探究滤膜的振动过滤方法

借鉴大量国内外关于膜过滤分离先进技术研究成果并结合膜过滤生产实际,发现随过滤时间增加,膜污染加重导致过滤通量减小的问题。为此提出了一种新型的将膜过滤与机械振动相结合的膜振动过滤分离方式,即膜振动过滤,使之达到在保证膜过滤通量的基础上,又能有效防止膜阻塞的目的。从理论上分析证明膜振动过滤可行性,并应用自行设计、制造的具有控制振动振幅和频率的膜振动过滤装置进行过滤实验。通过实验测定膜过滤通量随过滤时间变化情况和过滤液体的透光值,证明了在合理操作条件下膜振动过滤的有效性和可行性。     

倾斜振动过滤膜通量实验研究

根据膜过滤过程中存在的膜污染、膜通量不理想的问题,研究了一种可改变滤膜倾斜角度与振动相结合的新型过滤实验方式,以酵母悬浮液为物料,过滤实验测定在不同滤膜倾斜角度与振动频率条件下的相关数据,绘制出不同状态下的膜通量随过滤时间变化曲线,分析了原因.得到了在本实验范围内可获得理想膜通量的最佳滤膜倾斜角度和振动频率的操作条件.     

高频振动膜处理含油污水实验研究

使用机械振动和超滤组件结合的高频振动剪切超滤膜过滤系统,来考察振动频率、进口压力、料液流量等因素对膜系统渗透通量和分离性能的影响。利用清水、含油污水和0．1％NaOH溶液来研究高频振动剪切超滤膜过滤系统的性能,对比了常规静态错流膜过滤与高频振动剪切膜过滤,验证振动剪切膜过滤方式的可行性和有效性。     

往复旋转管式陶瓷膜超滤脱脂奶水溶液的研究

往复旋转管式陶瓷膜过滤系统通过膜组件往复旋转在膜表面反复产生高剪切率,达到减缓膜污染的效果。在相同操作条件下,与单向旋转过滤和死端过滤相比较,往复旋转过滤具有更好的减缓膜污染的作用。本实验利用往复旋转膜过滤装置超滤脱脂奶水溶液,考察了各种参数对该膜系统过滤特性的影响。实验结果表明,料液浓度增大,膜通量减小;过高的操作压差将会抑制膜通量增加;旋转速度增大,膜表面剪切强化作用增强,膜通量相应增大;膜稳态通量随往复旋转周期增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当料液速度达到膜组件转速时,瞬时反方向旋转膜组件,膜表面产生最大的剪切率,膜稳态通量也达到最大值。能耗分析表明,往复旋转过滤较单向旋转过滤单位通量能耗低。     

在线反冲在1,3-丙二醇发酵液膜过滤中的应用

膜过滤是生物法1,3-丙二醇(PDO)分离提取工艺中的关键工序,膜污染是影响膜过滤通量和清洗水用量的核心因素,在膜过滤过程中增加在线反冲,可以有效降低膜污染对过滤通量的影响,减缓膜过滤通量下降的速度,将膜过滤设备清洗周期由1d/次延长至5d/次。     

膜生物反应器中膜污染机理的研究

在采用膜生物反应器（MBR）处理染料废水的过程中,通过对活性污泥进行终端过滤来反映膜污染机理,着重考察了膜过滤的形式、膜通量变化和膜污染的形成。污泥的终端过滤过程严格符合沉积过滤定律;膜通量随过滤时间呈指数衰减趋势,并在几分钟内就达到相对稳定值;扫描电镜照片也证实了膜污染主要是膜面沉积层引起的。     

阳极氧化铝膜过滤BSA溶液过程中的污染分析

采用阳极氧化铝膜过滤牛血清蛋白溶液,考察了孔径20、100、200 nm 3种膜的过滤通量随时间的变化关系,在相同的操作条件下孔径20 nm的膜具有较高的渗透通量(400 L/(m2.h))和较小的过滤阻力(8.3×1011/m)。还考察了蛋白质浓度、泵送时间及清洗对膜污染情况的影响。结果表明,在实验的范围和条件下,随蛋白质浓度的增大,膜污染加重,稳定通量增大;泵送时间增长,膜污染速度加快,通量增大;通过纯水清洗加超声清洗的方法去除可逆污染,清洗后膜与新膜过滤通量相当。     

