考虑初始缺陷影响的混凝土梁动态弯拉破坏模式分析

考虑到混凝土细观非均质性的影响,从细观角度出发,认为混凝土是由骨料、界面过渡区、砂浆基质及初始缺陷组成的四相复合材料,建立了混凝土简支梁的二维随机骨料模型。采用耦合材料应变率效应的塑性损伤本构模型来描述砂浆基质及界面的力学性能;假定骨料不产生损伤破坏,设定为弹性。对无缺陷、2%和5%孔隙率的混凝土梁进行弯拉破坏数值研究,探讨初始缺陷及加载速率对混凝土梁弯拉破坏模式、弯拉强度及宏观应 力-应变关系的影响。数值结果表明:混凝土弯拉破坏模式及宏观力学性能具有明显的加载速率相关性;初始缺陷的存在对混凝土破坏模式及宏观力学性能具有很大的影响。     

考虑界面影响的混凝土弹性模量的数值预测

提出了一种考虑界面过渡层影响的混凝土弹性模量的数值预测方法。将球形骨料与包裹它的界面过渡层作为二相复合球结构的等效颗粒,由广义自洽方法计算不同粒径骨料与界面过渡层组成复合球的有效模量。然后由等效颗粒生成的随机骨料模型建立体积表征单元,施加均匀位移边界条件,通过数值方法计算该体积表征单元中的应力和应变场,由细观力学数值均匀化方法预测体积表征单元的有效弹性模量。计算结果表明:对于不同骨料含量的混凝土,有效弹性模量的预测值与试验值非常接近,界面过渡层的厚度对混凝土的整体弹性性质有较大影响。     

考虑材料组成特性的混凝土轴拉破坏过程细观数值模拟

为反映骨料、砂浆及其之间的界面过渡区的组合特点和材料性能,基于材料细观非均匀性和有限元方法的混凝土破坏过程细观数值模拟需进行复杂、细致的网格剖分,导致了繁重的前处理工作和可观的计算量。该文对混凝土材料细观单元材质组成的单一化假定进行改进,将内嵌界面过渡区材料的规则化单元视为一种广义复合材料单元,建立了复合型界面损伤模型。采用等效方法确定单元的复合弹性关系,通过有限元法计算单元的局部应力;用细观层次上弹性力学性能的弱化描述单元组成材料的损伤,混凝土材料的破坏过程通过单元各组分的损伤模拟。应用该复合型界面损伤模型研究了混凝土试件的单轴拉伸破坏过程,细观数值模拟结果符合混凝土试件的宏观破坏特征,表明该模型可作为分析混凝土材料破坏过程的一种有效途径。     

高强混凝土材料细观冻融损伤与抗压强度的关系

为研究高强混凝土冻融损伤机理及其与抗压强度之间的关系,采用RapidAir结合金相显微镜的方法,实现对混凝土细观冻融损伤的连续观察,探究了细观结构对冻融的敏感程度以及细观破坏对宏观破坏的影响规律.结果表明:对高强混凝土而言,较低的含气量和较大的气泡间隔系数并不意味着较差的抗冻性;孔隙群的冻融响应敏感,且微裂缝出现较早,该区域的缺陷增长能与冻融前期混凝土抗压强度线性下降很好地对应,但此时混凝土的抗压强度下降并不明显;相对孤立的孔和砂浆与粗骨料的界面过渡区较不敏感,这些区域出现损伤后,混凝土的抗压强度逐渐非线性下降,预示着混凝土即将冻碎.     

高强混凝土材料细观冻融损伤与抗压强度的关系

为研究高强混凝土冻融损伤机理及其与抗压强度之间的关系,采用RapidAir结合金相显微镜的方法,实现对混凝土细观冻融损伤的连续观察,探究了细观结构对冻融的敏感程度以及细观破坏对宏观破坏的影响规律。结果表明:对高强混凝土而言,较低的含气量和较大的气泡间隔系数并不意味着较差的抗冻性;孔隙群的冻融响应敏感,且微裂缝出现较早,该区域的缺陷增长能与冻融前期混凝土抗压强度线性下降很好地对应,但此时混凝土的抗压强度下降并不明显;相对孤立的孔和砂浆与粗骨料的界面过渡区较不敏感,这些区域出现损伤后,混凝土的抗压强度逐渐非线性下降,预示着混凝土即将冻碎。     

