵性可提高深层页岩水平井井壁稳定性。研究成果揭示了深层脆性页岩井壁坍塌作用机理,可为深层脆性页岩水平井关键工程参数设计提供理论依据。     

Porothermoelasticity for swelling shales

Optimization of drilling fluid parameters such as mud weight, salt concentration, and temperature is essential to alleviating instability problems when drilling through shale sections, particularly in high-pressure and high-temperature environments. Under these conditions, selection of suitable mud parameters can benefit from analyses that consider significant thermal and chemo–mechanical processes involved in shale–drilling fluid interactions. A non-isothermal poroelastic theory suitable for shales is presented herein. Phenomena related to thermal and chemical osmosis are considered by extending the theory of porothermoelasticity to chemically active rocks. The modified pore pressure and stresses around a borehole in shale are obtained by solving the porothermoelastic field equations in generalized plane strain. Application of the solution to a typical field operational situation has demonstrated that thermal osmosis can significantly impact formation pore pressure, thereby reducing stability. Furthermore, analyses based on the new porothermoelastic formulation for shales suggest that mud temperature should be optimized in order to maximize the efficacy of chemical osmosis in stabilizing the borehole.     

井壁失稳风险的可靠度理论评价方法

国内外学者针对井壁稳定的问题已经开展了较为深入的研究,建立了多种经验模型、解析模型和数值模拟方法,但针对输入参数的不确定性及其对井壁稳定分析结果影响的研究则较少、认识尚不明确。为此,以井壁稳定力学解析模型为基础,结合可靠度理论下的一次二阶矩方法,建立了基于可靠度理论的井壁失稳风险评价方法,研究了不同钻井液当量密度下的井壁稳定可靠概率,并考察了参数不确定程度对井壁稳定分析结果的影响规律。研究结果表明:①井壁稳定输入参数的分布规律基本满足正态分布,变异系数越高,则样本数据的不确定性越强,对井壁稳定分析结果的影响将更加显著;②随着钻井液当量密度的增加,井壁垮塌的概率逐渐降低,但井壁被压漏的概率也逐渐增加,在井壁坍塌和破裂可靠概率曲线交点以下能够找到一个合适的安全窗口;③各地质因素不确定性对井眼稳定的影响顺序为:地应力孔隙压力岩石强度。结论认为,在井壁稳定分析中准确确定地应力的大小、降低其不确定程度的影响,可以提高井壁稳定评价的准确性。     

考虑有效膜压力的坍塌压力计算模型

川渝气区风险探井欠平衡井段的井眼扩径率普遍较高,井眼扩径率介于20%~30%,最高可达140%,增加了风险探井的钻探风险,而且欠平衡钻井井壁稳定的问题也尚未得到有效解决。为此,针对欠平衡井段井壁失稳机理开展了研究,提出了计算欠平衡钻井井壁坍塌压力的方法:通过引入有效膜压力系数,结合达西定律、地层流体状态方程、连续性方程,求解出井周压力分布解析解;依据叠加原理得到了井周应力分布模型,并采用Mohr-Coulomb准则推导出维持井壁稳定的最低钻井液密度计算模型;研究了欠平衡、过平衡、欠平衡转过平衡3种典型工况下的井周压力演化规律,并总结了欠平衡钻井井壁失稳的规律。结论认为:该模型反映了泥饼对井壁稳定的影响,由其计算得到的坍塌压力比常规模型计算所得的结果要高,说明有效膜压力系数对井壁坍塌的影响显著,而岩石强度(内聚力、内摩擦角)、地应力、岩石孔隙度等参数对井壁坍塌的影响则相对较小,采用该模型计算的结果更加符合现场实际。     

页岩气储层井周孔隙压力传递数值分析方法

由于页岩基质致密、层理和裂隙发育、富含黏土矿物,使得页岩具有超低渗透、各向异性和水敏等特性,钻井液与页岩接触产生的水化作用引起自由水在页岩中传输,从而导致井周孔隙压力不断变化,但现有方法并未考虑页岩物性特征的影响。为此,基于非平衡热动力学理论,建立了各向异性页岩的井周压力传递数学模型及有限差分求解方法,分析了井周压力分布特征、传递规律及影响因素。结果表明,各向异性页岩井周压力分布与井周角有关,并以主方向呈对称分布;钻井液化学作用对井周压力传递的影响显著,低浓度钻井液情况下井壁附近孔隙压力显著增加,而高浓度钻井液情况下却显著降低,井周压力传递集中在1倍井径范围内;井周孔隙压力的增加不利于井壁稳定,而孔隙压力的降低有利于井壁稳定;溶质扩散系数越小、膜效率系数越大、水力扩散系数越小,则井壁附近孔隙压力变化幅度越大;反之,孔隙压力变化幅度越小。该方法比常规方法更符合实际,且更加实用。     

