直接正交鉴别保局投影算法

针对保局投影(LPP)及其衍生出的算法在人脸识别时须先采用主成分分析(PCA)算法对高维样本降维后才能应用,本文基于正交鉴别保局投影(ODLPP,orthogonal discriminal locality pre-serving projection)算法,提出了一种直接ODLPP(DODLPP)算法,利用拉普拉斯矩阵性质进行了相应的矩阵分解,可直接从高维样本的原始空间中提取投影矩阵。为解决ODLPP算法的小样本问题,给出先求解局部类内散度矩阵的零空间,然后再最大化类间散度矩阵的求解思路。人脸库上的实验结果表明所提算法的有效性。     

改进投影梯度非负矩阵分解的单训练样本特征提取研究

人脸识别是当前人工智能和模式识别的研究热点。非负矩阵分解(NMF)能够反映样本的局部的内在的联系,可用于单样本特征提取,但时间复杂度较高。投影梯度(Projected Gradient,PG)优化方法大幅降低了NMF约束优化迭代问题的时间复杂度,但是单训练样本存在对本类信息量描述不足的缺点。为此,该文提出了一种基于改进的投影梯度非负矩阵分解 (Improved Projected Gradient Non-negative Matrix Factorization,IPGNMF) 的单训练样本特征提取方法。在进行PGNMF算子之前,先将训练样本作Gabor分解,分解后的Gabor子图像在各个方向上可以更加丰富的描述样本特征,最后将各个Gabor子图像的PGNMF特征进行融合,作为最终的识别特征。在对人脸库ORL,YEL与FERET的识别实验中,与经典的特征提取方法比较,证明了可以有效地解决单训练样本人脸识别的问题。     

High-dimensional feature extraction using bit-plane decomposition of local binary patterns for robust face recognition

Transforming an original image into a high-dimensional (HD) feature has been proven to be effective in classifying images. This paper presents a novel feature extraction method utilizing the HD feature space to improve the discriminative ability for face recognition. We observed that the local binary pattern can be decomposed into bit-planes, each of which has scale-specific directional information of the face image. Each bit-plane not only has the inherent local-structure of the face image but also has an illumination-robust characteristic. By concatenating all the decomposed bit-planes, we generate an HD feature vector with an improved discriminative ability. To reduce the computational complexity while preserving the incorporated local structural information, a supervised dimension reduction method, the orthogonal linear discriminant analysis, is applied to the HD feature vector. Extensive experimental results show that existing classifiers with the proposed feature outperform those with other conventional features under various illumination, pose, and expression variations.     

Gabor feature-based face recognition using supervised locality preserving projection

This paper introduces a novel Gabor-based supervised locality preserving projection (GSLPP) method for face recognition. Locality preserving projection (LPP) is a recently proposed method for unsupervised linear dimensionality reduction. LPP seeks to preserve the local structure which is usually more significant than the global structure preserved by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). In this paper, we investigate its extension, called supervised locality preserving projection (SLPP), using class labels of data points to enhance its discriminant power in their mapping into a low-dimensional space. The GSLPP method, which is robust to variations of illumination and facial expression, applies the SLPP to an augmented Gabor feature vector derived from the Gabor wavelet representation of face images. We performed comparative experiments of various face recognition schemes, including the proposed GSLPP method, PCA method, LDA method, LPP method, the combination of Gabor and PCA method (GPCA) and the combination of Gabor and LDA method (GLDA). Experimental results on AR database and CMU PIE database show superior of the novel GSLPP method.     

应用于人脸识别的监督局部邻域保持嵌入算法

提出了一种应用于人脸识别的监督线性维数约简 算法。首先引入图像距离度量方法以确定人脸数据 之间的相似程度,之后将训练样本的类标先验信息融入到邻域保持嵌入(NPE,neighborhood preserving embedding)算法的目标函 数中,使得降维后的嵌入空间的投影数据呈多流形分布,不仅最优保持了样本空间的局部几 何结构,同时各类样本 投影的类内散度最小化,类间散度最大化,增大了各类数据分布之间的间隔,提高了嵌入空 间的辨别能力。在Extended Yale B和CMU PIE两个开放人脸数据库上进行了识别实验,结果表明,本文算法取得了很好 的识别效果。     

Supervised bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection algorithm based on Gabor wavelet

Bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection (B2DLPP) is an effective method for unsupervised linear dimensionality reduction, which directly extracts face features from image matrices based on locality criterion. Motivated by B2DLPP, this paper proposes a supervised bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection (SB2DLPP). Different from B2DLPP, the proposed method takes into account the class information when constructing the similarity matrix. It increases inter-class distance in the projection space so that better right and left-projection matrices are obtained. Furthermore, a Gabor-based supervised bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection method is proposed for face recognition. Gabor wavelet representations are adopted for face images to make the proposed method robust to illumination variations and facial expression changes. Then, SB2DLPP is applied to reduce feature dimension. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared with other traditional face recognition schemes on the FERET, Yale and JAFFE databases. The experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach.     

