橡胶材料辐照老化的研究进展

核工业、航空航天等涉及高能粒子射线的领域,橡胶材料受辐照影响较大,容易失效,有必要深入研究橡胶材料的辐照老化,进而改善橡胶材料的耐辐照性能。从橡胶材料辐照老化的影响因素、辐照对橡胶材料性能的影响、提升橡胶材料耐辐照性能的方法3个方面,综述国内外橡胶材料辐照老化的研究进展;指出橡胶材料辐照老化研究主要存在两方面的不足,一方面是辐照老化影响因素的研究还处在单一因素的研究阶段,多因素协同作用对材料的影响研究较少,另一方面是从分子结构上提高橡胶材料耐辐照性能的研究甚少;建议未来橡胶材料辐照老化研究应从多影响因素的协同作用和全新分子结构的耐辐照材料的角度开展。     

可耐受100Mrad γ射线辐照电机的制备及绝缘润滑材料耐辐射性研究

电机作为机器人控制和传动系统的核心部件,其在核灾变环境下的稳定运行对机器人的寿命起到决定性作用。提高用于核环境作业机器人的电机耐辐射等级,对于研制核电站紧急救灾机器人具有十分重要的意义。采用傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、力学性能测试等对于不同结构聚酰亚胺（PI）绝缘纸的综合性能进行对比分析,发现使用柔性单体制备的PI绝缘纸,其综合性能最佳,在100 Mrad γ射线辐照后性能无明显降低。结合FTIR和扫描电镜测试,分析了商用复合锂基润滑脂在γ射线辐照下结构性能的变化。最后对国产普通电机中耐辐射性能较差的绝缘系统、润滑系统等部件的改进替换,成功制备了耐受γ射线辐照总剂量高于100 Mrad的耐辐射直流电机。该通用材料和技术对于开发耐核辐射机器人用伺服电机等具有普适性。     

电线电缆绝缘电阻测量的影响因素分析及研究

本文探讨了绝缘电阻测量的重要性,阐述了绝缘电阻的定义及来源,分析了影响绝缘电阻测量结果的因素。研究分析了不同条件下测量的四组数据。总结得出,在同一测量环境中,若高温下绝缘电阻较小,测试时间对绝缘电阻影响不大,但测试时间足够长会使绝缘电阻相对较大,测试长度与绝缘电阻成反比。     

γ射线辐照对超高分子量聚乙烯性能的影响

分别对剂量为120,250,500 kGy辐照交联和普通未处理的超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)4种样品进行划痕性能、接触角、表面硬度、蠕变性能和结晶度等测试,并在UMT-Ⅱ多功能摩擦试验机上考察不同辐照剂量下交联UHMWPE的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:UHMWPE样品的稳定划痕系数在0.35~0.5之间;随着辐照剂量的增加,接触角减小,润湿性能改善;辐照后UHMWPE的球压硬度比未处理的高,其中500 kGy辐照剂量的样品是未处理的1.45倍;辐照后UHMWPE的抗蠕变性能好,结晶度比未处理的高;辐照后UHMWPE的磨损率比未处理的小,其中辐照剂量为120 kGy处理后的UHMWPE磨损率最小。     

国产部分细颗粒石墨的辐照行为

石墨因其具有优异的高温性能和良好的核能技术而用于反应堆中,但石墨受到辐照的影响。使其物理性能发生改变,从而影响它的使用寿命。对我国部分国产细颗粒石墨,即等静压石墨和三高石墨,进行辐照行为研究,得到了石墨尺寸变化和热膨胀系数变化数据,分析辐照对石墨寿命的影响。并评价我国石墨辐照性能指标。     

