铅电解浮渣反射炉余热利用

针对有色冶金企业铅电解浮渣反射炉工艺特点,提出了在该型冶金炉窑上进行余热锅炉设计和运行的注意事项,介绍了该企业浮渣反射炉余热锅炉设计应用中所采取的措施、技术经济指标及综合效益情况,探讨余热综合利用在有色冶金行业的应用前景和推广价值。     

能源企业社会责任与投资效率研究

近年来,我国能源资源紧缺与环境污染等问题日益严峻,企业社会责任的履行越来越受到各界关注。本文以2009—2015年我国A股能源类上市公司为样本,研究了企业社会责任活动对于投资效率的影响。结果表明,我国能源行业上市公司的社会责任信息披露水平参差不齐,其中国有能源企业承担了大部分的社会责任;而现阶段我国能源企业的社会责任活动降低了投资效率。因此,本文建议市场监管部门要加强对非国有企业履行社会责任的引导,同时进一步深化混合所有制改革,解决国有能源企业的委托代理问题。     

钢铁冶金系统节能技术探讨

随着我国经济与科技的不断发展,作为我国基础行业中最为重要的行业之一的钢铁冶金行业也发展迅速。但是,该行业是一个高耗能的行业,是六大行业中耗能的大户。对于冶金生产而言,生产企业不仅要注重技术科技的支撑和引擎力量,同时,也要注重节能环保目标的实现。围绕钢铁冶金生产流程中节能问题进行了探讨,概述了钢铁冶金生产流程中节能技术的重要性,分析了冶金生产流程中影响节能的因素,论述了钢铁冶金生产流程中的节能技术要点,旨在不断提高钢铁生产企业的生产效率,降低资源和能源的耗费。     

能源效率及其政策和技术(上)

1 基本概念1.1 定义目前,国际上普遍用"能源效率"(Energy efficiency)来替代上世纪70年代能源危机后提出的"节能"(Energy conservation)一词.实际上,从国际权威机构对"节能"和"能源效率"给出的定义来看,两者的涵义是一致的.按照世界能源委员会1979年提出的定义,节能是"采取技术上可行、经济上合理、环境和社会可接受的一切措施,来提高能源资源的利用效率."这就是说,节能是旨在降低能源强度(单位产值能耗)的努力,应在能源系统的所有环节,包括开采、加工、转换、输送、分配到终端利用,从经济、技术、法律、行政、宣传、教育等方面采取有效措施,来消除能源的浪费.     

能源效率及相关政策和技术

目前 ,国际上普遍用“能源效率”(Energyefficiency)来替代上世纪 70年代能源危机后提出的“节能”(Energyconservation)一词。实际上 ,从国际权威机构对“节能”和“能源效率”给出的定义来看 ,两者的涵义是一致的。按照世界能源委员会 1 979年提出的定义 ,节能是“采取技术上可行、经济上合理、环境和社会可接受的一切措施 ,来提高能源资源的利用效率。”这就是说 ,节能是旨在降低能源强度 (单位产值能耗 )的努力 ,应在能源系统的所有环节 ,包括开采、加工、转换、输送、分配到终端利用 ,从经济、技术、法律、行政、宣传、教育等方面采取有效措施 ,来消除能源的浪费。     

制造业能源效率及其影响因素分析——基于天津市能耗与碳排放的实证

在当前低碳经济战略下对行业的能源效率问题进行研究具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。本文选取了天津市2003—2012年制造业的统计数据,从能源经济效率与能源环境效率两个方面构建指标体系,并根据投入要素密集度不同将制造业分为劳动密集型行业、资本密集型行业和技术密集型行业,对比分析了天津市制造业各行业的能源效率及其差异,并针对能源结构对制造业能源效率的影响进行计量分析。分析结果显示,天津市制造业能源效率不断提高,但各行业部门差异明显;技术密集型行业能源效率最高,劳动密集型行业次之,资本密集型行业能源效率最低;能源结构是影响行业能源效率的重要因素,对其有效调整对天津市制造业能源效率的改善具有重要作用。     

