流化床燃烧中煤含灰量对灰渣形成特性的影响

为了研究煤颗粒灰质量分数对煤在流化床燃烧过程中灰渣形成特性的影响,在一台小型流化床反应炉上进行煤的灰质量分数对灰渣形成特性的实验.按煤颗粒的灰质量分数,把义马烟煤分为6个颗粒组,并选用各颗粒组的3个粒径范围的煤颗粒进行燃烧实验,研究煤颗粒的灰质量分数对底渣质量分数、底渣与飞灰中的碳量质量分数和粒径分布的影响.结果表明,随着煤颗粒灰质量分数的增加,燃烧形成的底渣质量分数增加,而煤颗粒的燃尽率和飞灰中的碳质量分数都降低.在粒径和燃烧时间相同的条件下,随着颗粒灰质量分数的增加,底渣中留在本粒径档的颗粒质量分数明显增加,而细颗粒的质量分数明显减少.而颗粒灰质量分数对飞灰的粒径分布没有明显的影响.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化/稳定化处理

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰已被明确规定为危险废物,其中含有的大量有毒重金属对自然环境和人类生存会造成严重危害.综述了目前常用的水泥固化、烧结固化、熔融固化、药剂稳定化四种固化/稳定化垃圾焚烧飞灰中有毒重金属的方法,对比分析了各项技术的优缺点;对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属固化/稳定化处理的发展前景进行了展望,指出资源化利用是未来发展的必然趋势.     

茶皂素稳定和改性处理垃圾焚烧飞灰试验研究

以上海市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的高附加值资源化和稳定化为目标,初步研究茶皂素对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰改性活化以及对重金属离子的螯合效果,改性飞灰的活化指数可达95%以上.在试验的同时,比较了茶皂素、EDTA,硫脲和磷酸钠对飞灰中重金属的稳定螯合效果.经重金属毒性浸出试验表明,茶皂素对飞灰中的重金属具有较强的束缚能力,其稳定化效果与硫脲和磷酸钠螯合剂能力相当.     

逆向涡流等离子体降解飞灰中二恶英的研究

利用氮气逆向涡流非平衡等离子体反应器,进行医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中二恶英的降解.考察氮气逆向涡流非平衡等离子体放电特性,从而获得反应器稳定的工作条件.在实验过程中分别测量处理后飞灰中和尾气中的二恶英质量分数,分析利用氮气逆向涡流非平衡等离子体反应器降解飞灰中二恶英的效果,初步探索二恶英的降解机理.结果表明,切向进气体积流量是影响放电电弧特性的关键因素,增大切向进气体积流量,可以提高电弧放电的稳定性;逆向涡流等离子体对飞灰中二恶英有明确的降解作用,单位质量飞灰中PCDD/Fs总质量的平均降解率为49.6%,总毒性当量I-TEQ平均降解率为62.3%,飞灰中PCDFs比PCDDs更容易降解.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属固化特性

为探索垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属在熔融过程中的迁移特性,采用燃油式表面熔融炉,对杭州某生活垃圾焚烧厂的焚烧飞灰连续进行了6个多月日处理规模为500kg/d的熔融固化中试实验.采用X射线衍射仪、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪研究不同工艺参数(温度、添加剂、冷却方式)对飞灰中重金属固化率的影响.结果表明:随着温度的升高和添加剂比例的增大,重金属Cu、Zn的固化率显著提高,Pb、Cd和Cr则变化不明显;水冷却方式下,重金属固化率要略大于空气自然冷却.熔融过程中,烟气中常规污染物浓度和二噁英等污染物总毒性浓度均小于标准限值.     

利用热等离子体熔融垃圾焚烧飞灰

为了评价垃圾焚烧飞灰的热等离子体熔融处理效果, 研究SiO2和CaO对重金属固化效果和重金属毒性浸出特性的影响. 在飞灰中添加一定比例的SiO2和CaO, 配置成不同的配灰样品, 利用纯氩热等离子体在1 400～1 500 ℃下, 对飞灰及配灰进行熔融玻璃化的实验研究, 分别利用X射线能量色散谱仪(EDX)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FSEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和毒性浸出方法(TCLP)分析飞灰和熔渣的化学组成、微观结构、晶相组成和重金属毒性浸出特性. 结果表明, 热等离子体熔融所得熔渣为无定形的玻璃体, 重金属浸出质量浓度均远低于毒性标准. SiO2和CaO的添加都可以改善重金属固化效果, CaO比SiO2对Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb挥发的抑制效果更好. SiO2的添加可以改善熔渣中重金属的浸出特性, 而CaO的作用与之相反.     

