纳米ZrO2修饰Al2O3微滤膜处理废冷却液的实验研究

膜分离技术处理含油废水表现出明显的技术优势,其应用还应解决膜表面易被污染,分离效果逐渐下降的问题,主要原因是由于油滴的易变形性引起的膜堵塞。为解决膜渗透通量与膜选择性的矛盾,本文在市售Al2O3微滤膜孔道表面制备纳米ZrO2涂层,利用纳米涂层改变微滤膜的表面亲水憎油性,阻止油滴的变形。研究了陶瓷膜修饰条件和膜过滤操作参数对膜渗透通量的影响,结果表明:纳米涂层能有效提高微滤膜的渗透通量。膜面流速的增加在一定程度上能提高膜渗透通量,但超过一定程度后,增加不明显。当膜面流速为7m/s,修饰陶瓷膜的最大渗透通量为280 L.m-2.h-1,油截留率为96.4%。纳米涂层修饰微滤膜具有良好的抗油滴污染性能,能有效实现稳定含油废水的油水分离。     

聚偏氟乙烯微滤膜性能及结构

研究了亲水性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微滤膜的结构、过滤性能、亲水性和清水反冲洗效果。膜结构由SEM照片和泡点-流速法测定的膜孔径分布表征,通过过滤双蒸水和BSA缓冲液来表征膜的通量、过滤衰减和清洗恢复性能,并对BSA液过滤前后膜结构进行了对比分析,膜亲水性由水接触角表征。试验结果表明,膜孔径分布范围在0.22～0.27μm之间;初始静态水接触角为61.5°,水滴在80 s内渗入膜中;膜初始水通量为1 651.0 L.m-2.h-1,过滤浓度1 g.L-1pH=7.0的BSA液时膜通量随着过滤时间的延长而不断减小,最后达到一稳定的平衡通量229.3 L.m-2.h-1;平均过滤阻力构成分别为:Rp占70.0%,Rm占19.5%,Ri占7.3%,Re占3.1%;污染膜可通过清水反冲洗来恢复,4次循环后膜通量可恢复至1 008.9 L.m-2.h-1,膜通量恢复率达到61.1%。     

次毫米过滤组件分区高含量污泥试验研究

采用次毫米过滤(SMF)组件实现高含量污泥(MLSS)分区(A区和B区),为膜生物反应器(B区)的稳定高效运行提供适宜的污泥质量浓度(5.0～10.0 g.L-1)。研究了回流体积比≥2.0条件下SMF组件(孔径0.47 mm)分离高含量污泥的运行特征及分区效果,对比分析了两区微生物实测与理论含量的差异,并考察了SMF组件耦合A区对营养物的去除效果。结果表明,在分离高含量污泥时,目标B区的污泥的质量浓度为2.0～10.0 g.L-1,对膜生物反应器是适用的;对应A区的污泥的质量浓度在15.5～33.5 g.L-1。SMF组件滤出液MLSS的质量浓度在1.4～4.2g.L-1,平均通量可达192 L.m-.2h-1。此外,SMF组件耦合A区对COD的去除率在82%以上。     

炼油净化水结垢原因分析及膜法深度处理

对炼油厂净化水回用过程结垢原因进行分析,针对结垢成因采用陶瓷膜对净化水做深度处理,而经膜处理后净化水pH在6.9左右,净化水呈中性,试图使得炼油净化水达到工艺水回用目的.着重考察了膜孔径、操作压差、膜面流速、料液温度等对膜通量的影响.结果表明,孔径为50nm的氧化锆陶瓷膜处理炼油净化水其渗透通量高达800L·m~2·h~(-1),渗透液中COD小于200mg·L~(-1);体系的操作压差可控制在0.25MPa,较大的膜面流速大和料液温度有利于渗透通量的提高;膜污染的清洗采用在线反冲和离线化学清洗的方法,料液渗透通量可恢复到新膜的95%.     