基于光谱梯度角的高光谱影像流形学习降维法

为了挖掘高光谱数据的光谱局部特征,从高光谱遥感数据内在的非线性结构出发,提出了一种基于光谱梯度角的高光谱影像流形学习降维方法。采用局部化流形学习算法局部保持投影（LPP）对高光谱遥感数据进行非线性降维,对距离度量进行改进,将能够更好刻画高光谱影像光谱局部特征的光谱梯度角相似性度量应用于LPP方法,并用真实高光谱图像进行降维实验,取得了优于LPP方法和采用光谱角的LPP方法的结果。结果表明,在光谱规范化特征值方面,所提方法优于LPP方法和采用光谱角的LPP方法;在信息量的保持方面,具有更好的局部细节信息保持量。采用光谱梯度角的流形学习方法用于高光谱影像降维能取得较好的降维效果。     

一种应用于人脸识别的有监督NMF算法

为了提高非负矩阵分解(NMF)算法识别率,提出了一种有监督的NMF(SNMF)方法.该算法对NMF基图像进行判别分析,然后选择主要反应类内差异的基图像来构造子空间,最后在子空间上进行识别.通过UMIST人脸库和CMU PIE人脸库上的实验结果表明,该方法对光照、姿态和表情变化具有一定的鲁棒性,识别率高于NMF方法和其它子空间分析法.     

基于随机子空间-正交局部保持投影的支持向量机

针对高维数、小样本数据分类问题,提出一种基于随机子空间-正交局部保持投影的支持向量机.利用随机子空间方法对原始高维样本的特征空间进行多次随机采样,生成多个具有不同特征子集的基支持向量机(SVM)分类器;利用正交局部保持投影对各基SVM分类器的样本进行特征提取,实现维数约简;然后,利用降维后的样本对各基SVM分类器进行训...     

基于LLE和BP神经网络的人脸识别

利用LLE非线性降维方法提取人脸特征,然后将提取出来的特征输入到BP神经网络进行训练得到人脸类间的判别信息,进行人脸识别。利用LLE降维方法既能够降低数据维数,减少运算量,又很好的保留了各类人脸样本的拓扑结构,避免人脸图像光照、姿态等因素对人脸识别的影响。在ORL人脸库上的实验结果表明了,这种方法是有效的。     

一种应用于人脸识别的核正交等度规映射算法

针对人脸识别中的特征提取,提出了一种新的核正交等度规映射(KOIsoP,kernel orthogonal isometric projection)人脸识别算法。首先用核方法提取人脸图像中的非线性信息,并将其投影在一个高维非线性空间,从而更好地提取人脸非线性流形结构信息。然后通过等度规映射做一线性映射得到基向量。最后正交化得到的基向量,使得算法更利于保留人脸非线性子流形空间与距离有关的结构信息和重构样本,以便获得更好的识别效果。ORL和PIE库上的人脸识别实验验证了算法的有效性。     

可行方向算法与模拟退火结合的NMF特征提取方法

NMF子空间特征提取被表示成一个大规模线性约束非线性优化问题.为了获得更优性能的基图像,设计了一个可行方向算法结合模拟退火算法的混合算法来求解这个优化问题.以基于梯度的可行方向算法作为局部寻优的手段,加快收敛速度;以模拟退火算法作为全局寻优的手段,避免优化过程陷入局部极小点.同时,在模拟退火操作中,采用对比度增强算法,使获得的基图像更加地空间局部化.实验表明,本文的可行方向算法比采用归一化实现等式约束的原算法在学习的最后阶段有更好的收敛速度,所获得的基图像更加地空间局部化,而且在人脸重建的应用中有更好的性能.     

一种应用于小样本人脸识别的2DLPP算法

LPP是一种局部特征提取算法,被广泛应用于模式识别中,然而在人脸识别中会遭遇小样本问题,为解决这个问题,提出了一种应用于人脸识别的二维LPP算法,直接对图像矩阵进行特征提取,既解决了传统LPP算法的小样本问题,又加快了特征提取速度.YALE人脸库和Extended Yale B人脸库上的实验结果表明2DPP具有较高的识别率,对光照、姿态的变化具有一定的鲁棒性.     

