三峡及上游水库对长江中下游洪水的控制作用

三峡工程防洪效益巨大，防洪库容２２１．５亿ｍ＾３，它控制了沙市以上绝大部分洪水，控制了螺山以上大部分洪水，从防护地区的地理位置和水文条件来看，三峡水库对荆江地区和城陵矶地区的防洪作用是长江上游水库无法替代的。     

长江流域旱涝年划分及降水特征分析

根据1961—2012年长江流域644个气象站降水资料,以及宜昌、大通水文站流量资料,采用Z指数法研究了长江流域旱涝等级划分和降水特征。结果表明,Z指数为基础的区域旱涝指标可以较好地反映长江流域旱涝变化,其结果与降水距平百分率、水情资料的分析较为一致。长江流域典型洪涝年为1998、1983、1973和1980年,典型干旱年为2011、1978、1966、2006和1971年。典型洪涝年降水空间分布呈从东南向西北递减的趋势,典型干旱年降水量偏少的程度一般南部大于北部、东部大于西部。     

Passage of the 2006 and 2007 spring floods through structures at the Zeya hydroproject

Rules governing use of water resources and operating procedures should be approved individually for each reservoir. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel‘stvo, No. 10, October 2008, pp. 2–10.     

Vegetation,river management and land use in the dutch rhine floodplains

The floodplains of the lower Rhine are situated in a densely populated area of the Netherlands. Although they are used intensively the floodplains still fulfill important ecological functions. The lower Rhine is the downstream sedimentation zone of the River Rhine and its floodplains are characterized by river-transported vascular flora originating from southern and eastern Europe. Using multivariate methods data from previously published work and field data on grasslands and former river beds have been analysed to determine trends in ecological changes. The consequence of continued sedimentation and decreased erosion is an increased drying out of the floodplains. Excavation and recultivation of formerly excavated land does not reverse the losses in flora and vegetation. Statistically there is a negative relationship between the characteristic flora and recultivated land. The natural transversal river gradient also disappears, together with its characteristic ecological diversity. Aquatic environments in the floodplains have been changed completely since regulation work started in the 19th century. Most former river beds have disappeared due to silting up. Data on short-term vegetation succession confirm the long term analysis of map data.     

98嫩江洪水对农民家庭经济影响的调查--以齐齐哈尔市大五福玛村为例

文章根据 １９９８年嫩江洪水灾害对农民家庭经济影响的调查材料，分析了洪水灾害致使农民家庭财产损失的情况以及对粮食产量的影响；洪水灾害年农民家庭经济情况与常年进行了对比分析，研究了灾区主要农作物脆弱性指标；指出了这次洪灾的经验教训及建立经家庭为主的减灾防灾体系的重要性。     

Passage of the Khantaika river floodwaters over the crest of the rockfill dam of the ust'-Khantaisk hydroelectric station during construction

Conclusion The scheme used at the Ust'-Khantaisk hydroelectric station for passing construction discharges markedly reduced the amount of earth-rock work in the preparation of the structures for passage of floods, reduced the volume of work on the embankments by 200,000 m³, on underground rock excavation by 135,000 m³, and on placement of underground concrete by 10,000 m³, and according to the calculations of the Siberian Branch of Gidroproekt, affected an economy of about 5 million rubles. On the whole the method of passing floodwaters over the crest of a partially constructed rockfill dam can be recommended for use in schemes of passing discharges during construction of hydro developments under similar climatic and hydrological conditions. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 5–7, November, 1971.     