清洁技术：下一个黄金投资点

中国的能源需求将继续增长，政府和企业都在积极研究如何改变能源结构、提高能源效率以减少对环境的影响，未来的投资机会无疑会青睐那些成熟的技术解决方案。     

环境约束下河北省全要素能源效率实证研究

运用DEA模型,以环境生产技术和方向性距离函数为基础,测算了河北省1980～2009年环境约束下的全要素能源效率;在此基础上,考察了结构因素对环境约束下全要素能源效率的影响。结果表明,改革开放30年来河北省全要素能源效率呈波动性上升趋势,但上升缓慢,近年达到了相对有效状态;长期来看,增加第三产业比重、降低重工业比重和煤炭在能源消费中的比重、加速城市化进程将有助于河北省能源效率的提高。因此,调整产业结构和工业内部结构、优化能源消费结构等应成为河北省节能减排的现实选择。     

金砖四国的能源消费状况比较研究

经济持续高速增长的巴西、俄罗斯、印度和中国等发展中国家并称为"金砖四国"(BRICs)。从能源消费总量、能源效率、能源结构等方面看,BRICs在世界能源消费中的比例越来越重,能源效率不断提高,能源结构符合本国资源禀赋特征和经济特征,在能源安全领域的合作对世界能源发展与能源格局影响重大。     

英国提高能源效率的政策取向

能源效率是一个环境优先选择概念,它对于气候变化和可持续发展战略的实施至关重要.提高能源效率一直是英国能源政策的重点目标之一. 英国负责能源效率的政府部门设置如图1所示.     

The Chinese nonferrous metals industry—energy use and CO2 emissions

China is the largest nonferrous metals producer in the world and largest consumer for six kinds of common nonferrous metals including copper, aluminum, zinc, lead, nickel and tin. This paper provides an overview of the nonferrous metals industry in China, from a CO₂ emissions reduction perspective. It addresses energy use disaggregated by energy carrier and by province. It focuses on an analysis of energy efficiency in the production of aluminum, copper and nickel. A few large-scale enterprises produce most of the aluminum, copper and nickel in China, and use manufacturing facilities that were built within the last 20 years or have recently upgraded their main production equipment and processes. The energy efficiency of these operations is not particularly low compared to international practice. A large number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) operate nonferrous metals production facilities which rank low in energy efficiency and therefore are highly energy intensive per unit of physical output. Backward production capacity would be phased out continuously by enforcing the energy intensity norms.     

Resource and environment efficiency analysis of provinces in China: A DEA approach based on Shannon’s entropy

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been widely used in energy efficiency and environment efficiency analysis in recent years. Based on the existing environment DEA technology, this paper presents several DEA models for estimating the aggregated efficiency of resource and environment. These models can evaluate DMUs’ energy efficiencies and environment efficiencies simultaneously. However, efficiency ranking results obtained from these models are not the same, and each model can provide some valuable information of DMUs’ efficiencies, which we could not ignore. Under this situation, it may be hard for us to choose a specific model in practice. To address this kind of performance evaluation problem, the current paper extends Shannon-DEA procedure to establish a comprehensive efficiency measure for appraising DMUs’ resource and environment efficiencies. In the proposed approach, the measure for evaluating a model's importance degree is provided, and the targets setting approach of inputs/outputs for DMU managers to improve DMUs’ energy and environmental efficiencies is also discussed. We illustrate the proposed approach using real data set of 30 provinces in China.     

能效标准在发展循环经济中的意义和作用

发展循环经济是建设资源节约型社会的必然选择。节能和提高能源利用效率是发展循环经济的基本途径之一。制定和实施能效标准是推动节能和提高能源利用效率、促进循环经济发展的有效措施。大力推进能效标准的建设和实施对于发展循环经济具有重大意义,对循环经济的发展将产生积极的推动作用。     

Efficiency and the role of government in energy policy

It is well established that the presence of a monopolist producer removes efficiency from the world oil market. Efficiency in energy resource utilization can nevertheless be the proclaimed objective of an energy policy by an oil-importing nation if imported oil is considered a non-produced resource available at a given price. This article presents an example of such a policy which consists of the institution of price guarantees for energy alternatives and of government subsidies for the development of new energy technologies. We illustrate how this policy will attain efficiency, and the ratio of benefits to the costs associated with its adoption are calculated.     