电场强化错流膜过滤的研究

电场强化错流膜过滤技术可有效改善膜污染和浓差极化对错流过滤带来的不利影响。就电场膜过滤装置、机理、外加电场及影响渗透通量的因素这4个方面进行综述。目前研制的新型附加电场中空纤维膜组件克服了传统膜过滤组件的缺点,显示出很大的工程应用前景。电场强化错流膜过滤中会发生电泳和电渗等电动力学效应以及电化学效应。电泳是减缓膜污染一个主要因素,电泳和电渗两者共同作用,可以大幅提高过滤通量。采用脉冲电场可以减缓过滤速率的衰减幅度,节省单位体积滤液的电功率比耗。当颗粒具有较高Zeta电位、外加场强及跨膜压力接近临界值、错流速率较高时,过滤通量极限值将会得到提高。     

操作条件对动态膜过滤含天然有机物废水的影响

对动态膜过滤含天然有机物废水性能进行了研究,考察了过滤方式、跨膜压差及错流速度对膜通量、污染物去除率的影响,结果表明:动态膜过滤的稳态膜通量及对溶液中UV254及UV436的截留率均高于基膜,分别达89.51%和98.61%;跨膜压差越高,稳态膜通量越高,低压力范围内增加跨膜压差的稳态膜通量增幅较高,跨膜压差从0.16MPa增至0.25MPa的稳态膜通量增幅不大,对污染物UV254及UV436的截留率随跨膜压差增高小幅降低。错流速度越高,稳态膜通量越高,动态膜对污染物UV254及色度物UV436的截留率越高。动态膜对UV254和UV436的截留率都在89%及98%以上。     

陶瓷膜处理地表水的工艺

采用混凝沉降与陶瓷膜超滤的组合工艺处理地表水,考察操作模式、膜孔径、膜构型以及膜通量等对膜过滤性能的影响。结果表明:在恒压操作下,终端过滤的操作压差应小于0.075 MPa,对于孔径大于50 nm的陶瓷膜而言,膜通量随孔径变化不大;错流过滤的膜通量随孔径增大而增大;错流过滤的渗透通量是终端过滤的1.5～2.2倍。恒通量操作下,蜂窝陶瓷膜过滤性能优于19通道陶瓷膜,并在恒通量150 L/(m2.h)下稳定运行。混凝沉降-陶瓷膜组合工艺对浊度的去除率大于99%,对吸收254 nm波长紫外线有机物(UV254)的去除率大于47.7%,产品水的部分指标优于GB 5749—2006中的指标。     

气升式陶瓷膜过滤装置处理油田含聚采出水

采用新型的气升式陶瓷膜过滤系统处理油田含聚采出水,通过气液两相流替代单一的液相流动,降低了陶瓷膜处理油田含聚采出水过程的能耗,系统考察了曝气孔大小、曝气量和跨膜压差对膜渗透通量的影响。结果表明,采用孔径为微米级的曝气头曝气使高压气体在多通道膜管内的分布更为均匀,进而有效抑制膜污染和浓差极化,延缓通量衰减。当曝气孔径为1 μm时,渗透通量达到最大,且曝气量从300 L·h^-1增加到600 L·h^-1时,通量显著增加。此外,跨膜压差对膜的渗透通量影响显著,当跨膜压差为0.4 MPa时,渗透通量最佳。陶瓷膜处理油田采出水的出水水质各方面指标数据较为稳定,达到5.1.1回注水标准。最后,计算讨论了气升式陶瓷膜过滤装置的吨水能耗。     

Measurements of Growth Rate of Filter Cake in Vertical Single-Pass Ultrafiltration Using Hollow Fiber Membrane Module

Vertical ultrafiltration experiments of silica colloid and bovine serum albumin solution were conducted in the single-pass mode by using a hollow fiber membrane module and beneficial in measuring the time evolution of the growth rate of the filter cake during filtration. The extremely small mass flux of the concentrate enabled us to highly concentrate the feed solution on the principle of vertical ultrafiltration in which the filter cake formed on the membrane surface is exfoliated continuously. Both growth and re-entrainment rates of the filter cake formed in vertical ultrafiltration were evaluated from the experimental data of the filtration rate and the mass fraction ratio of the concentrate on the basis of the mass balance within the hollow fiber membrane module. As a consequence, it was found that the re-entrainment rate of the filter cake increased almost linearly with the filtration time in the initial period of filtration and then tended to rapidly approach a constant value. The filter cake stopped growing under this dynamically balanced condition. The variations of the average specific resistance of the filter cake with time were also determined from the time evolutions of both the filtration rate and the growth rate of the filter cake.     