陶瓷膜在高浊度给水处理中的试验研究

为了应对给水厂可能存在的高浊度水源风险,研究了陶瓷膜通量的变化规律,以及陶瓷膜过滤对原水浊度、颗粒数的去除效果。结果表明,膜通量基本随膜孔径增大呈上升趋势,过滤初期膜通量下降很快,运行10 min后逐渐稳定。当水源浊度为12 NTU时,4种孔径的膜通量较大,约为500～600L.m-.2h-1;当水源浊度升高为50～500NTU时,4种孔径的膜通量会变小,约为300～400 L.m-.2h-1。陶瓷膜的出水浊度随膜孔径的增大变化不明显,当水源浊度为12～500 NTU时,4种孔径陶瓷膜的出水浊度相近,约为0.1 NTU。>2μm的膜出水颗粒以2～5μm为主,约占总颗粒数的80%。当水源浊度为500 NTU时,5、10 nm孔径膜出水颗粒数变化不大,>2μm颗粒数约为30～80 CNT.mL-1,50、100 nm孔径膜出水>2μm颗粒数分别为215、346 CNT.mL-1。     

膜技术在荷叶黄酮分离纯化中应用

运用膜技术对荷叶黄酮提取液进行纯化.实验分别采用微滤膜和超滤膜对荷叶黄酮提取液进行初步纯化,研究表明孔径为50 nm的微滤膜Ⅱ对荷叶黄酮提取液有较好的除杂效果,黄酮透过率为97.4％,平均通量为186.7 L×h-1×m-2,且运行稳定;采用纳滤膜和反渗透膜对微滤膜的滤液进行浓缩,研究表明,纳滤膜在浓缩过程中能去除部分盐分等小分子物质,进一步纯化了黄酮溶液,纳滤膜平均通量为32.8L×h-1×m-2,透过率0％.     

织布支撑PVDF—纳米TiO2共混膜在MBR中抗污染性能研究

在室温25℃、压力50 kPa条件下,将尼龙织布作为支撑层,以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为主要原料制备PVDF膜,并在体系中添加2种不同含量的纳米TiO2制备PVDF-TiO2共混膜,其纯水通量分别为4 892、3 752、2 437 L.m-.2h-1。通过膜生物反应器中膜阻力的测定,表明膜污染主要由沉积层引起。在MBR中运行时,3种膜的膜通量衰减速率分别为0.112 3、0.089 0、0.075 9,纳米TiO2含量高的PVDF-TiO2膜通量衰减最慢、抗污染性最好、膜截留作用最高。     

运行参数对浸没式超滤膜污染影响中试研究

采用混凝-气浮移动罩-超滤膜工艺处理太湖源水中试研究,考察了过滤周期、中间曝气时间、气水体积比、通量、排污时间对浸没式膜污染的影响。结果表明,在高温高藻期采用过滤周期1.5 h、中间曝气30 s、气水体积比4:1～5:1、通量30 L.m-.2h-1、排污时间25～30 s的工况能较好的减缓膜的污染。     

Effects of coagulation-bath conditions on polyphenylsulfone ultrafiltration membranes

Polyphenylsulfone(PPSU)ultrafiltration membrane with different structures was prepared by non-solvent-induced phase separation.The effects of coagulation bath conditions(concentration and temper-ature)on membrane morphology,pure water flux,pore size,porosity,and contact angle were studied and discussed based on ternary-phase diagrams.Results indicated that water had stronger coagulant power than ethanol,and that the morphology of the membrane prepared from the polyphenylsulfone/1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone/H2O(PPSU/NMP/H2O)system had finger-like structures.Conversely,sponge-like struc-tures were observed for the PPSU/NMP/(NMP-H2O)and PPSU/NMP/(70NMP-EtOH-H2O)systems.Ethanol also greatly influenced on membrane structures.According to the Scanning electronic micro-scopy(SEM)image,the composition(mass fraction)of casting solution is 16％PPSU-84％NMP and the coagulation bath consisting of 70％NMP-26％H2O-4％C2H5OH.Meanwhile,the PPSU ultrafiltration mem-brane with spong-like was prepared under 8℃coagulation bath.The formation of sponge-like structure reduces the pure water flux of ppsu membrane from 488.39 L·m-2·h-1 to 36.04 L m-2·h-1.It also reduces the gas permeability,porosity,and pore size of the membrane.The addition of ethanol and NMP into the coagulation bath increases the roughness of the PPSU ultrafiltration membrane and reduces the hydrophilicity of the membrane.     