牵引电机轴承绝缘涂层绝缘性能与力学性能试验分析

长期承受交变力与热冲击载荷作用的牵引电机轴承绝缘涂层会发生变色、氧化乃至龟裂,导致绝缘涂层的绝缘性能和结合强度等发生改变。以不同型号和涂层厚度的退役绝缘轴承为研究对象,进行温度、湿度交变循环下的轴承绝缘涂层性能试验、划痕试验和热-应力耦合仿真,结果表明：绝缘涂层厚度越大,轴承的整体绝缘性能越好;轴承边缘位置的涂层与基体结合的临界载荷值小于中心位置,边缘位置更容易发生失效,同一型号轴承随着绝缘涂层厚度增加,涂层与基体的临界载荷值减小,涂层与基体的结合强度下降;涂层边缘和中心处内外界面的等效应力差值均随涂层厚度的增加而增大,涂层厚度的增加不利于涂层与基体结合。     

不锈钢表面ZrO2涂层的制备及其性能

用电沉积法，经热处理在不锈钢表面制备了ZrO2陶瓷涂层。研究了不同前处理工艺对ZrO2陶瓷涂层的影响，FTIR、SEM等分析结果表明：ZrO2涂层致密均匀，锆元素和氧元素在微区分布均匀。采用差重法、浸泡试验和阳极极化曲线测试了涂层在1000℃的抗高温氧化性和在硫酸介质中的耐蚀性，结果表明ZrO2陶瓷涂层提高了不锈钢的高温抗氧化性和耐蚀性能。     

辐照孔道液位测量方法探讨

采用液态靶件辐照生产同位素时,需要对辐照孔道内料液的液位进行长时间、稳定地监测,并发出电信号以便系统及时对料液进行补充或抽取。经调研,目前市面上还没有一种液位计或传感器能够满足对处在强辐照环境下的狭小密闭的辐照孔道内料液进行测量的要求。为解决辐照孔道内料液液位测量的问题,根据辐照孔道的特殊结构与辐照孔道所处的环境及料液本身的特点,结合辐照生产同位素的工艺要求,提出了基于料液导电性、电阻定律、气体不溶性并结合气动技术3种不同原理的液位测量方法,并对每种液位测量方法的原理和特点予以介绍分析。这3种液位测量方法均切实可行,能够长期、稳定地对辐照孔道内料液的液位进行测量,其中一种已经成功应用于工程实际。     

NiCr-Cr_2O_3-BaF_2/CaF_2爆炸喷涂涂层干滑动摩擦磨损性能

在SRV高温摩擦磨损试验机上,考察了25℃和500℃时NiCr-Cr2O3-BaF2/CaF2爆炸喷涂复合涂层与Si3N4球配对时的干滑动摩擦磨损特性。采用FEIQUANTA-600型环境扫描电镜分析了涂层磨损表面形貌,探讨了该爆炸喷涂层的磨损机制。结果表明:500℃时在干滑动摩擦条件下,爆炸喷涂NiCr-Cr2O3-BaF2/CaF2复合涂层表面形成润滑转移膜,显示出优异的高温自润滑性能,与25℃时相比,500℃时涂层的摩擦因数降低了72.2%,磨痕宽度减少了46.6%;温度显著影响涂层的磨损机制,25℃下为黏着磨损,500℃下为严重塑性变形和轻微磨粒磨损。     

高温环境下超声电机的机械性能测试

研制了一种在高温环境下测试超声电机机械性能的装置,该装置包含了温度环境试验箱、转速转矩测量仪以及连接轴,提出了在高温环境下测试超声电机机械性能的方法.通过该装置和试验方法,对超声电机进行了高温环境试验,其环境温度为50～150℃.试验结果表明:随着环境温度升高,超声电机的转速下降;当环境温度<70℃时,超声电机最大力矩随着温度的上升而增加;当环境温度>80℃时,最大转矩随着温度的上升而下降;当环境温度到150℃时,超声电机不工作,超声电机在高温环境下需要降低其性能使用.该试验装置和试验方法同样适用于低温环境.     