焚烧飞灰熔融特性与熔渣利用技术研究进展

垃圾焚烧飞灰中含有高浸出浓度的Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn等重金属,属于危险废物。高温熔融技术可以有效地控制焚烧飞灰中的重金属污染物。从飞灰无害化和资源化2个角度介绍了熔融技术的研究进展,分析了熔融技术的优缺点,在综述国内外研究成果的基础上,为今后焚烧飞灰的热处理技术提出了研究方向。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的处理处置方法

随着生活垃圾焚烧技术在中国城市生活垃圾处理中的推广，对生活垃圾焚烧残余物，主要是飞灰的处理、处置已成为困扰人们生产生活的重要问题之一。介绍了飞灰处理的固化方法、药剂稳定化、飞灰中重金属的提取及最终处置。     

水热法稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属研究

水热法是生活垃圾焚烧飞灰无害化处置新方法,在飞灰重金属稳定化方面具有显著能力．在 前期研究基础上,提出利用水热法耦合化学添加剂方法实现重金属的深度稳定化,设计正交实验研 究各参数对重金属浸出毒性的影响．结果表明：实验的较优工况为以空气为气氛,碳酸钠为添加剂, 在３００℃下水热并保持１ｈ;同时可通过增大添加剂使用量来降低飞灰的浸出毒性,达到生活垃圾 填埋场的飞灰进场标准．水热法可有效改变飞灰微观结构,降低颗粒粒径;水热后重金属是以一种 稳定的、难以离子交换的形式存在,从而实现稳定化;水热反应中有部分微、中孔向大孔转变,改善 了孔隙结构,具有更大的比表面积,飞灰利用价值也得到了提升．     

飞灰熔融分离过程中重金属Cu的迁移分布规律

为研究危险固体废弃物飞灰中的重金属Cu在垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融分离过程中的迁移分布规律,采用重庆同兴垃圾焚烧发电厂产生的焚烧飞灰进行熔融分离实验, 以重金属Cu为研究对象,探讨熔融温度、熔融时间、碱度、熔池配比等因素对熔融过程中Cu的迁移分布规律的影响。结果表明, 熔融温度对Cu在熔融分离过程中的迁移分布影响最大,随着熔融温度的升高,重金属Cu在铁相中的分布呈现上升趋势,熔融时间、碱度和熔池配比的影响相对小一些。       

Characteristics of MSWI fly ash during vitrification

The vitrification characteristics of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash were investigated. Effects of temperature on the binding efficiency of heavy metals, the change of chemical compositions and the weight loss of fly ash in the range of 800-1350 ℃ were studied. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) of the United States was used to analyze the leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and molten slag. Results indicate that chemical compositions, the weight loss of fly ash and the binding efficiency of heavy metals in fly ash have a tremendous change in the range of 1150-1260 ℃. The percentage of CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 increases with the increasing temperature, whereas it is contrary for SO3, K2O, Na2O and Cl; especially when the temperature is 1260 ℃, the percentage of these four elements decreases sharply from 43.72% to 0.71%. The weight loss occurs obviously in the range of 1150-1260 ℃. Heavy metals of Pb and Cd are almost vaporized above 1000 ℃. Cr is not volatile and its binding efficiency can reach 100% below 1000 ℃. Results of TCLP indicate that the heavy metal content of molten slag is beyond stipulated limit values.     

粉煤灰及其硬化体中六价铬离子的溶出现象

粉煤灰中含有一定数量的六价铬离子，鉴于粉煤灰使用的广泛性和六价铬离子对人体与生态的危害性，必须就粉煤灰中六价铬离子的溶出性能和溶出抑制方法进行研究，并制定相应的对策与措施以指导粉煤灰的合理与安全使用。探讨了粉煤灰和粉煤灰硬化体中六价铬离子的溶出性能。研究结果表明，无论是粉煤灰本身还是自干硬击实粉煤灰硬化体或粉煤灰泥浆硬化体，都有一定数量的六价铬离子溶出，其溶出量与粉煤灰的铬含量、比表面积及粒径、火山灰活性和试体成型方法等有关。一般来说，干硬击实粉煤灰硬化体中六价铬离子的溶出量较泥浆硬化体的高。     

Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash with Cement and Its Leaching Behaviors of Heavy Metals

The solidifying qffect of cement addition on municipal solid waste incineration fly ash ( MSWFA for short, collected from the gas exhaust system of MSW incinerator), the interaction of MSWFA with cement and water and the leaching of heavy metals from cement-solidified MSWFA are investigated. The main results show that : ( 1 ) when MSWFA is mixed with cement and water, 112 evolution, the formation and volume expansion of AFt will take place, the volume expansion can be reduced by ground rice husk ash addition ; (2) heavy metals do leach from cement-solidified MSWFA and at lower pH more leaching will occur; (3) compared with cement - so-lidified fly ash, the leachate of solidified MSWFA is with higher heavy metal contents ; (4) with the increment of cement addition leached heavy metals are decreased ; and (5) concentrations of Zn , Mn , Cu and Cd in all the leachates can meet the relevant Standards of Japan, but as the regulations for soil and groundwater protection of Japan are concerned, precautions against the leaching of Pb , Cl^- and Cr^6 and so on are needed.     