力学损伤混凝土热传导行为细观研究

为研究力学损伤对温度传导行为的影响,考虑混凝土细观结构的非均质性,将其视为由骨料、砂浆和界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,提出并建立了力学-热学单向耦合作用研究的细观数值方法与模型。方法的思想是:首先对非均质混凝土在荷载作用下开裂损伤力学行为模拟分析,获得其内部的损伤分布情况;然后,将力学分析结果作为初始输入条件,结合复合材料均匀化理论,获得损伤混凝土各细观单元的导热性能,从而实现了力学-热学单向耦合作用的数值模拟。以单轴压缩加载为例,通过与试验结果的对比,验证细观方法的合理性与有效性。基于该套细观数值模拟方法,对荷载作用后混凝土试件的宏观有效导热系数与温度场分布进行了细观计算分析,对比了不同复合材料力学模型的影响,探讨分析了压缩荷载水平的影响规律。     

基于细观结构统计特征的混凝土几何代表体尺寸研究

该文在对混凝土细观结构统计特征深入研究的基础上,基于粗骨料含量、平均粒径、细度模数三个量的统计特征分析,给出了混凝土几何代表体的定义。利用体素的概念,提出了混凝土几何代表体尺寸的确定方法。以一级配混凝土为例,采用该文方法计算得到了基于细观结构的几何代表体尺寸。进一步分析了骨料级配、骨料体积含量等因素对混凝土几何代表体尺寸的影响规律,研究结果表明:随着骨料体积含量的增加,混凝土几何代表体尺寸呈下降趋势;在粗骨料体积含量达到40%以后,几何代表体尺寸变化幅度较小;一级配混凝土的几何代表体尺寸与最大骨料粒径的比值大于二级配混凝土的相应值。该文工作为混凝土细观机理研究、细观数值计算样本的选取等提供参考。     

混凝土劈裂抗拉强度和弯曲抗压强度尺寸效应的细观数值分析

混凝土作为非均质材料,其材料性能存在随试件几何尺寸变化的尺寸效应。该文在细观层次上将混凝土看作由粗骨料、砂浆和二者界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,采用刚体弹簧元数值方法模拟了混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度和弯曲抗压强度的尺寸效应,并与已有的试验结果进行了对比验证。结果表明:劈裂加载的试件破坏形态和劈裂抗拉强度与试验结果均具有良好的一致性,并且小尺寸试件所表现出的尺寸效应要明显于大尺寸试件;对不同尺寸四点弯曲钢筋混凝土梁开展细观数值分析得到跨中截面混凝土的弯曲抗压强度,随着梁有效高度的增加,名义弯曲抗压强度整体上呈现降低的趋势,但当梁有效高度大于240mm时趋于稳定。     

初始缺陷对复合固体推进剂力学性能影响的数值研究

为了研究复合固体推进剂中初始缺陷对其力学性能的影响,基于分子动力学算法生成了复合固体推进剂的细观颗粒填充模型,在颗粒/基体界面处设置粘接单元,并引入双线型内聚力模型描述界面层的力学响应,基于ABAQUS有限元数值计算平台研究了颗粒破碎、初始界面脱粘及微孔洞这些初始缺陷对推进剂损伤力学性能的影响规律。通过比较仿真应力-应变曲线,发现初始缺陷的存在严重劣化了推进剂的力学性能,具体表现为拉伸强度降低了40%,初始模量降低了40%。研究指出,颗粒/基体界面粘接性能对推进剂力学性能的影响最为显著,提高界面粘接性能可以大幅提高推进剂的力学性能,研究可为改善复合固体推进剂的配方研制及生产工艺提供一定的指导。     

钢纤维增强超高性能混凝土抗压性能的细观数值模拟

利用LS-DYNA软件在细观层次上建立了三维钢纤维增强超高性能混凝土（Steel fiber reinforced ultra-high performance concrete,SF/UHPC）圆柱体试件有限元模型,对其轴心受压下的力学性能和裂缝发展进行了数值模拟。在验证细观数值模型的有效性和合理性的基础上进行参数分析,着重研究了钢纤维体积率、钢纤维长径比、形状效应和尺寸效应对超高性能钢纤维混凝土抗压强度、韧性和破坏形态的影响。最终,根据模拟结果拟合了超高性能钢纤维混凝土抗压强度计算公式。结果表明：三维超高性能钢纤维混凝土细观模型可以较好地模拟单轴受压应力条件下混凝土的静力性能和损伤破坏机制,所拟合的公式也能较好地预测超高性能钢纤维混凝土的抗压强度。     