湍流促进器对液固一体式膜反应器中膜过滤性能影响的研究

以改善液固一体式膜反应器中膜过滤性能为目的,设计了3种外置式湍流促进器进行膜过滤强化实验,考察了湍流促进器的构型、旋转速度等因素对膜通量的影响。结果表明,旋转的湍流促进器可以明显地提高膜通量,其中推进式湍流促进器的强化效果最明显;随着湍流促进器旋转速度的增加,膜通量也相应增加;采用该湍流促进器可以进行高悬浮液质量浓度的膜过滤强化实验。     

Flux enhancement with glass ball inserted membrane module for the ultrafiltration of dextran solution

The glass-ball-inserted membrane module has been designed to enhance the filtration of a flat-sheet membrane. Three different modes of filtration experiments were conducted and compared to demonstrate the flux enhancement due to the presence of glass balls: normal dead-end filtration, vortex flow filtration, and enhanced vortex flow filtration using glass balls. In the case of enhanced vortex flow filtration, the permeate flux was found to be three times as large as that of dead-end filtration and two times larger than vortex flow filtration. In addition, the flux decline was observed to be relatively low. The effect of the amount of glass balls on the permeate flux was also investigated by changing the glass ball volume fraction from 0.059 to 0.356. It has been observed that the permeate flux shows a maximum value of the volume fraction of 0.119. For the glass-ball-inserted membrane module, the permeate flux tends to increase with the feed flow rate.     

Modeling of Particle Fouling and Membrane Blocking in Submerged Membrane Filtration

Abstract

The models of particle fouling and membrane blocking in a submerged membrane filtration are developed in this study. The effects of operating conditions, such as aeration intensity (air flow rate) and filtration pressure, on the filtration flux, membrane blocking, and cake formation are discussed thoroughly. The experimental results show that the filtration resistances due to cake formation and membrane blocking play significant roles in determining the overall filtration resistance, but the latter one is more dominant. An increase in aeration intensity leads the filtration flux to increase due to the reduction of cake formation on the membrane surface. However, a higher filtration pressure causes more severe membrane internal blocking and then to lower filtration flux. The cake properties and the filtration resistance due to membrane blocking are analyzed and can be regressed to empirical functions of filtration pressure. A force balance model for particle deposition on the membrane surface is also derived. In order to estimate the shear stress acting on the membrane surface, the diameter, shape, and rising velocity of air bubbles are analyzed based on hydrodynamics. Once the model coefficients are obtained, the pseudo‐steady filtration flux under various conditions can be estimated by the proposed model and the basic filtration equation. The calculated results agree fairly well with the available experimental data.     

Tubular Membrane Filtration with A Side Stream and its Intermittent Backwash Operation

The tubular membrane filtration system is widely applied to solid-liquid separation processes. Any improvements to the filtration module would increase separation efficiency, thus reducing operating costs. In this experiment, PMMA powder with an average particle diameter of 0.8 µm was filtered by a ceramic tubular membrane with an average pore size of 0.2 µm, and the impacts of the operating variables, such as suspension concentration, the filtration pressure, and the crossflow velocity on the permeate flux were discussed. In order to understand the increased permeate flux, the proposed module is comparable to the tubular membrane filtration module, but with an additional side stream under the same filtration mass flow rate. In addition, variations of shear force on the membrane surface are analyzed by CFD simulation, and the influence of backwash operations on the permeate flux is discussed. The results show that the side stream membrane filtration increased the shear force on the membrane surface, reduced fouling on the membrane surface, and increased the permeate flux. Furthermore, a backwash operation with a side stream flow channel could effectively clean the particles deposited in the module, thus, increasing the permeate flux.     

动态膜的形成机理及其水处理性能研究

以陶瓷管为载体,对高岭土动态膜的形成及其污水处理性能进行了详细的研究.实验中采用错流过滤方式涂膜,考查了跨膜压差、涂膜液浓度、错流速度及涂制时间等对动态膜形成的影响.通过对实验数据分析可知,动态膜形成初期10～13 min,膜的形成过程可用标准过滤模型描述,在此期间颗粒堵塞载体膜管孔道,致使渗透液通量急剧减小;之后,膜的形成过程符合滤饼过滤模型,这一阶段颗粒主要在载体膜管内壁面沉积,渗透液通量缓慢下降直至基本稳定.制备的动态膜可用于处理城市污水厂二级出水,动态膜对浊度去除率基本上为100%,对COD也有一定的去除作用.