含铝炸药圆筒试验及爆轰产物JWL状态方程研究

为分析含铝炸药在强约束条件下的爆轰性能,对含铝炸药进行了50mm圆筒试验。使用了电探讨测量炸药爆速,用高速相机记录圆筒膨胀过程,使要用了计算机图像技术对高速摄影照片进行分析处理,通过对圆筒试验二维爆轰数值模拟,标定了含铝炸药爆轰产物JWL状态方程参数。     

铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆压和爆速的影响

利用锰铜压力传感器和测时仪测量了不同铝含量的RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速。拟合出爆压、爆速与铝含量的关系式,分析了铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆压、爆速的影响因素。结果表明,随着铝含量的增加,RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速呈线性减小。计算了铝粉的质量分数在0~40%时所对应的PC-J=A(x)0ρD2中的A(x)值,拟合出A(x)值与铝含量的关系式,得到RDX基含铝炸药爆压与爆速之间的关系式。     

CL-20基含铝炸药爆轰波阵面法向速度与曲率的关系

采用高速扫描相机及电探针测速法测量了具有相同铝含量的CL-20基和RDX基含铝炸药的拟定态爆轰波形及爆速,分析了炸药波阵面法向速度Dn与曲率κ之间的函数关系。结果表明,CL-20基含铝炸药的爆轰波阵面较RDX基含铝炸药的平坦,其法向爆速受曲率效应的影响也较RDX基含铝炸药的小。当κ0.005mm-1时,其法向爆速的下降速率明显小于RDX基含铝炸药;当κ0.005mm-1时,其法向爆速的下降速率略高于RDX基含铝炸药。     

环境氧含量对含铝炸药爆热的影响

利用恒温式量热计测定了3种含铝炸药在不同环境中的爆热,研究了其能量释放规律。结果表明,含铝炸药在真空、空气和纯氧环境中的爆热逐渐增高,固体爆轰产物存在一定差异。3种含铝炸药在纯氧中的爆热基本相当,说明发生了完全燃烧反应。在真空和空气环境中,含细铝粉(中位径12.43μm)的含铝炸药爆热均低于含粗铝粉(中位径74.14μm)的炸药。两种粒度铝粉级配后的含铝炸药,在真空和空气环境中的爆热处于铝粉未级配的炸药爆热之间,原因是没有达到细铝粉先反应、粗铝粉后反应的理想状态。     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

炸药爆轰参数与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系

为研究炸药爆轰参数与空中爆炸冲击波超压之间的关系,设计了不同铝含量的RDX/Al、HMX/Al混合炸药,并进行了空中爆炸试验。根据爆炸相似理论,用相同条件下实测TNT超压数据,计算了冲击波超压的TNT当量。采用不同方法计算了炸药的爆轰参数。结果表明,炸药空中爆炸冲击波超压与爆热、爆容和爆速乘积TNT当量的1/3次方满足线性关系,且回归线在y轴上的截距为0,斜率与炸药的类型有关。对于TNT,斜率为1;对于RDX/Al混合炸药,斜率为1.053(R2=0.9996);对HMX/Al混合炸药,斜率为1.073(R2=0.9995),表明炸药的爆热、爆速和爆容对空中爆炸冲击波超压的影响相同。     

铝粉含量对梯铝炸药爆压和冲击波参数的影响

测试了以TNT为基不同含量含铝炸药的爆压和空中爆炸冲击波参数,通过分析铝粉对炸药爆压、空中爆炸参数和爆炸冲击波超压的影响,建立了爆压与铝氧比的关系曲线、5种TNT基含铝炸药的冲击波相似律方程和TNT/Al炸药的爆压与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系式.结果表明,随着铝粉含量的增加,炸药的爆压呈指数衰减,近距离的冲击波超压也快速减小,但爆炸场温度和爆炸火球的直径及持续时间会增大.     

GI-920炸药加速老化模拟

为了解老化对GI-920炸药爆轰性能的影响,分析了GI-920炸药加速老化的机理和效应,根据推导的热分解动力学方程计算了GI-920炸药在70 ℃和75 ℃加速老化至不同反应深度时的密度、组成和生成热,进而通过VLWR爆轰程序计算GI-920炸药加速老化后的爆轰参数.结果表明,经过加速老化后,GI-920炸药的密度、爆速和爆压均有所降低.     