Effects of Operating Modes on the Rejection Behavior using Ceramic Membranes

Abstract

Fouling generally occurs above the so-called “critical flux,” below which steady-state membrane permeability is assumed to be attainable. Operation at sub-critical fluxes can thus be used to minimize membrane fouling. However, rejection behavior may be affected as a consequence of operating within this sub-critical mode that sustains the desirable permeate flux. In this study, the effluent from a synthetic activated sludge production process was used in the assessment of the performance of membrane microfiltration, as a pretreatment in desalination for wastewater reuse. The critical flux was identified using the step-by-step technique. Different operating regimes i.e. above and below the critical flux were used to assess the relationship between solute rejection and membrane fouling. When operating at sub critical mode, rejection was constant even under increasing transmembrane pressure (TMP). This arises mainly from the back transport of particles in the absence of cake formation. Beyond the critical regime, cake formation occurred and rejection increased with increasing TMP. At the critical regime, a decline in rejection was obtained. This rejection behavior was consistent over the three pore sizes that were investigated. Increasing the pore size appears to decrease the rejection at both regimes. This is because larger pore size allows the transmission of smaller particles and a less compact cake formation under and above the critical flux regime respectively. It appears from this study that one may be able to use rejection behavior to confirm and determine the critical flux and adds to the confidence of using the step-by-step method to determine the critical flux.     

Effect of Cross-flow Velocity on the Critical Flux of Ceramic Membrane Filtration as a Pre-treatment for Seawater Desalination

Pre-treatment, which supplies a stable, high-quality feed for reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, is a critical step for successful operation in a seawater reverse osmosis plant. In this study, ceramic membrane systems were employed as pre-treatment for seawater desalination. A laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the effect of the cross-flow velocity on the critical flux and consequently to optimize the permeate flux. Then a pilot test was performed to investigate the long-term performance. The result shows that there is no significant effect of the cross-flow velocity on the critical flux when the cross-flow velocity varies in laminar flow region only or in turbulent flow region only, but the effect is distinct when the cross-flow velocity varies in the transition region. The membrane fouling is slight at the permeate flux of 150 L穖^-2穐^-1 and the system is stable, producing a high-quality feed (the turbidity and silt density index are less than 0.1 NTU and 3.0, respectively) for RO to run for 2922.4 h without chemical cleaning. Thus the ceramic membranes are suitable to filtrate seawater as the pre-treatment for RO.     

The effects of performance and cleaning cycles of new tubular ceramic microfiltration membrane fouled with a model yeast suspension

The efficiency of crossflow microfiltration processes is limited by membrane fouling and concentration polarization leading to permeate flux decline during operation. The experiments that were carried out in the laboratory were conducted to determine and investigate the performance, behaviour and the fouling susceptibility of new ceramic tubular microfiltration membranes during the crossflow filtration of yeast suspensions. The tubular membranes of nominal pore size 0.5 microns were fouled over a varied range of concentration, temperatures, pH, crossflow velocities and system pressures. The typical filtration conditions were at a temperature of 25°C, a system pressure of 1.5 bar and a concentration of 0.03 g/L yeast suspension. These parameters varied during subsequent investigations. After each experiment, the membrane and the rig were cleaned using a three stage cleaning process and was reused in order to replicate industrial filtration conditions. The effects of repeated fouling and cleaning cycles upon membrane flux over time and cleaning efficiency are investigated and their influence over time is also documented. For every experiment, the flux data was recorded over a 50 min period and the membrane was changed after the PWF declined considerably due to excessive fouling over time. Chemical cleaning consisted of a sequential application of a 1% caustic solution through the rig followed by a 2% hypochlorite solution and a 2% nitric solution, all at 50°C. The permeate flux was shown to decrease with filtration time during the development of the fouling layer. Once the fouling layer was developed and established, there appeared to be a leveling of permeate flux. The experimental results are presented in the report and the flux values at different conditions are presented.     