无氰镀银工艺研究

针对原使用的氰化镀银工艺存在的有害环境及健康情况,开展了无氰镀银工艺研究。在研究过程中使用退火的SAE4340钢试片通过交叉试验确定硫代硫酸盐镀银相关工艺参数,对镀后镀层质量、结合力、焊接性能、电阻、防腐蚀性能及耐高温性能进行了测试,并与使用氰化镀银工艺的同材质钢试片镀后各项性能进行了比较,确定了适合使用的硫代硫酸盐镀银工艺。     

钴基合金-碳化钨复合涂层的耐蚀性能

用真空熔烧法制备与钢基体牢固结合的钴基合金-碳化钨复合涂层，用自设计的振动装置(振动频率为1Hz)在10％HCl或10％NaOH溶液中进行室温全浸泡振动腐蚀试验。结果表明，钴基合金-碳化钨复合涂层在腐蚀液中耐蚀性要远远高于45钢，其中添加15％WC的涂层耐腐蚀性能最好；腐蚀出现在硬质相与基体的交界处，属于晶间腐蚀。     

Galling resistance and wear mechanisms – cold work tool materials sliding against carbon steel sheets

One of the major causes for tool failure in sheet metal forming is transfer and accumulation of adhered sheet material to the tool surfaces, generally referred to as galling. In the present work, the galling resistance of several tool materials was investigated against two-phase ferritic-martensitic carbon steel under dry sliding test conditions. Tribological evaluation was carried out at different contact pressures by using a slider-on-flat-surface (SOFS) tribometer. For all selected test conditions, a consistent ranking of the materials was obtained with best performance observed for nitrogen alloyed powder metallurgy tool steel. Worst galling resistance was observed by nodular cast iron.     

热处理对铝合金表面化学镀镍镀层性能影响

针对铝合金表面化学镀镍层结合力和耐蚀性差的问题,采用热处理方法提高镀层结合力和耐蚀性.高低温试验后用划痕法检测结合力强度,运用盐雾试验检测耐蚀性.通过对比试验和结果分析表明：热处理温度和时间对镀层性能存在交互作用;经过150℃、1.5h热处理,镀层与基体结合力最好,80h高、低温试验（高温105℃,低温-55℃）后,镀层结合力强度为48.7MPa;镀层经过150℃、1h热处理,镀层耐蚀性最好,96h盐雾试验后,外观无白斑、起泡、脱皮等腐蚀现象.     

Tribological characterization of electroless Ni–10% P coatings at elevated test temperature under dry conditions

An experimental study of wear characteristics of electroless Ni–10% P coating sliding against hard AISI 52100 steel pin is investigated. Experiments are carried out at room and 550°C temperatures. Heat treatment effects on tribological behavior of this coating are studied. The wear surface and the microstructure of the coatings are analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion analysis X-ray, and microhardness testing equipment. It is observed that the forming of continuous oxide film on contacting surfaces of pin and disk improves wear resistance and decreases friction coefficient of the Ni–10% P coating. The results indicate that the wear resistance of electroless Ni–10% P coating has improved with heat treatment at room temperature wear test, but it reverses in the wear test at 550°C. In addition, specimens without heat treatment have the highest wear resistance and the lowest friction for wear tests at elevated temperatures.     

淬火温度对40Cr13塑料模具钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

对40Cr13塑料模具钢进行不同温度(960,1020,1080,1140℃)淬火处理,研究了淬火温度对该钢组织与硬度的影响,然后进行200℃的低温回火处理,通过浸泡试验与电化学测试研究了其耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:不同温度淬火后,试验钢组织均为淬火马氏体、碳化物与少量残余奥氏体;随着淬火温度的升高,组织变得粗大,碳化物减少,当淬火温度为1140℃时,组织中存在沿奥氏体晶界析出的网状碳化物;随着淬火温度的升高,试验钢的硬度先增加后减小。当淬火温度由960℃升高到1080℃,经回火后试验钢在FeCl₃溶液中的腐蚀速率减小,试验钢表面点蚀孔直径变小,数量增多,但深度变浅;试验钢在NaCl溶液中的自腐蚀电位增大,自腐蚀电流密度降低,腐蚀速率减小,腐蚀倾向降低;最佳淬火温度为1020℃,此时淬火马氏体组织较细小,硬度最大,回火后试验钢的耐腐蚀性能较好。     

