撒布型无线传感器网络节点定位算法

针对撒布型无线传感器网络提出了基于非度量多维标度的NMDS-MAP算法及NMDS-MAP（P）算法,两种方法采用TDOA等测距技术测量节点间距,利用非度量多维标度技术对未知节点进行定位,前者是集中式算法,后者是分布式算法。理论分析与仿真实验表明,两种算法具有较高的定位精度与健壮性。     

Pd/PVDF thin film hydrogen sensor system based on photopyroelectric purely-thermal-wave interference

A novel sensitive solid-state sensor system for trace hydrogen gas detection has been developed as a next generation device to earlier photopyroelectric (PPE) hydrogen sensors. The basic principle of the sensor is based on the technique of PPE purely-thermal-wave interferometry recently developed in this Laboratory. The active element of the sensor is a thin polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pyroelectric film, sputter-coated with Pd on one surface and with a Ni–Al alloy electrode on the other surface. Unlike the conventional PPE hydrogen sensors, this new sensor produces a coherent differential PPE signal in a single detector, rather than using two detectors (one active, the other reference) and complicated electronics. The measurement results show that the signal noise level, the detectivity and the signal dynamic range are improved by more than one order of magnitude compared with the conventional single-beam method. The operating characteristics have been examined for three different thicknesses of Pd coating on the same thickness PVDF-film detector. The signal generating mechanism, attributed to the change of the optical absorptance of the Pd coating when exposed to hydrogen, and/or the shift in the Pd work function, is also discussed.     

基于递归算法的最短跳数路径的RSS测距算法

多跳无线传感网络中的多类应用均需要准确的定位算法.为了降低定位成本,常采用基于接收信号强度(RSS,received signal strength)测距,为此,提出基于递归算法的最短跳数路径的RSS测距算法RFSPR(recursive function shortest path-based ranging).RFSPR算法首先利用递归函数搜索源节点与目的节点间所有具有最短跳数的路径,然后通过RSS测量这些最短路径的距离,最终将所有最短路径距离的平均值作为源节点与目的节点间距离的估计值.最后,将RFSPR算法与现存的同类算法进行了对比分析.实验结果表明RFSPR算法具有更低的测距误差.     

Using mobile beacons to locate sensors in obstructed environments

Locating sensors in an indoor environment is a challenging problem due to the insufficient distance measurements caused by short ultrasound range and the incorrect distance measurements caused by multipath effect of ultrasound. In this paper, we propose a virtual ruler approach, in which a vehicle equipped with multiple ultrasound beacons travels around the area to measure distances between pairwise sensors. Virtual Ruler can not only obtain sufficient distances between pairwise sensors, but can also eliminate incorrect distances in the distance measurement phase of sensor localization. We propose to measure the distance between pairwise sensors from multiple perspectives using the virtual ruler and filter incorrect values through a statistical approach. By assigning measured distances with confidence values, the localization algorithm can intelligently localize each sensor based on high confidence distances, which greatly improves localization accuracy. Our performance evaluation shows that the proposed approach can achieve better localization results than previous approaches in an indoor environment.     

一种基于动态跳数距离的有洞无线传感器网络定位方法

在无线传感器网络中,与距离无关的定位技术一直是一项挑战性的工作。尤其是在有洞的各向异性网络中,多}L节点之间的距离估算更是一个难点。针对有洞的无线传感器网络,提出一种新的距离无关定位方法,该方法可以较好地估算未知节点到参考节点之间的距离。其主要思想是,先佑算各信标节点对之间的平均单跳距离,然后选择平均单跳距离较大并且最短路径通过未知节点的信标节点对作为参考节点来估算未知节点的位置。新算法能够较好地滤除距离估算误差较大的信标节点作为参考节点。实验表明,新算法比以前的算法定位更准确。     

