关节式坐标测量机热变形误差及修正

关节式坐标测量机工作温度范围宽,可以在线测量,应用领域越来越宽.这也使得其热变形误差随着对测量机测量精度要求的提高越来越受到关注,并且对其必须加以修正.简要分析关节式坐标测量机主要部件由于温度变化对测量的影响.关节式坐标测量机热变形误差模型用单隐层带反向传播前馈神经网络建立,网络的输入是测量机两个温度参数和测头的坐标值,输出为测头坐标相对于20℃该点的变化量.通过试验获得数据样本,训练所建模型并进行仿真.试验结果表明所建模型对关节式坐标测量机热变形误差修正是有效的.     

运用改进的教学-模拟退火算法辨识关节臂式三坐标测量机的结构参数

为了提高关节臂式三坐标测量机的精度，降低其运动不确定度，提出了一种改进的教学-模拟退火混合优化算法来辨识其结构参数并补偿其误差，从而提高其精度。分析了教学算法(teaching-learning-based optimization, TLBO)的优缺点并对其进行改进从而得到改进的教学算法；提出了一种收敛精度转换准则，将改进的教学算法(modified TLBO, mTLBO)和模拟退火算法(simulated annealing, SA)融合得到改进的教学-模拟退火算法(mTLBO-SA);基于此理论和单点重复率误差实验，分别用TLBO、SA和mTLBO-SA对关节臂式三坐标测量机的结构参数进行了辨识；分别用辨识前后的关节臂式三坐标测量机再次进行单点重复率误差实验，并比较相应的实验结果。实验结果表明，所提算法能有效且高效地辨识关节臂式三坐标测量机的结构参数，进而有效提高其定位精度，降低其运动不确定度。     

基于改进模拟退火算法的关节臂式坐标测量机参数辨识

结构参数误差是影响关节臂式坐标测量机精度的主要因素之一,精确辨识其结构参数可以有效地提高测量机的精度。建立基于Denavit-Hartenberg模型的六自由度关节臂式坐标测量机坐标变换方程,分析基于锥孔的参数辨识原理,提出一种改进的模拟退火算法用于测量机的结构参数辨识,该算法在接近最优解时将减小搜索范围以提高搜索效率和求解精度,并保留中间过程的最优解。以单点重复精度为目标函数,利用改进的模拟退火算法对研制的六自由度关节臂式坐标测量机的结构参数进行辨识。实验结果表明,经过参数辨识后,测量机的单点重复精度提高了7.87倍,长度测量精度提高了5.59倍。     

基于偏置正交测量臂逆解算法的构型位置精度预测研究

结构参数误差使得测量臂在不同位置、不同构型下的精度呈现一定的规律。以六关节测量臂为研究对象,采用定积分法分析末端执行器位置精度与结构参数误差之间的关系,构建测量臂位置精度预测模型;并提出一套偏置正交测量臂前四关节的逆解算法,用于确定特定工作点下测量臂各种构型的位置精度分布情况,并给出构型灵活性、构型位置精度权重等评价指标。验证试验包括:比较不同工作点下构型灵活度情况;统计工作点下构型位置精度分布状况;利用其分布特性,对不同工作点下不同构型进行单点测量。实验结果表明:本方法能更直观、全面地描述特定工作点下构型的位置精度分布情况,进而指导实际操作中对测量臂工作点以及测量构型的选择。     

Multiple Measurement Models of Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines

The existing articulated arm coordinate measuring machines(AACMM) with one measurement model are easy to cause low measurement accuracy because the whole sampling space is much bigger than the result in the unstable calibration parameters. To compensate for the deficiency of one measurement model, the multiple measurement models are built by the Denavit-Hartenberg's notation, the homemade standard rod components are used as a calibration tool and the Levenberg-Marquardt calibration algorithm is applied to solve the structural parameters in the measurement models. During the tests of multiple measurement models, the sample areas are selected in two situations. It is found that the measurement errors' sigma value(0.083 4 mm) dealt with one measurement model is nearly two times larger than that of the multiple measurement models(0.043 1 mm) in the same sample area. While in the different sample area, the measurement errors' sigma value(0.054 0 mm) dealt with the multiple measurement models is about 40% of one measurement model(0.137 3 mm). The preliminary results suggest that the measurement accuracy of AACMM dealt with multiple measurement models is superior to the accuracy of the existing machine with one measurement model. This paper proposes the multiple measurement models to improve the measurement accuracy of AACMM without increasing any hardware cost.     

