深井软岩巷道预留刚隙柔层厚度的确定及应用

针对深井软岩巷道围岩变形、破坏的特点,提出了预留刚隙柔层的厚度就是巷道围岩出现松动破坏前的塑性区径向位移．采用Bonaitin-Thomson模型对分区的巷道围岩进行了力学分析,推导出黏弹性区、稳定塑性区的径向位移计算式,并讨论了影响预留刚隙柔层厚度的主要因素．结果表明：巷道围岩位移与时间有关,且随时间的增长而增加,并最终趋于一稳定值．预留刚隙柔层厚度随巷道半径和原岩应力的增大而加大,随一次支护强度的增加而减小,但受一次支护强度的影响较小．曲江矿运输大巷预留刚隙柔层37cm,使巷道围岩充分释放变形能的同时又不损害围岩自身的支撑能力,二次支护后,巷道围岩变形量较小．     

软岩巷道锚注支护结构蠕变分析

对锚注前软岩巷道围岩应力状态进行弹塑性分析,计算出锚注前围岩残余强度区半径;在此残余强度区内进行注浆,并将注浆区再细化为弹性区和塑性区,引入岩石蠕变的鲍尔丁-汤姆逊模型,建立了软岩巷道锚注支护结构的蠕变分析模型,采用塑性区岩体体积不变的假设,对锚注支护结构进行了黏弹性分析和黏塑性分析,推导出软岩巷道锚注支护结构应力及位移的蠕变公式.理论分析与相似模拟结果表明:软岩巷道锚注支护结构弹性区应力与时间无关,塑性区应力随时间而变化;弹性区、塑性区位移随时间的推移而不断增大,最后趋于一定值,且塑性区位移与半径成反比关系.     

二道垭隧道开挖与支护的数值模拟分析

大量工程实践表明，岩体工程开挖后的应力调整和变形并不是瞬时完成，本文采用大型有限元工程模拟分析软件ABAQUS，模拟二道垭隧道的开挖与支护过程，研究隧道开挖后考虑不同的应力释放比例后再支护时，围岩的变形及锚杆的受力情况．计算结果表明：对于松软岩层来说，考虑应力释放后再支护的计算结果更好地反映工程围岩的变形和破坏特性．     

管片衬砌配合碎石可压缩层与锚杆的支护型式研究

针对深埋地层中修建盾构隧道,特别是围岩表现蠕变特性,研究一种管片衬砌配合压缩层与锚杆的联合支护技术.采用有限差分与离散元的耦合计算方法,进行了管片衬砌壁后注浆、管片衬砌壁后填充碎石可压缩层、管片衬砌配合碎石可压缩层和高强预应力锚杆的支护效果对比研究.从围岩塑性区发展、沉降随时间变化、管片衬砌弯矩和轴力分析了联合支护效果.从碎石可压缩层的压缩变形路径、锚固围岩的位移矢量等角度揭示了联合支护的细观作用机理.研究结果表明:仅采取管片衬砌配合碎石可压缩层的让压支护手段无法维持管片衬砌的长期稳定;联合支护结构型式既可以提高围岩自身承载能力,也能够有效吸收围岩的蠕变变形.联合支护的作用机理由两部分构成:碎石可压缩层的让压作用与高强预应力锚杆加固围岩作用.其中,碎石可压缩层的让压机理主要通过颗粒间相互嵌挤和错动移位作用调减管片衬砌壁后接触力;高强预应力锚杆的加固机理是由锚杆形成的锚固区控制了蠕变变形的过大发展.研究结果对未来盾构工法修建深部高地应力、强蠕变隧道的支护型式设计具有一定参考价值.     

深井软岩巷道底板卸压钢丝绳网锚注支护技术研究

针对平顶山天安煤业股份有限公司一矿深井软岩回风上山巷道工程地质条件和围岩变形特征,采用数值计算方法,研究了底板卸压槽卸压前后巷道围岩应力场、塑性区的变化规律,分析了底板卸压槽卸压机理,提出了钢丝绳网锚注支护技术,并进行了工业性试验。研究结果表明:(1)巷道底板开掘卸压槽卸压后,底板围岩垂直应力和水平应力的高应力区及其峰值应力均向底板深部转移。卸压后底板同一深度的围岩应力均小于卸压前的围岩应力;卸压后巷道顶底板和两帮围岩的塑性区范围均增大,底板卸压效果明显。(2)深井巷道围岩的破碎区和部分塑性区是支护的重点。回风上山巷道采取开挖底板卸压槽、钢丝绳网锚杆支护和围岩注浆加固等支护措施后,在围岩中形成了锚注体支护圈,提高了围岩的强度和自身承载能力。巷道围岩经历加速变形阶段、减速变形阶段和稳定变形阶段后,一直处于稳定变形状态。卸压槽+钢丝绳网锚注支护在回风上山巷道的支护试验取得成功,可为深井软岩巷道支护提供参考依据。     

