Experimental and modeling investigation of dynamic interfacial tension of asphaltenic-acidic crude oil/aqueous phase containing different ions

In this way,after experimental measurement of interfacial tension,different models including mono-exponential decay,dynamic adsorption models and empirical equation are used to correlate this time-dependent behavior of interfacial tension(IFT).During the modeling approach,the induction,adsorption,equilibrium,and meso-equilibrium times as well as diffusivity of surface active components known as natural surfactant including asphaltene and resin from crude oil to the interface are obtained.In addition,the surface excess concentration of surface active components at the interface and Gibbs adsorption isotherm are utilized to analyze the measured dynamic IFTs.Finally,the mechanisms of crude oil/aqueous solution IFT including(a)the activity of surface-active components and(b)surface excess concentration of them at fluid/fluid interface are proposed and discussed in details.     

Synergistic effect of salt ions and water-soluble amphiphilic compounds of acidic crude oil on surface and interfacial tension

This study investigated the effect of solubility of amphiphilic compounds of acidic crude oil in water on the surface and interfacial tension (IFT) with NaCl, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, and Na₂SO₄ salts. Accordingly, distilled water, along with the salts mentioned in zero ionic strength up to 2 mol were put in contact with crude oil to become saturated with amphiphilic compounds. The effects of these compounds were investigated on the properties of contact water by pH, total organic carbon (TOC), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), water-air surface tension (ST), and water-n-decane IFT tests. The results showed that some of the organic components of crude oil, especially acidic and basic compounds, are present or soluble in water, which have a significant effect on reducing the surface and IFT. The IFT reduction of water-n-decane was greater than the water-air ST system. Also, the observations showed that for both NaCl and Na₂SO₄ salt water, with increasing ionic strength of water, there was an optimum salinity within the range of 0.1-0.25 mol/L for both salts with the amount of surface and IFT minimized at this point. In the other two salts, this point was delayed upon elevation of ionic strength and was observed at high salinity. In this case, divalent cations reduce tension rate compared to monovalent cations. Due to solubility of acidic and basic groups in water, pH of salt water illustrates an acidic trend. Results of the FTIR test confirmed solubility of these compounds as well.     

分散型原油储罐逸出H_2S脱除实验研究

针对原油储罐区域的特殊工况选择适合的干法吸附脱硫工艺,确定应用氧化铁脱硫剂和活性炭脱硫剂吸附法,并用市售脱硫产品进行实验室小试;同时,进行了原油储罐区现场实验。发现现场实验硫容较实验室硫容有所减小,分析原因是由于油罐挥发气成分比较复杂,吸附剂除对H2S进行吸附外,对硫醇、甲苯等也有吸附作用。     

Effect of salts and their interaction with ingenious surfactants on the interfacial tension of crude oil/ionic solution

Understanding the roles of asphaltene and resin as natural surfactants existed in crude oil can enlighten contradicting reported results regarding interfacial tension(IFT) of crude oil/aqueous solution as a function of salinity and ion type. In this way, this study is aimed to investigate the effect of these natural surface active agents on IFT of with special focus on SO_4~(2-)anion and Mg~(2+)cation. Two different synthetic oil solutions of 8 wt% of the extracted asphaltene and resin dissolved in toluene are prepared, and then IFT values are measured. After that,the obtained results are compared with the IFT of intact crude oil in contact with the same saline solutions examined in the previous stage. The obtained results showed a synergistic effect of Na_2SO_4+ MgCl_2 solution unlike the MgSO_4+ MgCl_2 and CaSO_4+ MgCl_2 solutions on IFT reduction of resin at MgCl_2 concentration of 15000 mg·kg~(-1). In summary, it is found that the affinity of asphaltene molecules towards the interface of oleic phase/ionic solution leads to higher IFT variation.     