The calibration and error compensation techniques for an Articulated Arm CMM with two parallel rotational axes

The calibration and error compensation techniques for an Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machine (AACMM) with two parallel rotational axes are proposed. An improved six-parameter D–H model is established. The reversal techniques are used to calibrate the parallelism errors, arm lengths and zero position of the AACMM. The effects of the bending and torsion deformations caused by the gravity of the arms are removed. The experiments prove that the calibration method is simple and the measurement expanded uncertainty (_2uc$2_{u_c}$) of the developed AACMM with a measuring range of (∅200–∅1000 mm) × 250 mm is less than 10 μm after error compensation.     

关节臂式坐标测量机角度传感器偏心参数辨识

对关节臂式坐标测量机中圆光栅角度传感器分度盘安装存在的偏心误差进行修正,可以有效提高测量机的测量精度。为了实现坐标测量机动态、实时的现场标校,建立了一种六自由度关节臂式坐标测量机的坐标系统,分析了圆光栅分度盘的安装偏心对角度测量的影响,推导了由于偏心引起的测量误差及其修正公式。分析表明,较小的安装偏心便会引起较大的角度测量偏差。以测量机的单点重复测量精度为目标函数,提出了一种基于模拟退火算法的角度传感器偏心参数辨识方法,并将其用于测量机关节圆光栅12个偏心参数的辨识和修正,实验结果表明,修正之后测量机的重复测量精度提高了11.3%。     

基于光栅编码器的柔性测量臂位置精度研究

光栅编码器的误差使得柔性测量臂(AACMM)在不同位置、不同构型下的精度呈现一定的规律。掌握由光栅编码器精度引起的位置精度在工作空间的分布规律,有利于指导柔性测量臂的标定和测量。以六关节测量臂为研究对象,分析末端执行器位置精度与光栅编码器精度区间之间的关系,并定义了基于光栅编码器精度的位置精度评价指标,在整个工作空间下描述其分布情况。验证试验包括:比较不同关节下光栅编码器精度区间对末端执行器位置精度的影响;与目前常用Monte Carlo方式进行柔性测量臂精度分布特性对比;利用其分布特性,对不同区域进行单点和标准球直径测量。实验结果表明,本方法能更直观、全面地描述光栅编码器精度对柔性测量臂位置精度在工作空间分布情况,通过该分布确定优化测量区域,指导实际操作。     

可变胞并联机械臂样机的研制与误差分析

提出了一种通过驱动副锁定组合实现变胞的超冗余并联机械臂,其基础构型是3-PUPS并联机构,对机械臂进行了误差建模与分析,并通过标定系统测量了机械臂实验样机的定位误差。首先,提出了通过对3-PUPS机构各驱动副的组合锁定实现机械臂变胞的设计思路,从而使机械臂可以根据任务需求改变自身构型和性能;然后,采用含误差源的闭环矢量回路法,建立了机械臂3-PUPS机构的误差传递模型,并以此为基础,分析了机械臂的各误差源对其运动平台输出误差的影响规律;接着,根据各误差源对机械臂的输出误差影响程度,确定了各主要运动副配合零件的加工精度等级及公差,在此基础上研制出机械臂的实验样机;最后,采用一套高精度的工业机器人标定系统对机械臂的实验样机进行了定位误差测量,实验表明:机械臂的运动平台的位置误差均在0.005~0.038mm之间,姿态误差均在0.010~0.044°之间,位置误差比通用式工业机器人的位置重复定位精度0.05mm略有提高,姿态误差与通用式工业机器人的姿态重复定位精度0.045°相当。     

IMU 姿态误差均衡校正模型与验证

惯性姿态测量单元(IMU)中存在各种系统误差,需要进行校正以提高姿态解算精度,而校正矩阵是由本身包含各种系统误差的特殊位置测量值及其理论值决定的。对校正矩阵产生的校正误差进行理论推导,研究其对解算姿态参数误差的影响特征,并用测试数据进行验证。根据均衡校正点的设计,详细研究均衡校正及其结构拓扑对姿态精度的影响模型和特征,并对测试数据进行均衡校正验证,典型姿态解算结果及对比表明,均衡校正普遍降低了姿态的绝对误差,均衡平均校正最少可降低解算姿态绝对误差的平均值和峰峰值至30.8%,且在小倾斜角区域也达到大中倾斜角区域常规校正的姿态解算精度。     

A multilevel calibration technique for an industrial robot with parallelogram mechanism

This paper presents a multilevel calibration technique for improving the absolute accuracy of an industrial robot with a parallelogram mechanism (ABB IRB2400). The parallelogram structural error is firstly modeled based on the partial differential of the position function of a general four-bar linkage and the linearization of the position constraints of the parallelogram mechanism, the model coefficients are fitted from experimental data. Secondly, an absolute kinematic calibration model is established and resolved as a linear function of all the kinematic parameters, as well as the base frame parameters and tool parameters. Finally, contrary to most other similar works, the robot joint space (rather than Cartesian space) is divided into a sequence of fan-shaped cells in order to compensate the non-geometric errors, the positioning errors on the grid points are measured and stored for the error compensation on the target points. After the multilevel calibration, the maximum/mean point positioning errors on 284 tested configurations (evenly distributed in the robot common workspace) are reduced from 1.583/0.420 mm to 0.172/0.066 mm respectively, which is almost the same level as the robot bidirectional repeatability.     