松软煤层回风平巷高强U钢支护数值模拟研究

依据永煤集团主焦矿软弱底板的典型地质条件,采用FLAC3D数值模拟的方法研究巷道U29高强度型钢支护下围岩的稳定性,通过与锚喷支护作对照研究,分析得出其应力、位移、塑性区等的变化规律．对U29型铜支护方式进行现场工业性试验,随巷道掘进布置测站,定期监测围岩变形情况及支架的受力状态．结果表明,U29型高强度型钢支架能有效控制围岩变形破坏,支架结构稳定可靠,为保证煤巷的稳定及选择合理的支护形式提供了理论和现场依据．     

地下巷道锚杆作用机理的流变分析

对于采用锚杆支护的巷道，根据流变力学的基本理论，分析了两向等压条件下锚杆支护区围岩应力－位移随时间的变化规律，建立了与时间有关的锚杆支护护破坏准则，对地下水巷道的支护设计具有一定的参考价值。     

含水炭质板岩非线性蠕变损伤模型及应用

对深埋隧道炭质板岩进行高围压不同含水状态三轴蠕变试验.蠕变过程中,随着加载应力水平提高及含水量的增加,炭质板岩产生衰减、稳态及加速蠕变3阶段.将Burgers模型串联一个由非线性黏壶η(n,t)与塑性体并联而成的非线性粘塑性元件,改进后的模型可描述加速蠕变曲线.由该模型建立本构方程,拟合分析不同含水状态炭质板岩的蠕变参数,结果显示粘滞系数ηM、瞬时变形模量EM、粘弹性变形模量EK、粘弹性粘滞系数ηK随含水率增加呈指数形式递减,但递减规律并不相同.引入含水损伤变量D(w),计算得到各蠕变参数指数型含水损伤演化方程,进而建立了考虑含水损伤的非线性蠕变模型,可充分反映不同含水状态对炭质板岩的蠕变损伤特性.建立数值模型,计算不同含水状态隧道围岩时效变形规律,结果显示初期支护体系于168 h左右闭合能有效限制围岩蠕变变形发展,二衬宜于初期支护闭合后360 h左右施作.     

公路隧道炭质板岩变形规律及蠕变特性研究

针对深部高应力下大跨度隧道围岩大变形问题,开展了大变形支护方法、围岩变形测量和围岩蠕变特性实验研究工作.首先在木寨岭隧道选择相似地质区段,提出采用恒阻大变形锚网索(Negative Poisson’s Ratio,简称NPR锚索)支护方案对隧道围岩进行支护;然后,试验段内每隔5 m设置1个监测断面,每个断面设置5个测点,对围岩变形量进行连续测量;接着,通过两种方案施作条件下围岩变形量的对比分析,判断NPR支护方法的可行性;最后,建立木寨岭隧道典型炭质板岩的Burgers蠕变模型,通过"室内蠕变实验解"和"Burgers蠕变模型解析解"的对比分析,判断蠕变模型的科学性.现场试验结果表明:木寨岭隧道采用NPR锚网索耦合支护后,围岩最大变形量有效控制在350 mm以内,无破坏现象.蠕变实验解和理论解析解显示两个结果具有较高的拟合度,进而研究了木寨岭隧道薄层炭质板岩蠕变特征与板岩层理角度及含水率的关系,得到在不同含水率条件下炭质板岩蠕变规律方程.     

二道垭隧道开挖与支护的数值模拟分析

大量工程实践表明,岩体工程开挖后的应力调整和变形并不是瞬时完成,本文采用大型有限元工程模拟分析软件ABAQUS,模拟二道垭隧道的开挖与支护过程,研究隧道开挖后考虑不同的应力释放比例后再支护时,围岩的变形及锚杆的受力情况. 计算结果表明：对于松软岩层来说,考虑应力释放后再支护的计算结果更好地反映工程围岩的变形和破坏特性.     