Effect of crude oil type and heating rate on combustion of crude oil-lignite mixtures

Research was conducted to investigate the possibility of upgrading low-quality lignites by mixing them with heavy crude oils. Three crude oil samples with API gravities of 12.9, 18.7 and 26.7 were mixed with lignite to form mixtures of 10 and 20% oil content. Thermal analysis experiments were conducted at non-isothermal heating conditions at heating rates of 5–100 K min⁻¹. Differential thermogravimetric data were analysed using an Arrhenius-type reaction model assuming a first-order reaction. The results indicate that the combustion of mixtures as observed on thermograms is very similar to that of lignite. However, the activation energy and reaction peak temperatures increased as the oil content in the mixture increased.     

油田原油破乳剂的复配研究

本文评价了几种破乳剂对江苏油田原油的破乳效果,进行了单剂和复配剂的化学破乳及除油率的筛选。结果表明复配破乳剂在加药浓度、净化油含水和净化水含油、脱水速度等方面均优于单剂。表明复配破乳剂是高效原油破乳剂的研究方向之一。     

含硫和高硫原油的加工技术

介绍了俄罗斯原油、委内瑞拉原油的一般性质及目前国内首套加工俄罗斯原油的5.5 Mt/a常减压装置的主要工艺路线和新技术特点,并针对俄罗斯原油的性质和该常减压装置的设计特点、运行中存在的问题和采取的对策及建议进行了分析讨论,如装置对加工俄罗斯原油的适应性问题、以及轻烃回收问题等,同时也对3.5 Mt/a常减压装置掺炼委内瑞拉高硫原油以及第二次加工装置的运行情况加以分析,为国内大量加工俄罗斯原油及委内瑞拉原油装置的设计提供了良好的借鉴经验。     

HPAM对孤岛原油及沥青质油水界面特性影响的研究

用界面张力仪、表面粘弹性仪和Zeta电位仪测定了孤岛原油及沥青质模型油的界面特性,研究了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)浓度对这些界面特性的影响。结果表明,加入HPAM会使孤岛原油模型油及沥青质模型油与模拟水间的界面张力上升,但随着HPAM浓度增加,界面张力基本保持不变。当水溶液中HPAM的质量浓度大于5.0mg/L时,孤岛原油模型油及沥青质模型油与模拟水的界面剪切粘度随HPAM浓度增大明显增加,随着体系老化时间从1h增加到12h,其界面剪切粘度也有所增加。另外,HPAM还使得原油及沥青质模型油与模拟水体系所形成的O/W型乳状液的油珠表面Zeta电位变大。     

原油脱钙技术研究

分析了原油中的钙对原油炼制过程的危害,介绍了原油加工过程中的多种脱钙技术,阐述了络合脱钙法的作用机理以及目前络合型脱钙剂的研究现状,指出了脱钙剂以后的发展方向。     

原油超声破乳研究

超声波原油破乳是一种很有发展前景的新型破乳方法,重点研究了可控因素包括超声声强、作用时间、沉降时间、破乳剂用量、温度等对超声波原油破乳脱水的影响,用声压换算法测量了声强。     

Use of molybdenum carbonyl on florisil for the desulphurization of crude oil

Molybdenum hexacarbonyl on Florisil is a useful system for the removal of sulphur from crude oil under a hydrogen atmosphere.     

Liquid Chromatographic fractionation of oil-sand and crude oil asphaltenes

Asphaltenes extracted from Alberta oil sands (Athabasca, Cold Lake, and Peace River) and crude oils (Taber South and Fenn-Big Valley) were fractionated by sequential elution solvent chromatography (SESC) involving 10 organic solvents on a silica column. Athabasca asphaltenes and SESC fractions were further studied by elemental analysis, i.r., u.v., and n.m.r. spectroscopy. Incomplete extraction of maltenes from the oil-sand bitumens increased the yields of the first two SESC fractions, the saturates and aromatics, of oil-sand asphaltenes relative to the crude oil asphaltenes. About 55 wt% of the asphaltenes elute in fractions 3–5. Two distinct molecular types are present in the asphaltenes; namely, lower functionality species with lower heteroatom content and the higher functionality species with higher heteroatom content. Compounds eluting in fractions 3–10 are predominantly polynuclear aromatics with alkyl substituants and probably bridged by cycloalkanes. The extent of bridging as well as the location, number and type of heteroatoms determines the fraction in which each compound appears. Complexity of compounds eluting increases with time: earlier fractions are composed of smaller-size polynuclear aromatic centers and contain heteroatoms in predominantly ring locations, whereas later fractions contain a larger proportion of complex species and more functional heteroatom groups.     