无机微孔膜外压内抽法对W/O乳状液破乳效果影响的研究

基于膜法破乳技术的研究进展,采用无机微孔膜,以外压内抽方式对W/O乳状液进行了破乳的研究。以NaOH+煤油+液体石蜡+Span80为研究体系,实验研究了影响破乳效果的重要参数透过压方式、膜孔径等对膜通量和破乳率的影响。实验结果表明,亲水性无机微孔膜外压内抽方式破乳,是一种更有效的膜法破乳新方法,此过程受透过压方式和膜孔径的影响较大。膜孔径越小,破乳率越高,膜通量越小;外压内抽方式的破乳效果优于单外压方式的破乳效果。实验数据表明,对于粒径为5～25μm乳液,用膜孔径为2.0μm的SiC微孔膜,在外压60kPa,内负压30kPa的外压内抽破乳方式下破乳,破乳率可达96.4%,膜通量可达900L/(m2·h)。     

Crossflow microfiltration of a primary sewage effluent–solids retention efficiency and flux enhancement

An experimental study was carried out to evaluate flux performance and solids retention efficiency of a ceramic membrane system in the microfiltration (MF) of a primary municipal sewage effluent. The importance of membrane pore size and MF operating conditions on the removal of suspended solids (SS) and reduction of total dissolved solids (TDS) is demonstrated. With properly defined membrane parameters (eg pore size) the MF process was shown as being able to produce a permeate quality better than the required EC regulatory standards concerning urban wastewater treatment for suspended and total solids reduction. The economics of the membrane process depend largely on flux performance which was seriously impeded by severe membrane fouling, especially in‐pore adsorption/deposition of particles. The critical influence of membrane fouling on the flux reduction and change of solids retention characteristics of the membrane system was analysed. Two techniques were employed and evaluated in an endeavour to enhance permeate flux: (i) minimisation of surface particle accumulation by employing a helically wound baffle installed inside the crossflow channel to produce a helical flow pattern and vortices encompassed in secondary flow, and (ii) reduction of in‐pore fouling by employing an automated high frequency backflushing programme. Finally, this paper highlights the relationship between the flux enhancement mechanism and increased soluble solids transmission rate at elevated filtration temperature and when the backflush technique was applied. The increased total dissolved solids concentration in the permeate has profound implications on how the backflush technique should be implemented. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Threshold flux measurement of an ultrafiltration membrane module in the treatment of two-phase olive mill wastewater

The critical and threshold flux theories represent an important advance in membrane knowledge. Comprehension of the flux behavior of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes is key to control the fouling issues during the steady operation of the plant. In this regard, differing between critical or threshold flux patterns in the treatment of wastewater effluents by UF is relevant to confirm the level of fouling expected and to verify if no fouling is predictable or if certain amount of fouling cannot be avoided. In the present study, the hydrodynamic behavior of a polymeric UF membrane was analyzed by means of both critical and threshold flux theories and diverse patterns were found depending on the feedstock pollutants concentration and particle size distribution. Results obtained from the pressure-cycling experiments point for a threshold flux pattern in the case of UF of the effluent derived from the extraction process (OMW) disregarding the applied pretreatment, whereas for 1:1 (v/v) mixture of the latter with the wastewater from the fruit washing (OWW) the membrane fits a critical flux trend, indistinctly of the performed pretreatment too, with negligible fouling below the critical conditions. These conclusions are supported by the experimental permeate flux profiles during batch-run operation experiments.     