Long-term stability analysis of large-scale underground plant of Xiangjiaba hydro-power station

Numerical analysis of the optimal supporting time and long-term stability index of the surrounding rocks in the underground plant of Xiangjiaba hydro-power station was carried out based on the rheological theory. Firstly, the mechanical parameters of each rock group were identified from the experimental data; secondly, the rheological calculation and analysis for the cavern in stepped excavation without supporting were made; finally, the optimal time for supporting at the characteristic point in a typical section was obtained while the creep rate and displacement after each excavation step has satisfied the criterion of the optimal supporting time. Excavation was repeated when the optimal time for supporting was identified, and the long-term stability creep time and the maximum creep deformation of the characteristic point were determined in accordance with the criterion of long-term stability index. It is shown that the optimal supporting time of the characteristic point in the underground plant of Xiangjiaba hydro-power station is 5–8 d, the long-term stability time of the typical section is 126 d, and the corresponding largest creep deformation is 24.30 mm. While the cavern is supported, the cavern deformation is significantly reduced and the stress states of the surrounding rock masses are remarkably improved.     

三软综放沿空锚网索支护巷道回采期间围岩变形特征

针对三软综放沿空巷道围岩大变形、难支护的特点,提出采用锚网索支护新技术,通过对试验巷道数值模拟以及表面位移、围岩深部位移和围岩应力的现场监测,分析了试验巷道矿压显现活动规律,掌握了试验巷道在锚网索支护下的围岩变形规律,这为锚网索支护在三软煤层巷道的推广应用和支护参数设计提供了科学依据.     

软岩巷道交叉点锚杆支护数值模拟分析

以云南恩洪煤矿软岩巷道为背景,应用数值模拟对软岩巷道交叉点3种支护方案进行分析研究.结果表明,全断面预应力锚杆支护改善了交叉点的应力集中程度,起到一定卸压作用,并控制了围岩的变形量,保证了软岩巷道交叉点的稳定.     

Failure mechanism of bolting support and high-strength bolt-grouting technology for deep and soft surrounding rock with high stress

In deep underground mining, the surrounding rocks are very soft with high stress. Their deformation and destruction are serious, and frequent failures occur on the bolt support. The failure mechanism of bolt support is proposed to solve these problems. A calculation theory is established on the bond strength of the interface between the anchoring agent and surrounding rocks. An analysis is made on the influence law of different mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks on the interfacial bond strength. Based on the research, a new high-strength bolt-grouting technology is developed and applied on site. Besides, some helpful engineering suggestions and measures are proposed. The research shows that the serious deformation and failure, and the lower bond strength are the major factors causing frequent failures of bolt support. So, the bolt could not give full play to its supporting potential. It is also shown that as the integrity, strength, interface dilatancy and stress of surrounding rocks are improved, the bond strength will increase. So, the anchoring force on surrounding rocks can be effectively improved by employing an anchoring agent with high sand content, mechanical anchoring means, or grouting reinforcement. The new technology has advantages in a high strength, imposing pre-tightening force, and giving full play to the bolt supporting potential. Hence, it can improve the control effect on surrounding rocks. All these could be helpful references for the design of bolt support in deep underground mines.     

Influence of dynamic pressure on deep underground soft rock roadway support and its application

Due to high ground stress and mining disturbance, the deformation and failure of deep soft rock roadway is serious, and invalidation of the anchor net-anchor cable supporting structure occurs. The failure characteristics of roadways revealed with the help of the ground pressure monitoring. Theoretical analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of mining disturbance on stress distribution in surrounding rock,and the change of stress was also calculated. Considering the change of stress in surrounding rock of bottom extraction roadway, the displacement, plastic zone and distribution law of principal stress difference under different support schemes were studied by means of FLAC3D. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel was proposed for bottom extraction roadway that underwent mining disturbance. We carried out a similarity model test to verify the effect of support in dynamic pressure. Monitoring results demonstrated the change rules of deformation and stress of surrounding rock in different supporting schemes. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel had an effective control on deformation of surrounding rock. The scheme was successfully applied in underground engineering practice, and achieved good technical and economic benefits.     