降凝降黏剂在原油开采集输中的应用

降凝降黏剂已成为钻高难度的高温深井、大斜度定向井、水平井和各种复杂地层的重要手段,并且还可广泛地用作解卡液、射孔完井液、修井液和取心液等。由于稠油的黏度以及凝点低,防止在开采过程中出现困难,降凝降黏剂的应用需要进行一定的关注,解决其发展困难。     

绥中高酸原油及馏分油催化裂化研究

在固定流化床装置上进行了绥中高酸原油及其馏分油的催化裂化研究,在相同反应条件下考察了不同原料的脱酸率和产物分布,对比分析了绥中高酸原油切割前后催化裂化产物分布的变化以及全馏分催化过程中各馏分对产物分布的贡献。结果表明,绥中原油及其馏分油裂化性能较差,但不影响其催化裂化脱酸效果。绥中原油切割前后催化裂化的转化率和轻油收率变化不大,但柴油减少,汽油增加。全馏分催化时各馏分对产物分布的贡献不同,减压蜡油贡献最多的是汽油,而减压渣油贡献最多的是气体和柴油。     

新型原油破乳剂XPR的研制及应用

通过4步试验,合成了一种非离子型破乳剂XPR,从应用结果可以看出,XPR和常规破乳剂相比脱水率提高,油水界面整齐,污水含油降低,低温性能较好。XPR的最佳操作条件:加药量90×10-4%,温度60℃。     

处理含有老化油的原油用生化破乳剂的研究

研制了一种生化破乳剂,通过有益菌群和化能自养育菌的繁殖,对水体发生作用,有效解决含有老化油的原油脱水和除硫问题。筛选了3种效果最好的破乳剂,并对其加药量进行了分析。结果表明,3种乳化剂的最佳加药量均为100mg/L,在50℃下90min脱水率均在93%以上,且脱出水质清,油水界面齐。现场应用情况良好。     

Experimental investigation and modelling of CO2-foam flow in heavy oil systems

In this work, the C_14-16 alpha olefin sulphonate (AOS) surfactant, octylphenol ethoxylate (TX-100), and methyl bis[Ethyl(Tallowate)]-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulphate (VT-90) surfactant were selected as representatives of anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactant to stabilize foam. The effects of surfactant concentration and gas/liquid injection rates on foam performance were examined by performing a series of oil-free foam flow tests by injecting CO₂ and a foaming surfactant simultaneously into sandpacks. Foam flooding was conducted as a tertiary enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method after conventional water flooding and surfactant flooding. Furthermore, a new method was proposed to determine the residual oil saturation. The foam stability in the presence and absence of heavy oil was studied by a comparative evaluation of the mobility reduction factor (F_MR) in both cases. The foam fractional flow modelling by Dholkawala and Sarma^[36] was modified based on experimental results obtained in this study. The range of the ratio of two important model parameters (C_g/C_c) at various foam qualities was determined and could be used for large-scale predictions. The results showed that during the oil-free foam displacement experiments higher foam apparent viscosities () were attained at lower gas flow rates and the maximum was attained at a total gas and liquid injection rate of 0.25 cm³/min with a gas fractional flow ratio of 0.8 for the foam in the absence of oil. The presence of oil reduced the foam mobility reduction factors (F_MR) to different degrees with F_MR-_{without oil} / F_MR-_{with oil} ranging from 4.25–13.69, indicating that the oil had a detrimental effect on the foam texture. The foam flooding successfully produced an additional 8.1–21.52 % of OOIP, which can be attributed to the combined effect of increasing the pressure gradient and oil transporting mechanisms.