The Effect of Initial Defects on Overall Mechanical Properties of Concrete Material

Considering the fact that the initial defects, like the imperfect interfacial transition zones (ITZ) and the micro voids in mortar matrix, weaken the mechanical properties of concrete, this study develops corresponding constitutive models for ITZ and matrix, and simulates the concrete failure with finite element methods. Specifically, an elastic-damage traction-separation model for ITZ is constructed, and an anisotropic plastic-damage model distinguishing the strength-difference under tension and compression for mortar matrix is proposed as well. In this anisotropic plastic-damage model, the weakening effect of micro voids is reflected by introducing initial isotropic damage, the distinct characteristic of tension and compression which described by decomposing damage tensor into tensile and compressive components, and the plastic yield surface which established on the effective stress space. Furthermore, by tracking the damage evolution of concrete specimens suffering uniaxial tension and compression, the effects of imperfect status of ITZ and volume fraction of initial voids on the concrete mechanical properties are investigated.     

Bond strength prediction for deformed steel rebar embedded in recycled coarse aggregate concrete

This paper summarizes the results of an experimental investigation into the bond behavior between recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) and deformed steel rebars, with the main variables being the recycled coarse aggregate replacement ratio (RCAr) and water-to-cement ratio of the concrete mixture. The investigation into splitting cracking strength indicates that the degradation of the bond splitting tensile stress of the cover concrete was affected by not only the roundness of the coarse aggregate particles but also the weak interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the cement paste and the RCA that has a more porous structure in the ITZ than normal concrete. In this study, a linear relationship between the bond strength and the density of the RCA was found, but the high compressive strength reduced the effects of the parameters. To predict the bond strength of RAC using the main parameters, a multivariable model was developed using nonlinear regression analysis. It can be inferred from this study that the degradation characteristic of the bond strength of RAC can be predicted well, whereas other empirical equations and code provisions are very conservative.     

Effect of carbonation of modeled recycled coarse aggregate on the mechanical properties of modeled recycled aggregate concrete

The modeled recycled aggregate concrete (MRAC) which is an idealized model for the real recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) was used in this study. The MRCAs prepared with two types of old mortars were modified by an accelerated carbonation process. The effects of carbonation of MRCA on the micro-hardness of MRCA and the mechanical properties of MRAC were investigated. The results indicated that the micro-hardness of the old interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and the old mortar in the carbonated MRCAs was higher than that in the uncarbonated MRCAs, and the enhancement of the old ITZ was more significant than that of the old mortar. The compressive strength and modulus of MRACs increased when the carbonated MRCAs were utilized, and the improvement was more significant for MRAC prepared with a higher w/c. In addition, a numerical study was carried out and it showed that the improvement in strength by carbonation treatment was less obvious when the difference between the new and old mortar was larger.     

Bond and interfacial properties of reinforcement in self-compacting concrete

This paper reports a study carried out to assess the impact of the use of self-compacting concrete (SCC) on bond and interfacial properties around steel reinforcement in practical concrete element. The pull-out tests were carried out to determine bond strength between reinforcing steel bar and concrete, and the depth-sensing nano-indentation technique was used to evaluate the elastic modulus and micro-strength of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) around steel reinforcement. The bond and interfacial properties around deformed steel bars in different SCC mixes with strength grades of 35 MPa and 60 MPa (C35, C60) were examined together with those in conventional vibrated reference concrete with the same strength grades.The results showed that the maximum bond strength decreased when the diameter of the steel bar increased from 12 to 20 mm. The normalised bond strengths of the SCC mixes were found to be about 10–40% higher than those of the reference mixes for both bar diameters (12 and 20 mm). The study of the interfacial properties revealed that the elastic modulus and the micro-strength of the ITZ were lower on the bottom side of a horizontal steel bar than on the top side, particularly for the vibrated reference concrete. The difference of ITZ properties between top and bottom side of the horizontal steel bar appeared to be less pronounced for the SCC mixes than for the corresponding reference mixes.     

钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压力学性能的细观数值研究

钢筋混凝土构件的宏观力学性能由其组分-钢筋和混凝土两部分的力学性能决定。结合混凝土细观结构形式,认为混凝土是由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的复合材料,假定钢筋与混凝土之间完好粘结,基于钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压试验,建立了钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压加载下力学特性及破坏行为研究的细观尺度力学分析模型。通过对混凝土方形和矩形试件进行受压力学特性模拟,采用反演法确定了界面的力学参数,进而模拟了钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压加载下的宏观力学性能。结果表明,相比于宏观尺度模型,细观数值分析模型能够充分体现材料的非均质性,能够较好的模拟试件的宏观力学性能,并且能够细致的描述裂缝发展及试件破坏过程,与试验结果吻合良好。该文建立的细观尺度分析模型与方法,为钢筋混凝土构件层次宏观力学非线性及其尺寸效应研究提供了理论支持。     

废旧橡胶颗粒对混凝土强度的影响及界面分析

以旧轮胎橡胶颗粒等体积取代混凝土中的砂子,取代量分别为砂子体积的5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、40%、50%、60%、80%、100%.研究了混凝土抗压强度随取代量的增加的变化规律.用显微硬度方法测试了橡胶颗粒与水泥基体界面过渡区的结构,并与石子水泥界面过渡区的结构进行了比较.发现随橡胶颗粒取代砂子量的增加,混凝土的抗压强度降低,体积取代量小于25%时,抗压强度降低较快;而取代量在25%～50%之间时,强度降低较为缓慢;取代量大于50%时,抗压强度又较快降低.显微硬度测试表明石子与水泥基体界面过渡区范围在85μm左右,而橡胶水泥基体界面过渡区范围在130μm左右,而且在橡胶颗粒周围45μm左右范围无法测得显微硬度,扫描电镜分析证明,橡胶颗粒与水泥基体间存在孔隙.     

相变储能混凝土的制备与性能

膨胀珍珠岩吸附硬脂酸丁酯后用石灰石粉末改性制成相变储能骨料（PCESA）,用其等体积部分取代砂制备相变储能混凝土。测试相变储能混凝土的抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度,通过SEM图像分析相变储能混凝土的微观形貌,用DSC测试PCESA的相变特征及相变储能混凝土的比热容。试验结果表明：相变储能混凝土中PCESA结构保持完整且其与水泥石的界面过渡区密实,相对提高了相变储能混凝土的强度;PCESA具有较好的热物理性能,添加在混凝土中增强了混凝土的储能能力;当PCESA的掺量为20vol%时,相变储能混凝土具有较好的力学性能和热物理性能,在建筑结构中使用既可以起到承重的作用又能实现节能的目的。     

An n-layered spherical inclusion model for predicting the elastic moduli of concrete with inhomogeneous ITZ

An n-layered spherical inclusion model is presented in this paper for predicting the elastic moduli of concrete with inhomogeneous interfacial transition zone (ITZ). In this model, concrete is represented as a three-phase composite material, composed of the aggregate, bulk paste, and an inhomogeneous ITZ. An analytical solution for the ITZ volume fraction is derived for the general aggregate gradation. By constituting a semi-empirical initial cement gradient model, the local water/cement ratio, degree of hydration, and porosity at the ITZ are estimated. The inhomogeneous ITZ is then divided into a series of homogenous concentric shell elements of equal thickness. The elastic moduli of concrete are determined by solving the n-layered spherical inclusion problem. Finally, the validity of the model is verified with three independent sets of experimental data and the effects of the maximum aggregate diameter, aggregate gradation, and ITZ thickness on the Young’s modulus of concrete are evaluated in a quantitative manner. The paper concludes that the proposed n-layered spherical inclusion model can be used to predict the elastic moduli of concrete.     

Particle size effect on the strength of rice husk ash blended gap-graded Portland cement concrete

Rice husk ash (RHA) has been used as a highly reactive pozzolanic material to improve the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the cement paste and the aggregate in high-performance concrete. Mechanical experiments of RHA blended Portland cement concretes revealed that in addition to the pozzolanic reactivity of RHA (chemical aspect), the particle grading (physical aspect) of cement and RHA mixtures also exerted significant influences on the blending efficiency. The relative strength increase (relative to the concrete made with plain cement, expressed in %) is higher for coarser cement. The gap-grading phenomenon is expected to be the underlying mechanism. This issue is also approached by computer simulation. A stereological spacing parameter (i.e., mean free spacing between mixture particles) is associated with the global strength of the blended model cement concretes. This paper presents results of a combined mechanical and computer simulation study on the effects of particle size ranges involved in RHA-blended Portland cement on compressive strength of gap-graded concrete in the high strength/high performance range. The simulation results demonstrate that the favourable results for coarser cement (i.e., the gap-graded binder) reflect improved particle packing structure accompanied by a decrease in porosity and particularly in particle spacing.