Linear programming models for measuring economy-wide energy efficiency performance

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has recently gained popularity in energy efficiency analysis. A common feature of the previously proposed DEA models for measuring energy efficiency performance is that they treat energy consumption as an input within a production framework without considering undesirable outputs. However, energy use results in the generation of undesirable outputs as by-products of producing desirable outputs. Within a joint production framework of both desirable and undesirable outputs, this paper presents several DEA-type linear programming models for measuring economy-wide energy efficiency performance. In addition to considering undesirable outputs, our models treat different energy sources as different inputs so that changes in energy mix could be accounted for in evaluating energy efficiency. The proposed models are applied to measure the energy efficiency performances of 21 OECD countries and the results obtained are presented.     

我国能源发展的风险影响因素与预警系统分析

本文从3个角度分析了我国能源发展中存在的风险;以能源资源储量、能源生产效率、可再生能源开发、政治能源外交、国际能源交易等为主的能源供给角度;以经济增长方式、能源利用效率、节能政策与节能设备等为主的能源利用角度;以能源环境污染、清洁替代能源等为主的环境保护角度。在此基础上,讨论了以能源供需平衡和价格波动、单位产值能耗、能源需求增长速度等为指标的预警系统构建思路。     

Energy use efficiency in the Indian manufacturing sector: An interstate analysis

This paper approaches the measurement of energy efficiency from a production theoretic framework and uses Data Envelopment Analysis to measure energy efficiency in the Indian manufacturing sector. Using data from the Annual Survey of Industries for the years 1998–99 through 2003–04, the study compares the energy efficiency in manufacturing across states, based on several models. The results show considerable variation in energy efficiency across states. Comparing the results across our models, we find that the relative pricing of energy does not provide the appropriate incentives for energy conservation. A second-stage regression analysis reveals that states with a larger share of manufacturing output in energy-intensive industries have lower energy efficiency. Also, higher quality labor force associates with higher energy efficiency. Finally, the power sector reforms have not yet had any significant impact on achieving energy efficiency.     

中低温地热发电系统的研究

针对中低温地热资源和工业余热资源,提出了一种以氨水混合溶液作为工质的动力循环系统。该系统可利用300～500 K的中低温地热资源,基础循环工质为50%和60%的氨水溶液。模拟计算表明,该循环系统的理论热效率为10.4%,热力学完善度为73.4%。文章还进一步分析了汽轮机背压和热源温度对循环系统热效率的影响。该研究为有效利用中低温余热资源提供了借鉴和参考。     

发挥技术政策导向作用 推进我国建筑节能工作

本文介绍了我国建筑节能工作现状以及实施推进、规划安排,技术研究开发、技术标准制定、技术推广与示范工程的情况,初步分析了我国建筑节能与国外先进国家的差距,分析了我国建筑节能领域存在的问题和障碍,本文还对今后的技术政策导向和优先发展目标进行了探讨,提出了推进建筑节能工作的建议。     

Energy rebound and economic growth: A review of the main issues and research needs

Contrary to conventional wisdom, more efficient use of energy may actually through rebound effects lead to greater instead of less total consumption of energy—or at least to no diminution of energy consumption. If so, energy efficiency strategies may serve goals of raising economic growth and affluence, but as an environmental or energy policy strategy could backfire, leading to more resource use in absolute terms rather than less. This, in turn, could in the long run hamper economic growth, for instance if resource scarcity crowds out technical change. The hypothesis that rebound is greater than unity (‘backfire’) predicts the observed real-world correlation between rising energy consumption and rising efficiency of energy services, however difficult it may be to define a precise holistic metric for the latter. The opposing hypothesis, i.e. that rebound is less than unity and that energy efficiency increases therefore result in less energy consumption than before, requires on the other hand strong forces that do account for the empirically observed economic growth. This paper summarises some of the discussions around the rebound effect, puts it into perspective to economic growth, and provides some insights at the end that can guide future empirical research on the rebound topic.