混合溶剂对TiO2/PVDF平板超滤膜性能和结构的影响

采用N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)和N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为混合溶剂制备PVDF超滤膜。考察了不同混合比例的DMAC和NMP对膜性能及膜结构的影响,同时利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对膜表面及断面结构进行分析,原子力学显微镜(AFM)对膜表面粗糙度进行了分析,利用接触角测量仪对膜表面接触角进行了测量。结果表明,使用混合溶剂对膜孔径和膜亚层结构影响较大,但混合溶剂对膜孔隙率和接触角基本没有影响。当混合溶剂DMAC/NMP为1:2时,膜性能达到最优,孔隙率为70%,平均孔径为0.24μm,水通量为373 L.m-2.h-1,截留率为88%。     

A model of ceramic membrane fouling during heavy oil ultrafiltration

Fouling of asymmetric, single tube ceramic membranes during ultrafiltration of Cold Lake heavy oil, is described by a pore restriction fouling model that predicts reduced permeate flux but increased asphaltene rejection with increased time-on-stream. Application of the model to experimental data showed that a 2nd-order rate of asphaltene adsorption/deposition within the membrane pores, described the data better than a 1st-order model. The asphaltene molecular radius, estimated as a parameter of the model, was in the range 3.8 - 14.2 nm, depending on the membrane pore diameter. These values are in good agreement with previously published estimates of asphaltene particle size, determined using different experimental techniques.     

面向过程的陶瓷膜材料设计理论与方法(Ⅰ)膜性能与微观结构关系模型的建立

提出了面向过程的陶瓷膜设计基本研究框架,分析了膜的孔径分布与悬浮液颗粒体系粒径分布对过滤过程的影响,提出采用堵塞因子来表征膜的初始堵塞污染情况,建立了颗粒体系微滤过程中的膜微观结构与性能关系新模型,不仅可以计算膜通量随时间的变化,且能预测陶瓷膜结构参数对膜通量的影响.模拟结果与实验值有较好的一致性.     

Factors influencing critical flux in membrane filtration of activated sludge

Membrane filtration of biomass is usually accompanied by significant flux decline due to cake‐layer formation and fouling. Crossflow filtration with flux controlled by pumping the permeate can produce stable fluxes if a ‘critical flux’ is not exceeded. Below critical flux the transmembrane pressure is typically very low and increases linearly with imposed flux. Above the critical flux the transmembrane pressure rises rapidly signifying cake‐layer formation which is usually accompanied by a continued rise in transmembrane pressure and/or a drop in delivered flux. A range of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes with pore sizes from 0.22 to 0.65 µm and molecular weight cut‐off of 100 kDa was used. The feed was an activated sludge mixed liquor with concentration in the range of 3–10 g dm⁻³. The results show that the critical flux depends on feed concentration and crossflow velocity, being higher for higher crossflow velocity or lower feed concentration. Critical flux was also dependent on membrane type, being lower for hydrophobic membranes. Although the transmembrane pressure was higher for the larger pore size membrane, no significant difference in critical flux was observed among different pore size membranes. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

面向过程的陶瓷膜材料设计理论与方法(Ⅰ)膜性能与微观结构关系模型的建立

提出了面向过程的陶瓷膜设计基本研究框架 ,分析了膜的孔径分布与悬浮液颗粒体系粒径分布对过滤过程的影响 ,提出采用堵塞因子来表征膜的初始堵塞污染情况 ,建立了颗粒体系微滤过程中的膜微观结构与性能关系新模型 ,不仅可以计算膜通量随时间的变化 ,且能预测陶瓷膜结构参数对膜通量的影响 .模拟结果与实验值有较好的一致性