Sensor Fusion System Using Recurrent Fuzzy Inference

In robotic and manufacturing systems, it is difficult to measure the state of systems accurately because of many uncertain factors and noise, and it is very important to estimate the state of systems. We must measure the phenomena of systems by multiple sensors and estimate the state of systems by acquiring information of sensors. However, we can not acquire all of sensor information synchronically, because each sensor has particular sensor information and measuring time. For estimating the state of systems by multiple sensors, a multi-sensor fusion system fusing various sensory information is needed. In this paper, we propose a Recurrent Fuzzy Inference (RFI) with recurrent inputs and apply it to a multi-sensor fusion system for estimating the state of systems. The membership functions of RFI are expressed by Radial Basis Function (RBF) with insensitive ranges. The shape of the membership functions can be adjusted by a learning algorithm. The learning algorithm is based on the steepest descent method and incremental learning which can add new fuzzy rules. The effectiveness of the multi-sensor fusion system using RFI will be shown through a numerical experiment of moving robot and estimation of surface roughness in grinding process.     

Multi-Camera Tracking with Adaptive Resource Allocation

Sensor fusion for object tracking is attractive since the integration of multiple sensors and/or algorithms with different characteristics can improve performance. However, there exist several critical limitations to sensor fusion techniques: (1) the measurement cost increases typically as many times as the number of sensors, (2) it is not straightforward to measure the confidence of each source and give it a proper weight for state estimation, and (3) there is no principled dynamic resource allocation algorithm for better performance and efficiency. We describe a method to fuse information from multiple sensors and estimate the current tracker state by using a mixture of sequential Bayesian filters (e.g., particle filter)—one filter for each sensor, where each filter makes a different level of contribution to estimate the combined posterior in a reliable manner. In this framework, multiple sensors interact to determine an appropriate sensor for each particle dynamically; each particle is allocated to only one of the sensors for measurement and a different number of particles is assigned to each sensor. The level of the contribution of each sensor changes dynamically based on its prior information and relative measurement confidence. We apply this technique to visual tracking with multiple cameras, and demonstrate its effectiveness through tracking results in videos.     

On a stochastic sensor selection algorithm with applications in sensor scheduling and sensor coverage

In this note we consider the following problem. Suppose a set of sensors is jointly trying to estimate a process. One sensor takes a measurement at every time step and the measurements are then exchanged among all the sensors. What is the sensor schedule that results in the minimum error covariance? We describe a stochastic sensor selection strategy that is easy to implement and is computationally tractable. The problem described above comes up in many domains out of which we discuss two. In the sensor selection problem, there are multiple sensors that cannot operate simultaneously (e.g., sonars in the same frequency band). Thus measurements need to be scheduled. In the sensor coverage problem, a geographical area needs to be covered by mobile sensors each with limited range. Thus from every position, the sensors obtain a different view-point of the area and the sensors need to optimize their trajectories. The algorithm is applied to these problems and illustrated through simple examples.     

面向ERT大面积触觉传感的自适应优化成像方法

在动态的非结构化环境中,有效地感知物理接触对于智能机器人安全交互至关重要。为了能够检测各种潜在的物理交互,需要在机器人表面部署大面积触觉传感器。目前,现有的大面积触觉传感器主要是通过传感阵列方式实现的,但是大规模部署传感元件在实际应用中存在巨大挑战。电阻层析成像(Electrical Resistance Tomography, ERT)技术作为一种连续传感方式,有望克服传统触觉传感阵列的一些限制。为此,利用ERT设计了一款新型的大面积触觉传感器。在此基础上,提出了一种基于自适应感兴趣区(Region of Interest, ROI)的图像重构算法,将图像重构限制在交互区域内,以提高传感器的空间分辨率。为了验证提出成像算法的有效性,通过仿真与物理实验对其进行了全面评估。实验验证了该算法可以有效提高触觉传感器在交互区域的空间分辨率,使其具有较高的测量精度。实验结果表明,该传感器的平均定位误差为0.823 cm,能够准确地识别8种不同交互模式,其精度高达98.6%。这一研究工作表明,该传感器为机器人具身触觉传感的实现提供了一个新的解决方案。     

