三峡及上游水库对长江中下游洪水的控制作用

三峡工程防洪效益巨大，防洪库容２２１．５亿ｍ＾３，它控制了沙市以上绝大部分洪水，控制了螺山以上大部分洪水，从防护地区的地理位置和水文条件来看，三峡水库对荆江地区和城陵矶地区的防洪作用是长江上游水库无法替代的。     

长江流域旱涝年划分及降水特征分析

根据1961—2012年长江流域644个气象站降水资料,以及宜昌、大通水文站流量资料,采用Z指数法研究了长江流域旱涝等级划分和降水特征。结果表明,Z指数为基础的区域旱涝指标可以较好地反映长江流域旱涝变化,其结果与降水距平百分率、水情资料的分析较为一致。长江流域典型洪涝年为1998、1983、1973和1980年,典型干旱年为2011、1978、1966、2006和1971年。典型洪涝年降水空间分布呈从东南向西北递减的趋势,典型干旱年降水量偏少的程度一般南部大于北部、东部大于西部。     

98嫩江洪水对农民家庭经济影响的调查--以齐齐哈尔市大五福玛村为例

文章根据 １９９８年嫩江洪水灾害对农民家庭经济影响的调查材料,分析了洪水灾害致使农民家庭财产损失的情况以及对粮食产量的影响;洪水灾害年农民家庭经济情况与常年进行了对比分析,研究了灾区主要农作物脆弱性指标;指出了这次洪灾的经验教训及建立经家庭为主的减灾防灾体系的重要性。     

Passage of the 2006 and 2007 spring floods through structures at the Zeya hydroproject

Rules governing use of water resources and operating procedures should be approved individually for each reservoir. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel‘stvo, No. 10, October 2008, pp. 2–10.     

Vegetation,river management and land use in the dutch rhine floodplains

The floodplains of the lower Rhine are situated in a densely populated area of the Netherlands. Although they are used intensively the floodplains still fulfill important ecological functions. The lower Rhine is the downstream sedimentation zone of the River Rhine and its floodplains are characterized by river-transported vascular flora originating from southern and eastern Europe. Using multivariate methods data from previously published work and field data on grasslands and former river beds have been analysed to determine trends in ecological changes. The consequence of continued sedimentation and decreased erosion is an increased drying out of the floodplains. Excavation and recultivation of formerly excavated land does not reverse the losses in flora and vegetation. Statistically there is a negative relationship between the characteristic flora and recultivated land. The natural transversal river gradient also disappears, together with its characteristic ecological diversity. Aquatic environments in the floodplains have been changed completely since regulation work started in the 19th century. Most former river beds have disappeared due to silting up. Data on short-term vegetation succession confirm the long term analysis of map data.     

Passage of the Khantaika river floodwaters over the crest of the rockfill dam of the ust'-Khantaisk hydroelectric station during construction

Conclusion The scheme used at the Ust'-Khantaisk hydroelectric station for passing construction discharges markedly reduced the amount of earth-rock work in the preparation of the structures for passage of floods, reduced the volume of work on the embankments by 200,000 m³, on underground rock excavation by 135,000 m³, and on placement of underground concrete by 10,000 m³, and according to the calculations of the Siberian Branch of Gidroproekt, affected an economy of about 5 million rubles. On the whole the method of passing floodwaters over the crest of a partially constructed rockfill dam can be recommended for use in schemes of passing discharges during construction of hydro developments under similar climatic and hydrological conditions. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 5–7, November, 1971.     

A fan system for engineering protection from storm-induced floods in river basins

A scheme utilizing a fan system is examined for the flood protection of lands.     

嫩江白沙滩至三岔河口江段中小洪水河床糙率分析

文章通过对嫩江白沙滩至三岔河口江段中小洪水不同级别条件下河床糙率变化规律分析,得出哈尔淖主槽糙率变化规律,糙率随水位的上升而逐渐变小,而水位在130.4 m以上洪水全面跑滩,糙率增大。     

Fine sediment infiltration into gravel spawning beds within a regulated river experiencing floods: Ecological implications for salmonids

Infiltration rates into eight gravel spawning beds were monitored over a range of discharges including compensation flows, peak hydropower generation and floods of up to bankfull capacity. The results indicate that the interrelationship of sediment supply and discharge influence both the rate and grain size composition of infiltrated sediments, with maximum rates experienced during bankfull floods when sediments are scoured from upstream pools. The effects of river regulation for hydropower are shown to produce a finer matrix infill in the absence of unregulated tributary sources, although the rates of infiltration are much lower than for sites downstream of unregulated tributaries. Values for infiltration rates are shown to be detrimental for small salmonid spawning redds during post-flood conditions when sediment transport is not restrained by supply.     

Dams and extreme floods

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 9–11, August, 1993.     

MPM simulations of dam-break floods

Owing to its ability of modelling large deformations and the ease of dealing with moving boundary conditions,the material point method is gaining popularity in geotechnical engineering applications.In this paper,this promising Lagrangian method is applied to hydrodynamic problems to further explore its potential.The collapse of water columns with different initial aspect ratios is simulated by the material point method.In order to test the accuracy and stability of the material point method,simulations are first validated using experimental data and results of mature numerical models.Then,the model is used to ascertain the critical aspect ratio for the widely-used shallow water equations to give satisfactory approximation.From the comparisons between the simulations based on the material point method and the shallow water equations,the critical aspect ratio for the suitable use of the shallow water equations is found to be 1.     

洮儿河历年洪水特性简析

镇西水文站是洮儿河进入吉林省境内第一个控制站。根据对镇西水文站历年实测水文资料的初步分析,探讨了该站历年洪水特性,为做好洮儿河下游区域防洪、抗旱和水资源的优化配置起到了十分重要的作用。     

Multi‐scale modelling of land‐use change and river training effects on floods in the Rhine basin

Land‐use changes effects on floods are investigated by a multi‐scale modelling study, where runoff generation in catchments of different sizes, different land uses and morphological characteristics are simulated in a nested manner. The macro‐scale covers the Rhine basin (excluding the alpine part), the upper meso‐scale covers various tributaries of the Rhine and three lower meso‐scale study areas (100–500 km²) represent different characteristic land‐use patterns. The main innovation is the combination of models at different scales and at different levels of process representation in order to account for the complexity of land‐use change impacts for a large river basin. The results showed that the influence of land‐use on storm runoff generation is stronger for convective storm events with high precipitation intensities than for long advective storms with low intensities. The simulated flood increase at the lower meso‐scale for a scenario of rather strong urbanization is in the order of 0 and 4% for advective rainfall events, and 10–30% for convective rain storms with a return period of 2–10 years. Convective storm events, however, are of hardly any relevance for the formation of floods in the large river basins of Central Europe, because the extent of convective rainstorms is restricted to local occurrence. Due to the dominance of advective precipitation for macro‐scale flooding, limited water retention capacity of antecedent wet soils and superposition of flood waves from different tributaries, the land‐use change effects at the macro‐scale are even smaller, for example at Cologne (catchment area 100 000 km²), land‐use change effects may result in not more than 1–5 cm water level of the Rhine. Water retention measures in polders along the Upper and Lower Rhine yield flood peak attenuation along the Rhine all the way down to the Dutch border between 1 and 15 cm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.