热处理对等离子喷涂铁基非晶合金涂层微观结构和耐腐蚀性能的影响

采用等离子喷涂技术在Q235钢基体上制备Fe48Cr15Mo14C15B6Y2非晶合金涂层,之后对涂层进行200,300,500,600,700℃热处理,研究了热处理对涂层微观结构、耐电化学腐蚀性能和耐均匀腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:随着热处理温度的升高,涂层的非晶含量降低,孔隙率先减小后增大,经300℃热处理后涂层的孔隙率最低,且低于未热处理涂层的;热处理后涂层中的晶体相主要包括α-Fe,Fe-Cr,Fe63Mo37,Fe3C等;随着热处理温度的升高,涂层的自腐蚀电流密度先减小后增大,经300℃热处理后,自腐蚀电流密度最小,涂层的耐电化学腐蚀性能最好;经过热处理后,涂层在NaCl溶液中浸泡31d后的单位面积质量损失减小,且热处理温度越高,单位面积质量损失越小,涂层的耐均匀腐蚀性能提高。     

4Cr5MoSiV1热作模具钢的热变形行为与热加工图

利用Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机对4Cr5MoSiV1热作模具钢进行单道次等温压缩试验,研究了其在变形温度750～1050℃,应变速率0.001～0.1 s-1条件下的热变形行为,并观察变形后的显微组织;根据试验得到的真应力-真应变曲线,构建了0.3真应变下的Arrhenius高温本构模型,并在动态材料模型基...     

High temperature wear resistance of (TiAl)N PVD coating on untreated and gas nitrided AISI H13 steel with different heat treatments

The wear resistance of a PVD (Ti_0.7Al_0.3)N coating deposited on an as-received and gas nitrided AISI H13 has been examined by using ball-on-disc tests at room temperature and at 600 °C. In order to determine the influence of a previous heat treatment on this type of steel on the wear resistance of the (Ti_0.7Al_0.3)N coating, two commercial heat treatments were employed which gave rise to the same substrate hardness. Surface microhardness measurements have been carried out to determine the load-carrying capacity of the coated systems. In general, the wear behavior was found to be independent of the nature of the heat treatment applied to the substrate prior to the nitriding process but strongly dependent on the testing temperature. At room temperature, there were small variations between the different systems tested, whereas at high temperatures, clear differences were found between them. At 600 °C, a typical temperature that could be achieved during the aluminum extrusion processes, the nitrided H13 steel/(Ti_0.7Al_0.3)N PVD duplex coating shows a satisfactory wear resistance compared to both the nitrided steel and the steel substrate only coated with (Ti_0.6Al_0.4)N, which exhibited the worst performance. The satisfactory wear resistance observed for the duplex coating system at high temperature is mainly a consequence of two different aspects. Firstly, its higher load-carrying capacity due to the existence of a hard nitrided layer, as well as its high H/E ratio. Both parameters allow the presence of higher elastic strains without the failure of the ceramic layer, which would normally occur in the case of TiAlN PVD coatings deposited directly on the AISI H13 steel. Secondly, the intrinsic characteristics of the coating, i.e. its chemical constitution, which allows the formation of a dense oxide mixture inside the wear track that impedes both its further oxidation and the deterioration of the mechanical properties as consequence of nitrogen diffusion.     

Sliding wear evaluation of hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) thermal spray cermet coatings

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of applying hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) as a post-treatment to thermally sprayed wear resistant cermet coatings. The relative performance of the as-sprayed and hot isostatically pressed functionally graded WC-NiCrBSi coatings was investigated in sliding wear conditions. Coatings were deposited using a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)—JP-5000 system, and HIPed without any encapsulation at temperatures of 850 and 1200 °C. The influence of post-treatment temperature on the coating's wear resistance was thus investigated. Sliding wear tests were carried out using a high frequency reciprocating ball on plate rig using steel and ceramic balls under two different loads. Results are discussed in terms of microstructural investigations, phase transformations, mechanical properties, and residual stress investigations. The results indicated significant alteration of the coating microstructure, brought about by the coating post-treatment, particularly when carried out at the higher temperature of 1200 °C. As a consequence, developments in the coating mechanical properties took place that led to higher wear resistance of the HIPed coatings.