Error Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of a Parallel Robot with SCARA（Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm） Motions

Parallel robots with SCARA（selective compliance assembly robot arm） motions are utilized widely in the field of high speed pick-and-place manipulation. Error modeling for these robots generally simplifies the parallelogram structures included by the robots as a link. As the established error model fails to reflect the error feature of the parallelogram structures, the effect of accuracy design and kinematic calibration based on the error model come to be undermined. An error modeling methodology is proposed to establish an error model of parallel robots with parallelogram structures. The error model can embody the geometric errors of all joints, including the joints of parallelogram structures. Thus it can contain more exhaustively the factors that reduce the accuracy of the robot. Based on the error model and some sensitivity indices defined in the sense of statistics, sensitivity analysis is carried out. Accordingly, some atlases are depicted to express each geometric error’s influence on the moving platform’s pose errors. From these atlases, the geometric errors that have greater impact on the accuracy of the moving platform are identified, and some sensitive areas where the pose errors of the moving platform are extremely sensitive to the geometric errors are also figured out. By taking into account the error factors which are generally neglected in all existing modeling methods, the proposed modeling method can thoroughly disclose the process of error transmission and enhance the efficacy of accuracy design and calibration.     

Prediction of creep failure in aeroengine materials under multi-axial stress states

The creep and creep rupture behaviour of two, significantly different, aeroengine materials, namely a nickel-base superalloy at 700°C and a high temperature titanium alloy at 650°C, were studied. Experimental creep tests were conducted on uniaxial specimens and axisymmetric notched bars under constant tensile loads conditions. From the uniaxial creep test results, a creep continuum damage model was established for each of the materials. The skeletal point stress approach was used to obtain the approximate creep rupture stress criterion in the multi-axial generalization of the creep continuum damage models. This approximation was cross-checked using axisymmetric Finite Element (FE) analyses in a trial and error procedure. Multi-axial creep continuum damage models were then used in further FE creep analyses to predict the creep rupture times in specimens subjected to different tensile loads. The FE predictions of the rupture times in these notched specimens were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results for the nickel-base superalloy (Waspaloy) at 700°C and the titanium alloy (IMI834) at 650°C.     

自驱动关节臂坐标测量机模块化关节设计

传统的关节臂测量机工作时是依靠工作人员牵拉实现运动和测量,存在路径规划不佳、主观性误差大、测量效率低等问题很难适应智能制造对在线自动测量系统的新要求。本文提出了利用含有无刷电机、谐波减速器及精密轴系的模块化关节构成自驱动关节臂坐标测量机的构想,并对模块化关节进行了构型设计,建立了单关节扭矩估算模型,在此基础上选择了关节2的电机和谐波减速器,设计了关节模块的测控电路,研制了单关节部件样机并进行了重复性实验。其中单方向测量数据表明,为保证较小的测量重复性误差,关节在运动时应尽量避免速度或加速度突变的运动形式;双方向测量的数据表明,当控制电机运动速率小于1.53rad/s时,测头因回弹产生误触发信号的概率较小,此时最大误差数据为±2.11″。上述实验也验证了模块化关节设计方案的可行性,为后续自驱动关节臂坐标测量机整机研制提供了理论和实验依据。     

MAX1457开发系统的研制

MAX1457是一种专用传感器信号处理器，它可以补偿硅压阻式传感器的温度误差和非线性误差，使传感器总的重复性精度达到0．1％以内，MAX1457进行补偿时需要经过一系列操作步骤，本文分析了MAX1457的工作原理和补偿过程，在此基础上设计了界面友好，自动化程度很高的开发系统，使得MAX1457对传感器的温度补偿工作大为简化。     

关节臂式坐标测量机测量力误差分析及补偿

针对接触测量力对关节臂式坐标测量机(AACMM)测量精度的影响展开研究。对测量力引起的长度测量误差进行理论和实验分析,得到测头与被测件的局部变形、测杆的弯曲变形是影响关节臂式坐标测量机测头精度的主要因素。建立了关节臂式坐标测量机测头与被测件的局部变形、测杆的弯曲变形的数学模型,并对测量结果进行了测量力误差补偿。实验结果研究表明,测量力引起的误差对接触式关节臂式坐标测量机测量精度影响很大。通过本研究成果,可在很大程度上补偿测量力引起的误差:平均长度测量误差降低82%左右,最大误差降低约47μm,有效地提高了关节臂式坐标测量机的测量精度。     