Combining Intelligent Techniques for Sensor Fusion

Mobile robots rely on sensor data to build a representation of their environment. However, sensors usually provide incomplete, inconsistent or inaccurate information. Sensor fusion has been successfully employed to enhance the accuracy of sensor measures. This work proposes and investigates the use of Artificial Intelligence techniques for sensor fusion. Its main goal is to improve the accuracy and reliability of the distance measure between a robot and an object in its work environment, based on measures obtained from different sensors. Several Machine Learning algorithms are investigated to fuse the sensors data. The best model generated by each algorithm is called estimator. It is shown that the employment of estimators based on Artificial Intelligence can improve significantly the performance achieved by each sensor alone. The Machine Learning algorithms employed have different characteristics, causing the estimators to have different behaviors in different situations. Aiming to achieve an even more accurate and reliable behavior, the estimators are combined in committees. The results obtained suggest that this combination can further improve the reliability and accuracy of the distances measured by the individual sensors and estimators used for sensor fusion.     

有源传感网络中目标跟踪的传感器调度方法

Wireless sensor network (WSN) of active sensors suffers from serious inter-sensor interference (ISI) and imposes new design and implementation challenges. In this paper, based on the ultrasonic sensor network, two time-division based distributed sensor scheduling schemes are proposed to deal with ISI by scheduling sensors periodically and adaptively respectively. Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is used as the tracking algorithm in distributed manner. Simulation results show that the adaptive sensor scheduling scheme can achieve superior tracking accuracy with faster tracking convergence speed.     

异步采样下的多红外传感器多目标跟踪算法

针对异步采样下多红外传感器多目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于概率假设密度粒子滤波的跟踪算法.该算法首先将一个融合周期内所有采样点在融合中心的坐标系中和时钟下进行统一映射,然后按照实际测量值到来的时间先后顺序,根据融合周期内相邻两个时刻之间状态的动态关系,建立相应采样时刻间的状态方程和量测方程,最后根据当前时刻测量对应的传感器的个数选择不同的滤波算法,对顺序到来的观测值依次进行状态估计和更新,从而得到目标数目和相应的状态估计值.仿真实验表明,所提的算法能较好地解决异步采样下多红外传感器多目标跟踪问题,具有较高的跟踪精度和较强的鲁棒性.     

求解无线传感器网络定位问题的线性规划算法

传感器节点的定位问题是无线传感器网络中的基础性问题之一.提出了一种线性规划算法用于求解无线传感器网络定位问题.该算法利用RSSI值和经验的无线信号传播模型推导出所有可通信节点间距离的相对关系,利用节点的通信半径估算出可通信节点间的距离,并以此为约束条件利用矩形近似圆形,将二次约束的规划问题转化为线性规划问题;求解该线性规划问题便可得未知节点坐标.通过仿真实验,证明了当锚节点分布在网络边缘时该算法能得到较好的定位效果,分析了锚节点分布、锚节点个数、网络连通度等实验参数对定位结果的影响.相比凸规划定位算法,该算法大大降低了求解规划问题的次数,且在相同的实验条件下定位误差更小.     

Distributed Kalman filtering via node selection in heterogeneous sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a strategy for distributed Kalman filtering over sensor networks, based on node selection, rather than on sensor fusion. The presented approach is particularly suitable when sensors with limited sensing capability are considered. In this case, strategies based on sensor fusion may exhibit poor results, as several unreliable measurements may be included in the fusion process. On the other hand, our approach implements a distributed strategy able to select only the node with the most accurate estimate and to propagate it through the whole network in finite time. The algorithm is based on the definition of a metric of the estimate accuracy, and on the application of an agreement protocol based on max-consensus. We prove the convergence, in finite time, of all the local estimates to the most accurate one at each discrete iteration, as well as the equivalence with a centralised Kalman filter with multiple measurements, evolving according to a state-dependent switching dynamics. An application of the algorithm to the problem of distributed target tracking over a network of heterogeneous range-bearing sensors is shown. Simulation results and a comparison with two distributed Kalman filtering strategies based on sensor fusion confirm the suitability of the approach.     

