啤酒酿造过程高级醇形成的控制

高级醇是构成啤酒酒体的重要物质 ,淡爽型啤酒中的含量一般控制在50～90mg/L,含量过高 ,则使啤酒产生风味病害。影响高级醇含量的因素有酵母菌种及接种量、麦汁成分和发酵工艺(如发酵温度、发酵方法、发酵度等)。控制方法主要有 :选择高级醇生成量较低的菌种 ,接种量控制在(1.3～1.5)×107个/ml;麦汁中α -氨基氮控制在165～185mg/L,pH在5.2～5.6,溶解氧在8～10mg/L;主酵温度控制在12℃以下 ,控制适当的发酵度     

富硒麦汁对啤酒酵母代谢副产物的影响

于11°P富硒麦汁中接入啤酒酵母进行常规啤酒发酵,同时以空白麦芽汁发酵作为对照。在整个发酵过程中,跟踪检测酵母生长情况;并测定发酵14天后发酵液的pH、外观糖度、双乙酰、高级醇含量、后酵结束各理化指标,发现添加Na2SeO3含量为200mg／L的富硒麦芽制成的麦汁经酵母发酵14天后,双乙酰含量为0．07mg/L,高级醇含量为63．2mg／L,酒精度为5．95％,真正发酵度达74．5％,啤酒风味基本不变,缩短了发酵周期。     

在啤酒生产中控制双乙酰含量的探讨

在啤酒生产中控制双乙酰含量的探讨张勍（哈尔滨亚洲啤酒有限公司）三酿造过程中的溶解氧１．麦汁中的溶解氧“有氧繁殖、厌氧发酵”，“有氧”能够增加单位麦汁中的酵母数即酵母浓度，增强酵母的发酵能力及还原双乙酰的能力。由于麦汁经强烈的煮沸后，麦汁中的溶解氧量很...     

锌在构建酵母使用体系中的作用

酵母扩培过程中补充适量的Zn^2 ，可有效的促进酵母的生长，缩短酵母的世代时间；糖化麦汁中加入一定量的锌，可弥补麦汁营养组份的缺陷，促进酵母对糖的吸收，改善酵母的发酵性能。啤酒生产淡季时，采取加锌的措施，促进酵母的起发，促进酵母对风味物质的还原。但应注意锌的添加量，不能使麦汁中Zn^2 的含量超过1．0mg/L。     

冷麦汁中充氧量对啤酒酵母代谢副产物的影响

啤酒发酵过程中的溶解氧含量控制是影响啤酒代谢副产物的重要环节。在麦汁冷却过程中,充入无菌空气,控制溶解氧含量分别为6mg／L,8mg／L,10mg／L和12mg／L,10℃进行主酵,在控制其他参数一致的基础上,对整个发酵过程跟踪检测,考察酵母增殖情况、降糖情况、双乙酰含量、高级醇含量等。结果表明,在麦汁冷却过程中,控制8～10mg／L的溶解氧含量,可以得到较适含量的啤酒酵母代谢副产物。     

糖化酶对高粱Lager啤酒麦汁组成和糖酵解的影响

我们进行了一个置信度P〈0．05的三因子实验，利用大麦麦芽（BM）或高梁芽（SM），精选玉米（MZ）或腊质高梁（WXSOR）粉粒为辅料，添加或不添加糖化酶（AMG）生产Lager啤酒，研究其144h发酵过程中糖酵解和乙醇生成情况。在BM麦汁中，葡萄糖、麦芽糖、麦芽三糖分别占总可发酵糖的20％，68％和13％，而这个比例在SM麦汁中则分别为35％，48％和17％。添加AMG后，麦汁中葡萄糖含量从9．3g／L增加到24．5g／L，总可发酵性糖含量用g葡萄糖／L表示，从59．2g／L增加到72．6g／L。和BM麦汁相比，SM麦汁的葡萄糖含量约高50％，而初始麦芽糖则要低40％左右。用WXSOR或MZ作酿造辅料，生产的麦汁和啤酒具有相似的特性。AMG的添加使麦汁中葡萄糖量增加2．5倍以上，并使可发酵性糖量增加23％以上。线性回归分析表明发酵过程中可发酵性糖的消耗符合一级反应方程。葡萄糖、麦芽糖和麦芽三糖消耗50％的时间分别为49h，128h和125h，这清楚地表明酵母优先利用葡萄糖。和不添加AMG的麦汁相比，添加AMG麦汁中的麦芽糖和麦芽三糖的消耗速度分别加快和变慢了。发酵终了，BM啤酒的乙醇含量（5．1％，v／v）比SM啤酒（3．9％，v／v）要高。在添加AMG的啤酒生产中，用BM还是用SM及添加MZ辅料在最终的乙醇浓度上并无明显区别。研究结果表明，AMG可以降低糊精含量，增加初始葡萄糖量和总可发酵性糖量，特别是在利用SM为原料的时候，该现象更为明显。     

改性MTS替代甲醛在糖化中的应用研究

本文通过实验室小试，对添加不同量的改性MTS和采有添加剂的空白．在麦汁和成品啤酒的主要指标上做对比分析．结果表明改性MTS能改善麦汁中氮元素和多酚物质的组成，在提高成品啤酒非生物稳定性方面起到一定积极作用．添加量以200mg/L为宜。改性NTS成本低，轻易得到，而且相比甲醛无毒无害，可以尝试在啤酒生产中部分替代甲醛。     

降低高浓啤酒发酵中高级醇含量的研究

为降低高浓啤酒发酵中高级醇的生成量,研究18°Bx麦汁啤酒酿造过程中的加糖浆方式、酵母接种量和麦汁中α-氨基氮含量对啤酒高级醇生成量的影响。结果表明：18°Bx麦汁发酵高级醇生成量显著高于12°Bx麦汁;分两次加入制备18°Bx麦汁所需的糖浆量、控制18°Bx麦汁的酵母细胞接种量为3×107个/mL以及麦汁中α-氨基氮含量为230mg/L麦汁时,均有利于降低18°Bx高浓啤酒发酵过程中高级醇的生成量。     

啤酒麦汁中氧含量的控制及测定

越来越多的啤酒生产厂及消费者认识到，由于啤酒中氧的存在，随着时间的推移，氧化反应加深，使啤酒出现混浊，色度增加，出现氧化味（也叫老化味）。同时，我们也认识到，在整个啤酒酿造过程的不同阶段，控制不同的氧含量．会对最终成品啤酒产生直接影响。为了有效控制溶解氧，必须得到不同生产阶段溶解氧的精确值。本文着重介绍了啤酒生产中麦汁氧含量的控制，如何分析检测麦汁的溶解氧含量，使之稳定在最佳范围，以生产出品味佳，保质期长的优质啤酒。     

保健啤酒新产品的开发

用食用酒精制成绞股蓝皂苷液，添加量按总皂苷量计，为4～6mg/L。可采用3种方法添加：在麦汁煮沸时与酒花一起加入到麦汁中；加入到清酒中搅匀；加入主发酵结束后的嫩啤酒中，制成绞股蓝保健啤酒。将黄瓜、西红柿、小白菜分另4制成蔬菜汁，可单独添加，也可混合添加制成蔬菜啤酒。(丹妮)     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press