Offline and online strategies to improve pose accuracy of a Stewart Platform using indoor-GPS

The pose accuracy of a robot manipulator may be improved by assessing and correcting systematic errors. Both offline and online strategies can be considered. To date, there has not been a solution for the online pose error correction of parallel manipulators. Moreover, offline strategies using indoor-GPS as reference measurement system have not yet been investigated. In this paper an optimization-based kinematic calibration method and an online correction technique are proposed and implemented for a low-cost Stewart Platform. In both cases, an indoor-GPS system was used as reference measurement equipment. Performance of both strategies are compared to a kinematic calibration method based on direct parameter measurement. Pose errors are evaluated for each strategy using a robotic total station. Performance of the optimization-based calibration and the online correction technique were similar and better than the direct parameter measurement calibration. Both techniques resulted in average pose errors less or equal to 0.3 mm and 0.05°. The proposed strategies may be adapted to other similar parallel manipulators and are applicable to large sized equipment.     

A 6-degree-of-freedom measurement system for the accuracy of X-Y stages

A precision 6-degree-of-freedom measurement system has been developed for simultaneous on-line measurements of six motion errors of an X-Y stage. The system employs four laser Doppler scales and two quadrant photo detectors to detect the positions and the rotations of an optical reflection device mounted on the top of the X-Y stage. Compared to the HP5528A system, the linear positioning accuracy of the developed measurement system is better than ±0.1 μm to the range of 200 mm and the vertical straightness error is within ±1.5 μm for the measuring range of ±0.1 mm. The yaw and pitch errors are about ±1 arcsec, and the roll error is about ±3 arcsec within the range of ±50 arcsec.     

Identification of structure errors of 3-PRS-XY mechanism with Regularization method

In a complicated spatial parallel or hybrid machine tool, error identification or kinematical calibration is an important way to improve and guarantee the accuracy of the end-effector. In this study, error model and kinematics with error based on 3-PRS-XY hybrid mechanism are firstly derived to introduce all possible manufacturing and assembling errors into calibration. Then, identification matrix is numerically analyzed to provide theoretical basis for measurement and calibration. Combining the advantages of calibration schemes based on both inverse and forward kinematics model, a new measurement scheme is put forward, in which not all freedoms of motions needs to be measured and error identification could be efficiently accomplished in one time measurement. With this measurement scheme, standard measuring tools are effectively used to reduce the cost of calibration. However, solution of the singular and ill-conditioning identification equations is still difficult. Therefore, for solving the ill-posed problem in error identification, several practical Regularization methods are adopted. The results of simulation and experiment verify feasibility and effectivity of the methods.     

A comparison of techniques for identifying the configuration state of statically indeterminate rotor bearing systems

Turbomachinery rotors are frequently supported on several hydrodynamic bearings and so are statically indeterminate. In such cases, the relative locations of the bearing centres (viz. the system configuration state) affect the bearing reaction forces and hence their stiffness and damping properties, thereby significantly influencing the vibration behaviour of the rotor bearing system. Since this configuration state may differ from its value at time of installation, due to thermal effects and/or foundation settlement, it would be useful to identify its value under operating conditions. This paper illustrates how this can be done in principle, regardless of the unbalance, by measuring the locations of the rotor journals relative to their respective bearing housings at any speed at which the system has reached steady state operating conditions, provided one has good models of the rotor and the foundation. Two identification procedures are compared. Both methods rely, to varying degrees, on using the Reynolds equation for hydrodynamic lubrication to obtain the bearing reaction forces. The first procedure uses the Reynolds equation to evaluate both the magnitudes and directions of the forces (the ‘magnitude and direction’ or MAD method), whereas the second procedure uses the Reynolds equation to evaluate only the directions of the forces (the ‘direction only’ or DO method). Numerical experiments on a flexibly supported statically indeterminate four bearing flexible rotor prove that both the MAD and DO identification procedures are sound in principle, being able to identify the locations of the two inboard bearings relative to the two outboard bearings to within 0.1 μm assuming seven-digit accuracy in journal orbit eccentricity measurements. On the other hand, three-digit measurement accuracy, felt to be the best accuracy practically achievable, restricts identification of the bearing locations to within 10 μm, with somewhat better identification being achieved with the MAD procedure. Such identification accuracy presupposes that the Reynolds equation correctly predicts the bearing reaction forces and could be in error owing to the temperature dependence of the bearing clearance, the assumption of a mean lubricant viscosity and the uncertainty of the cavitation boundaries. It is shown that error in lubricant viscosity may introduce significant errors into the identification achievable with the MAD procedure, but has no effect on that achievable with the DO procedure; and error in clearance introduces more error into the identification achievable with the MAD procedure than the DO procedure. Identification errors due to assumed cavitation conditions still need to be addressed.