Neighbourhood preserving discriminant embedding in face recognition

In this paper, we present an effective technique on discriminative feature extraction for face recognition. The proposed technique incorporates Graph Embedding and the Fisher’s criterion where we call it as Neighbourhood Preserving Discriminant Embedding (NPDE). Utilizing the Graph Embedding criterion, the underlying nonlinear face data structure is revealed as representative and discriminative features for analysis. We employ Neighbourhood Preserving Embedding (NPE) for the purpose. NPE takes into account the restriction that neighbouring points in the high-dimensional space must remain within the same neighbourhood in the low dimension space and be located in a similar relative spatial situation (without changing the local structure of the nearest neighbours of each data point). Furthermore, by taking the advantage of the Fisher’s criterion, the discriminating power of NPDE is further boosted. Based on this intuition, NPDE obtains better discriminative capability and experimentally verified in ORL, PIE and FRGC.     

融合复小波与零空间判别投射的人脸识别方法

提出一种新颖的零空间判别投射(NDPE)的子空间人脸识别方法。基于局部保持映射(LPP)和非参数判别分析方法,NDPF能够同时编码人脸数据流形的几何和判别结构,并且通过在零空间中求解特征值来克服小样本尺寸问题。为进一步提高人脸识别的准确率,提出融合双树复小波变换(DTCWT)与NDPE的方法。实验结果表明,所提人脸识别方法在ORL、Yale和AR人脸数据库上均取得了较高的识别率。     

Gabor-based kernel PCA with doubly nonlinear mapping for face recognition with a single face image.

In this paper, a novel Gabor-based kernel principal component analysis (PCA) with doubly nonlinear mapping is proposed for human face recognition. In our approach, the Gabor wavelets are used to extract facial features, then a doubly nonlinear mapping kernel PCA (DKPCA) is proposed to perform feature transformation and face recognition. The conventional kernel PCA nonlinearly maps an input image into a high-dimensional feature space in order to make the mapped features linearly separable. However, this method does not consider the structural characteristics of the face images, and it is difficult to determine which nonlinear mapping is more effective for face recognition. In this paper, a new method of nonlinear mapping, which is performed in the original feature space, is defined. The proposed nonlinear mapping not only considers the statistical property of the input features, but also adopts an eigenmask to emphasize those important facial feature points. Therefore, after this mapping, the transformed features have a higher discriminating power, and the relative importance of the features adapts to the spatial importance of the face images. This new nonlinear mapping is combined with the conventional kernel PCA to be called "doubly" nonlinear mapping kernel PCA. The proposed algorithm is evaluated based on the Yale database, the AR database, the ORL database and the YaleB database by using different face recognition methods such as PCA, Gabor wavelets plus PCA, and Gabor wavelets plus kernel PCA with fractional power polynomial models. Experiments show that consistent and promising results are obtained.     

基于深度学习与特征融合的人脸识别算法

卷积神经网络在人脸识别研究上有较好的效果,但是其提取的人脸特征忽略了人脸的局部结构特征。针对此问题,文中提出一种基于深度学习与特征融合的人脸识别方法。该算法将局部二值模式信息与原图信息相结合作为SDFVGG网络的输入,使得提取的人脸特征更加丰富且更具表征能力。其中,SDFVGG网络是将VGG网络进行深浅特征相融合后的网络。在CAS-PEAL-R1人脸数据库上的实验表明,将网络深浅特征相融合与在卷积神经网络中加入LBP图像信息与原图信息相融合的特征信息对于提高人脸识别准确率非常有效,可得到优于传统算法和一般卷积神经网络的最高98.58%人脸识别率。     

Orthogonal laplacianfaces for face recognition.

Following the intuition that the naturally occurring face data may be generated by sampling a probability distribution that has support on or near a submanifold of ambient space, we propose an appearance-based face recognition method, called orthogonal Laplacianface. Our algorithm is based on the locality preserving projection (LPP) algorithm, which aims at finding a linear approximation to the eigenfunctions of the Laplace Beltrami operator on the face manifold. However, LPP is nonorthogonal, and this makes it difficult to reconstruct the data. The orthogonal locality preserving projection (OLPP) method produces orthogonal basis functions and can have more locality preserving power than LPP. Since the locality preserving power is potentially related to the discriminating power, the OLPP is expected to have more discriminating power than LPP. Experimental results on three face databases demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.     

基于核正交局部判别嵌入的人脸识别

针对人脸识别中的非线性特征提取问题,提出一种基于核正交局部判别嵌入(KOLDE,kernel orthogonal local discriminant embedding)的人脸识别算法。首先通过引入基向量正交约束,得到OLDE算法,并给出算法的推导过程。然后为了更好地处理高度复杂非线性结构数据,将OLDE向高维空间扩展,在核空间提取图像的高阶非线性信息,得到核空间OLDE算法。在ORL和PIE库上的人脸识别实验验证了算法的有效性。