红外甲烷传感器非线性动态补偿的研究

红外甲烷传感器作为瓦斯监测主要传感器之一,非线性动态影响到它的测量准确度和测量范围,不利于安全生产.针对这一问题,采用最小二乘支持向量机非线性动态方法对传感器进行补偿,并对算法予以改进.通过仿真实验加以比较,实验结果表明:基于改进最小二乘支持向量机非线性动态补偿,传感器测量准确性和测量范围大大提高,对促进安全生产有积极...     

Decentralized estimation of regression coefficients in sensor networks

Consider a wireless sensor network with a fusion center deployed to estimate a common non-random parameter vector. Each sensor obtains a noisy observation vector of the non-random parameter vector according to a linear regression model. The observation noise is correlated across the sensors. Due to power, bandwidth and complexity limitations, each sensor linearly compresses its data. The compressed data from the sensors are transmitted to the fusion center, which linearly estimates the non-random parameter vector. The goal is to design the compression matrices at the sensors and the linear unbiased estimator at the fusion center such that the total variance of the estimation error is minimized. In this paper, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for achieving the performance of the centralized best linear unbiased estimator. We also provide the optimal compression matrices and the optimal linear unbiased estimator when these conditions are satisfied. When these conditions are not satisfied, we propose a sub-optimal algorithm to determine the compression matrices and the linear unbiased estimator. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

The Mars exploration rovers descent image motion estimation system

Descent image motion estimation system is the first machine-vision system for estimating lander velocity during planetary descent. Composed of sensors and software, DIMES features a descent imager, a radar altimeter, an inertial-measurement unit, and an algorithm for combining sensor measurements to estimate horizontal velocity - the speed across the planet's surface the lander travels as it descends. Although the sensors are not novel technology, the algorithm and flight software that combines them are new. This algorithm combines radar, image, and inertial data in a novel way to create a low-cost, robust, and computationally efficient solution to the horizontal-velocity-estimation problem. This article describes the DIMES algorithm, its testing, and its performance during both Mars exploration rover landings.     

用改进蚁群算法求解无线传感器网络多sink节点关联问题

在无线传感器网络W SN(wireless sensor networks)中使用多个sink节点既能有效减少传感器节点与sink之间的距离,又能有效降低通信中的能量消耗。如何为传感器节点分配sink节点使得系统总能耗最低,称为多sink节点的关联问题。首先建立带约束的多sink节点关联问题的优化模型,进而用蚂蚁算法解决给定多sink节点部署方案下的普通节点与sink节点间的关联问题,最后给出相关算法的仿真结果。     

压电智能结构损伤检测传感器优化配置的遗传神经网络方法

基于损伤检测的智能结构传感器优化配置的研究工作较少,问题在于难以找到理想的关联损伤物理力学特征的损伤检测目标函数.提出了一种基于损伤检测的压电智能结构传感器优化配置的遗传神经网络(GANN)方法.该方法采用最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)网络建立损伤检测目标函数,运用改进的遗传算法对目标函数进行优化,从而实现不同数目传感器的优化布置,并综合考虑成本与效益的因素,确定传感器的最优配置数目.论文对该遗传神经网络方法的具体实现过程及其可行性进行了分析,结果表明,该方法是可行的,可用于实现传感器对应于其初始布置模式下的最优配置.对于更多传感器的初始布置模式,采用该方法可有效减少更多传感器的数量,从而降低成本.     

基于扩展Kalman滤波的空基多平台多传感器数据配准和目标跟踪算法

本文研究基于扩展Kalman滤波和多个空中移动平台的多传感器数据配准与目标跟踪问题.文中首先给出了空中移动平台传感器数据配准几何坐标转换算法;接着将目标运动模型和传感器配准误差模型组合在同一个状态方程中,然后利用扩展Kalman滤波方程进行估计.Monte-Carlo仿真表明,该方法能同时有效地估计目标运动状态和传感器配准误差.