工业炸药的爆轰性能研究

用有机玻璃法测定了岩石膨化、煤矿膨化、铵梯以及乳化炸药的爆速和爆压，同时用VLWR爆轰程序对岩11石膨化硝铵和铵梯炸药的爆轰参数及C—J产物的平衡组成进行了计算。结果表明，工业炸药具有低爆速和低爆压的非理想爆轰特征，而理论计算值和实验值比较接近，获得了较好的结果。     

RDX基铝纤维炸药水下爆炸的能量分析

将RDX基铝纤维炸药和RDX基含铝炸药进行水下爆炸实验,得到两种炸药在不同位置的压力-时程曲线,经过计算得到两种炸药水下爆炸的能量,并以含铝炸药的能量为铝纤维炸药的参考能量,分析两者的差异及造成差异的原因。结果表明,与含铝炸药相比,铝纤维炸药的压力峰值与冲量降低,铝纤维炸药的比冲击波能降低11%～22%,比气泡能降低11%～15%,比爆炸能降低11%～18%。铝纤维炸药的比爆炸能占爆热的73%～82%,低于含铝粉炸药比爆炸能与爆热的比值(89%～94%)。铝纤维炸药能量未达到其参考能量的主要原因是铝纤维直径较大导致反应不充分以及熔喷法制成的铝纤维中Al2O3含量较高。     

Highly Thermal Stable TATB‐based Aluminized Explosives Realizing Optimized Balance between Thermal Stability and Detonation Performance

In this work, a series of TATB‐based aluminized explosives were formulated from 1, 3, 5‐triamino‐2, 4, 6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB), aluminum powders and polymeric binders. The thermal stability, heat of detonation, detonation velocity and pressure of the TATB based aluminized (TATB/Al) explosives were systematically investigated by cook‐off, constant temperature calorimeter, electrometric method and manganin piezo resistance gauge, respectively. The selected PBX‐3 (70 wt% TATB/25 wt% Al/5 wt% fluorine resin) achieved optimized balance between thermal stability and detonation performance, with the thermal runaway temperature around 583 K. The thermal ignition of TATB‐based aluminized explosive occurred at the edge of the cylinder according to the experimental and numerical simulations. Moreover, the critical thermal runaway temperature for PBX‐3 was calculated based on the Semenov's thermal explosion theory and the thermal decomposition kinetic parameters of the explosive, which was consistent with the experimental value.     

Effect of Al/O Ratio on the Detonation Performance and Underwater Explosion of HMX‐based Aluminized Explosives

The performance of detonation and underwater explosion (UNDEX) of a six‐formula HMX‐based aluminized explosive was examined by detonation and UNDEX experiments. The detonation pressures, detonation velocities, and detonation heat of HMX‐based aluminized explosive were measured. The reliability between the experimental results and those calculated by an empirical formula and the KHT code was verfied. UNDEX experiments were carried out on the propagation of a shock wave and a bubble pulse of a 1 kg cylindrical HMX‐based aluminized explosive underwater at a depth of 4.7 m. Based on the experimental results of the shock wave, the coefficients of similarity law equation for the peak pressure and attenuation time constant of shock wave were in acceptable agreement. The bubble motion during UNDEX was simulated using MSC.DYTRAN software, and the radius time curves of bubbles were determined. The effect of the aluminum/oxygen ratio on the performance of the detonation and UNDEX for an HMX‐based aluminized explosive was discussed.     

Predicting Detonation Performance of CHNOFCl and Aluminized Explosives

A new “hand‐calculated” method is introduced for prediction of detonation pressure of explosive and mixture of explosives with general formula CHNOFClAl. Suitable decomposition paths are used to estimate heat of detonation and detonation pressure. These decomposition paths are based on the distribution of oxygen atoms between carbon and hydrogen atoms as well as the degree of oxidation of aluminum. For CHNOFCl explosives, it is shown that the predicted detonation pressures with the new method are more reliable with respect to one of the best available empirical methods for loading densities greater than or equal 0.8 g cm⁻³. Since aluminized explosives have non‐ideal behavior, the new method does not require using full or partial oxidation of aluminum, which is usually required by a computer code. The predicted results of the new model also provide more reliable results than outputs of complex computer code with the BKWS equation of state.     