The Effect of Water Content on Stress Changes Around a Wellbore Drilled in a Chemically Active Elastoplastic Formation

Drilling a wellbore in water active shale formations has been a significant challenge for the drilling industry. Mainly two mechanisms are responsible for wellbore stability problems: the change in stress concentration around the wellbore (due to chemical, hydraulic, thermal, and mechanical interactions) and also reduction in cohesive strength of shales (due to chemical reactions with drilling fluid). In previous studies coupled chemoporoelastic models have been developed to investigate the change in pore pressure and stress distribution around a wellbore drilled in chemically active formations. Shale formations undergo plastic deformation at high-pressure–high-temperature conditions and its mechanical properties change when exposed to drilling fluid with different physicochemical properties. The authors' aim is to study the change in stresses around a wellbore drilled in elastoplastic shale formation including the change in the cohesive strength of the rock by water adsorption/desorption. A finite element model of coupled chemoporoplasticity is developed to solve plastic deformation around the wellbore. From the results of this study it was found that when the plastic zone is formed around the wellbore a strong relaxation of effective tangential stresses occur. With the passing of time the radius of the plastic zone expands toward the formation until the wellbore collapses.     

An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Diffusion Osmosis and Chemical Osmosis on the Stability of Shales

Abstract

Wellbore instability in shales is the most challenging and costly issue in drilling operations. Wellbore instability in shales can be attributed to many factors, some of which have been well studied and documented. However, the physicochemical and mechanical properties alterations in shales that eventually lead to wellbore failure have been largely ignored. Water and ion movements in and out of shales play a major role in the alteration of the physicochemical and mechanical properties of shales, thus leading to wellbore instability problems and possible hole collapse. Water and ions can move in and out of shales by many mechanisms, including, but not limited to, diffusion osmosis, chemical osmosis, convective flow, and capillary suction.

This work presents experimental data analyzing the impact of chemical osmosis and diffusion osmosis on water and ion movements when shale interacts with drilling fluids. The adopted experimental work minimized the effect of convective flow and capillary suction. Results show that water movement is not only controlled by chemical osmosis (water activity) as previously thought but is also influenced by diffusion osmosis. This insight provides information and guidelines to optimize drilling fluids to effectively control and mitigate wellbore instability when drilling through troublesome shale.     

页岩气水平井井筒清洁技术的难点及对策

页岩气储层采用水平井钻井和大型加砂压裂能够获得增产,但气井井筒堵塞的问题也频繁出现,如何清除钻塞作业残余的桥塞碎屑及砂粒,确保页岩气井井下生产通道的畅通,成为气井安全生产的重要环节。为此,在分析水平井井筒清洁生产技术现状的基础上,总结了页岩气水平井井筒清洁处理面临的技术难点,结合当今世界页岩气井井筒清洁技术的进展,对清洁工具及工艺、工作液性能进行技术攻关,研发了清洁处理工具,提出了清洁处理技术对策,并对其现场应用效果进行了评价分析。研究结果表明:①所研发的针对大通径桥塞处理的套磨打捞一体化工具,可实现工具入井后对大通径桥塞的套铣、打捞一次性作业;②形成的换向旋流冲砂工艺在长水平段中作业时能避免砂粒沉降,能实现将砂粒冲洗出井筒的目标;③常压及高压井可以选用气井返排液、KCl、CaCl2溶液等作为工作液,而低压井则可选用泡沫流体作为工作液;④对于低压井,通过优化设计局部压差打捞工具形成局部压差吸附的方式带动井内碎屑物或沉砂进入工具内部,进而完成打捞作业。结论认为,所形成的适合页岩气水平井的井筒清洁工艺技术为后期大规模页岩气井筒清洁处理奠定了基础。     

地层水物化作用下的泥页岩破裂压力计算

钻井过程中,钻井液与井壁围岩的接触产生水化作用会导致井壁围岩变形,引发井壁缩颈坍塌、破裂等事故。根据弹塑性力学和岩石力学相关理论,应用最大张应力准则,在黄氏模型的基础上考虑了钻井液在岩石孔隙中的渗流而在井壁围岩所产生的附加应力场、岩石的孔隙度和钻井液水化作用的影响,建立了泥页岩破裂压力模型,结合现场压裂实验数据和不同含水率泥页岩岩心三轴压缩实验结果,计算得到了泥页岩破裂压力的预测值、泥页岩含水率与抗张强度和破裂压力的关系曲线。结果表明：本文模型预测值和实测值相比,误差为3.65%,更加接近实测地层破裂压力,破裂压力和抗张强度均随着含水率的升高而降低,说明水软化了泥页岩,降低了它的力学性能。