Extreme floods and river values: A social–ecological perspective

The social–ecological status of rivers is particularly pronounced during extreme flood events. Extreme floods are a substantial threat to people, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Efforts to address the threats of extreme floods are aligned largely with social values of flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and avoidance of loss. However, extreme floods are also a fundamental driver of river ecosystems, aligned with ecological (biophysical) values of event effectiveness, river change, disturbance, biotic response, and heterogeneity. A survey of the public perceptions of extreme floods revealed that participants generally understood the ecological values of extreme floods through concepts of naturalness, climate change, and knowledge production. However, participants had less understanding of how river integrity might influence the response of rivers to extreme floods. Resilience can be used as a framework for uniting the social and ecological values of extreme floods because it embodies a common language of change, disturbance, and adaptation and complements the socially dominated discourse of risk and emergency management. Three strategies are given for river scientists to frame ecological values in parallel with the paradigms of the socially dominated discourse of extreme floods: be prepared to act following an extreme flood disaster, learn and use the language of the flood risk and emergency management sector, and undertake assessments of the ecological values of extreme floods to highlight the threats to those values that may occur with climate change and river modification.     

A fan system for engineering protection from storm-induced floods in river basins

A scheme utilizing a fan system is examined for the flood protection of lands.     

嫩江白沙滩至三岔河口江段中小洪水河床糙率分析

文章通过对嫩江白沙滩至三岔河口江段中小洪水不同级别条件下河床糙率变化规律分析,得出哈尔淖主槽糙率变化规律,糙率随水位的上升而逐渐变小,而水位在130.4 m以上洪水全面跑滩,糙率增大。     

变化环境下我国西北内陆河区洪灾综合应对

在剖析西北内陆河区的洪水主要特征和成因基础之上,探讨变化环境下的综合应对措施及关键技术问题,制定洪水风险区划,建立"天地一体化"的监测评估体系,实施面向洪灾过程的水资源合理调配,并提高应急管理能力,综合各种措施应对洪水灾害。     

Fine sediment infiltration into gravel spawning beds within a regulated river experiencing floods: Ecological implications for salmonids

Infiltration rates into eight gravel spawning beds were monitored over a range of discharges including compensation flows, peak hydropower generation and floods of up to bankfull capacity. The results indicate that the interrelationship of sediment supply and discharge influence both the rate and grain size composition of infiltrated sediments, with maximum rates experienced during bankfull floods when sediments are scoured from upstream pools. The effects of river regulation for hydropower are shown to produce a finer matrix infill in the absence of unregulated tributary sources, although the rates of infiltration are much lower than for sites downstream of unregulated tributaries. Values for infiltration rates are shown to be detrimental for small salmonid spawning redds during post-flood conditions when sediment transport is not restrained by supply.     

Dams and extreme floods

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 9–11, August, 1993.     

Rivers need floods: Management lessons learnt from the regulation of the Norwegian salmon river,Suldalslågen

The Norwegian river Suldalslågen, known for its population of large‐sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), has been regulated for hydropower in 1966–1967 and in 1980. The initial regulation increased winter flows and reduced summer flows and major floods. The second regulation, involving abstraction of water to a power station in an adjacent fjord, led to a strong reduction in flow. In addition to implementing different flow regimes, many remedial actions have been taken, often concurrently, making it almost impossible to detect the effect of single measures. In addition, the monitoring data have not always been consistent as regards methods and scope, and also, few data are available for preregulation conditions. This highlights major challenges in the long‐term management of regulated rivers. The absence of major floods after regulation led to increased sedimentation and encouraged carpet mosses. This reduced interstitial spaces, creating a poor habitat for salmon fry and benthic invertebrates. The knowledge gained from the wide‐ranging studies of the different flow regimes have enabled the environmental authorities to devise a final regulation regime from 2012. The final flow regime focused on biological values and functions to sustain the strain of wild, large adult salmon. The catch of wild salmon >7 kg has in fact increased since 2010 and stabilized between 1 and 2 metric tons, although the yield of large salmon prior to 1994 is unknown. In addition, the increase in the catch of large salmon is based on hatchery fish. Hatchery fish have also to a large extent contributed to the increase in the total salmon catch in recent years. Thus, that the catches in Suldalslågen are now at an all‐time high is not due to improved conditions in the river but likely to hatchery fish.