Control over Surrounding Rocks Deformation of Soft Floor and Whole-Coal Gateways with Trapezoidal Supports

In Gengcun Colliery, Yima Coal Group Co. Ltd.the characteristics of the gateways of thick coal seam and the coal seam is with fully mechanized sublevel caving mining are that the thickness of roof coal seam of gateways is larger, their surrounding rocks are the whole-coal mass and the coal seam is prone to Spontaneous Combustion. With the natural equilibrium arch theory, the reasonable adjacent distance of No. 11 mine-type metal supports was calculated in trapezoidal gateways based on these characteristics. Then, in-situ supporting experiments were carried out. There sults indicate that under the action of virgin rock stress, the width of broken rocks zone of surrounding rocks is 1.7-2.0m in return heading and 1.1-1.3 m in going headway. And their surrounding rocks belong to the Ⅳ-type soften rock and the Ⅲ-type common surrounding rock respectively. Therefore, under the movable abutment pressure, the gateways deformation is serious. It is suggested that the designed gateways have to use pre-broadened cross section to suit their deformation. At the same time, the accumulated water on gateway floor must be drained in time. These measures weretaken in the 1302 and 1304 coal faces in Gengcun Colliery, and the satisfactory results have been obtained.     

高应力软岩隧道施工的时空效应分析

以湖南某高应力软岩隧道为背景,应用有限元软件ABAQUS对其施工的时空效应进行了分析,并对其影响范围及大小进行了研究,结果表明：高应力软岩隧道围岩稳定很大程度上受到隧道的＂空间效应＂及＂时间效应＂的影响,同时指出在施工时应尽早施加初期支护提高围岩自承能力,在围岩变形趋于稳定时施加二次支护坚决抑制软岩的流变所引起的大变形.     

Stability control of surrounding rocks for a coal roadway in a deep tectonic region简

In order to effectively control the deformation and failure of surrounding rocks in a coal roadway in a deep tectonic region, the deformation and failure mechanism and stability control mechanism were studied. With such methods as numerical simulation and field testing, the distribution law of the displacement, stress and plastic zone in the surrounding rocks was analyzed. The deformation and failure mechanisms of coal roadways in deep tectonic areas were revealed: under high tectonic stress, two sides will slide along the roof or floor; while the plastic zone of the two sides will extend along the roof or floor, leading to more serious deformation and failure in the corner of two sides and the bolt supporting the corners is readily cut off by the shear force or tension force. Aimed at controlling the large slippage deformation of the two sides, serious deformation and failure in the corners of the two sides and massive bolt breakage, a “controlling and yielding coupling support” control technology is proposed. Firstly, bolts which do not pass through the bedding plane should be used in the corners of the roadway, allowing the two sides to have some degree of sliding to achieve the purpose of “yielding” support, and which avoid breakage of the bolts in the corner. After yielding support, bolts in the corner of the roadway and which pass through the bedding plane should be used to control the deformation and failure of the coal in the corner. “Controlling and yielding coupling support” technology has been successfully applied in engineering practice, and the stability of deep coal roadway has been greatly improved.     

软岩巷道支护荷载的确定方法

通过分析巷道围岩与支护的相互作用原理 ,得出了软岩巷道失稳的原因是由于围岩自承力与支护力不足的结果 .认为一个优化的软岩巷道支护设计应在确保支护稳定的前提下 ,最大限度地释放围岩的能量 ,使以变形形式转化的工程力达到最大 ,同时最大限度地发挥围岩的自承能力 ,使工程支护力达到最小 ,而其关键是确定变形能释放时间和最佳支护时间 .软岩巷道开挖后 ,通常在巷道周围形成塑性软化区和塑性流动区 ,实施支护力就是要控制塑性流动区的范围与发展 ,达到最佳支护时间时的支护荷载为最小支护荷载 ,可以通过塑性软化区和塑性流动区内岩石的重力求得     

Numerical simulation of the effect of coupling support of bolt-mesh-anchor in deep tunnel

The mechanical effects of bolt-mesh-anchor coupling support in deep tunnels were studied by using a numerical method, based on deep tunnel coupling supporting techniques and non-linear deformation mechanical theory of rock mass at great depths. It is shown that the potential of a rigid bolt support can be efficiently activated through the coupling effect between a bolt-net support and the surrounding rock. It is found that the accumulated plastic energy in the surrounding rock can be sufficiently transformed by the coupling effect of a bolt-mesh-tray support. The strength of the surrounding rock mass can be mobilized to control the deformation of the surrounding rock by a pre-stress and time-space effect of the anchor support. The high stress transformation effect can be realized by the mechanical coupling effect of the bolt-mesh-anchor support, whereby the force of the support and deformation of the surrounding rock tends to become uniform, leading to a sustained stability of the tunnel.