炸药爆炸能量的水中测试与分析

介绍了炸药爆炸能量的水中测试方法,对TNT和3种新设计的含铝炸药进行了水中爆炸的实验研究,比较了各炸药的爆炸性能.结果表明,发现冲击波峰值超压、冲量和冲击波能流密度等参数较好地符合爆炸相似律,得到了新配方各参数的爆炸相似律系数.计算了炸药的冲击波能和气泡能,并提出了计算爆炸总能量的方法.把实验测得的炸药的总能量与KHTR程序计算的爆热进行对比,二者符合得较好,说明了KHTR程序可用.     

金属柱壳约束对非理想炸药驱动效率的影响

通过分析金属柱壳在内部炸药滑移爆轰作用下的动力学响应,建立了爆轰产物压力与壳体径向膨胀位移、材料动态屈服强度之间的关系式。基于Taylor假定确定了壳体完全破裂时爆轰产物压力的阈值。以两种具有相近格尼系数的RDX基含铝炸药为例,对该模型的适用性进行了验证。结果表明,相同壳体下,与无硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药相比,含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药的驱动能量利用率具有明显优势。当壳体材料动态屈服强度从0.2GPa增至0.8GPa时,其有效作功能的相对增量约从7.5%迅速增大至15.2%,符合战斗部实际应用中的趋势,表明该分析模型可用于非理想炸药驱动作功性能的综合评价。     

Predicting Maximum Attainable Detonation Velocity of CHNOF and Aluminized Explosives

This paper describes a simple method to predict the detonation velocity of pure and mixed CHNOF explosives as well as aluminized explosives at their maximum nominal density as one of the most important detonation properties. The new correlation uses the contribution of some structural parameters to apply for a wide range of ideal and non‐ideal explosives. Aluminized explosives have non‐ideal behavior and the Chapman Jouguet detonation velocities significantly differ from those expected from existing thermodynamic computer codes for equilibrium and steady state calculations. With the presented method, there is no need to use any assumed detonation products, heat of formation and experimental data. Detonation velocities at maximum nominal density of explosives predicted by this procedure show good agreement with respect to experimental values. They are more reliable compared to the calculated results of well‐known empirical methods and computed outputs using BKWS equation of state for CHNOF and aluminized explosives.     

凝聚相炸药爆炸火光现象的初步研究

为弄清凝聚相炸药爆炸火光现象的形成机制及影响爆炸发光现象的相关因素,对凝聚相炸药爆炸过程中存在发光现象的各阶段发光机制进行了理论分析,用文献试验结果分析了影响爆炸发光强度的因素。采用高速摄像的试验手段研究了16种凝聚相炸药的爆炸火光现象。结果表明,凝聚相炸药的爆炸发光过程由爆炸和后燃两阶段组成。凝聚相炸药的爆炸发光强度与炸药的爆压、爆温、爆速和氧平衡均有关系。而炸药的氧平衡和质量则影响爆炸火光现象持续的时间。     

MgH2型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的制备及其爆轰性能

为了提高乳化炸药的爆炸威力,研制出了一种MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药。该乳化炸药采用包覆后的MgH₂与玻璃微球复合敏化,两种材料分别起到含能添加剂和敏化剂的作用。通过研究“热点”数量和包覆材料对炸药爆轰性能的影响,确定了MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的配方。利用水下爆炸实验和猛度实验,研究了MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的爆轰特征参数和水下爆炸特性。实验结果表明,MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的铅柱压缩量为24.3 mm,达到军用炸药的猛度;与传统玻璃微球型乳化炸药相比,其水下爆炸峰值压力虽然下降了4.90%,但比冲击波能、比气泡能和总能量分别提高了7.83%、22.94%和18.32%。MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的猛度和做功能力得到了显著提高。