The Cement Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash

The chemical composition, the content and the leachability of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration （ MSWI） fly ash were tested and analyzed. It is shown that the leachability of Pb and Cr exceeds the leaching toxicity standard, and so the MSWI fly ash is considered as hazardous waste and must be solidifled. The effect of solidifying the MSWI fly ash by cement was studied, and it is indicated that the heavy metals can be well immobilized if the mass fraction of the fly ash is appropriate. The heavy metals were immobilized within cement hydration products through either physical fixation, substhtaion, deposition or adsorption mechanisms.     

粉煤灰改性及钝化污泥实验研究

以粉煤灰和石灰石为原料,加入一定量矿化剂,在微波辐照下进行改性,得到吸附材料粉煤灰沸石（FZ）,通过X射线衍射和电镜扫描等方式对粉煤灰辐照改性原理及产物结构等进行了分析,通过添加不同比例的粉煤灰对城市污泥进行了钝化实验研究,并对钝化作用机理进行了分析,对钝化污泥中重金属含量变化及养分含量进行了测试,实验结果表明,改性粉煤灰对污泥中含重金属Zn、Cu、Mn具有明显钝化作用,对污泥中养分具有良好的滞留效果,经钝化处理后,污泥中重金属Zn、Cu、Mn含量都显著低于国家农用标准,污泥渗滤液中全氮含量低于中国地面水环境质量标准（10mg·L^-1）,全磷含量低于污水排入城市下水道水质标准（1mg·L^-1）。     

Synthesis and heavy metal immobilization behaviors of fly ash based gepolymer

Two aspects of studies were carried out: 1) synthesis of geopolymer by using fly ash and metakaolin; 2) Immobilization behaviors of fly ash based geopolymer in a presence of Pb and Cu ions. As for the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer, 4 different fly ash content (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and 3 types of curing regimes (standard curing, steam curing and autoclave curing) were investigated to obtain the optimum synthesis condition based on the compressive and flexural strength. The experimental results show that geopolymer, containing 30% fly ash and synthesized at steam curing (80° for 8 h), exhibits higher mechanical strengths. The compressive and flexural strengths of fly ash based geopolymer reach 32.2 MPa and 7.15 MPa, respectively. Additionally, Infrared (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the microstructure of the fly ash geopolymer. IR spectra shows that the absorptive band at 1086 cm⁻¹ shifts to lower wave number around 1033 cm⁻¹, and the 6-coordinated Al transforms into 4-coordination during the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer. The resulting geopolymeric products were X-ray amorphous materials. As for immobilization of heavy metals, the leaching tests were employed to investigate the immobilization behaviors of the fly ash based geopolymer synthesized under the above optimum condition. The leaching tests showed that fly ash based geopolymer can effectively immobilize Cu and Pb heavy metal ions, and the immobilization efficiency reached 90% greater when heavy metals were incorporated in the fly ash geopolymer in the range of 0.1% to 0.3%. The Pb exhibits better immobilization efficiency than the Cu, especially in the case of large dosages of heavy metals.     

CaO对飞灰重金属元素浸出特性的影响

我国燃煤锅炉飞灰的主要处理方式是将灰堆积在灰场。由于燃煤锅炉飞灰中含有多种有害重金属元素,如砷、硒等,在自然界雨水,尤其是酸雨的浸润作用下,有害重金属元素会释放出来．污染环境和水源。研究了CaO对飞灰重金属元素浸出特性的影响,为解决我国燃煤锅炉飞灰存放的重金属污染问题,提供一个切实可行的思路。     

Solidification/Adsorption of Heavy Metals by FA/FA-MSWI based Al-Substituted Tobermorite

Fly ash(FA) was utilized to hydrothermally synthesize FA based Al-substituted tobermorites, and was combined with raw materials of FA and municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWI) to hydrothermally synthesize FA-MSWI based Al-substituted tobermorites. Then optimum samples named FA-T and FM-T were selected, correspondingly. Their intrinsic properties as well as their solidification/stabilization and adsorption of heavy metals were studied. The experimental results showed that the specific surface area of FA-T and FM-T was 28.259 m~2/g and 45.939 m~2/g, respectively. Their pore size distribution, particle size distribution, and median particle size were approximately the same. FA-T and FM-T both had great potential of solidification/stabilization heavy metal to dispose hazardous solid waste. Further, FA-T and FM-T also showed good adsorption efficiency for heavy metals Pb~(2+) and Cu~(2+) as adsorbent to treat waste water.     

湿排粉煤灰对混凝土性能的影响

通过实验室模拟研究不同湿法存放时间（1～60个月）的2种低钙粉煤灰的形貌、粒径和用于混凝土掺合料的性能变化。粉煤灰湿排后颗粒变粗,颗粒表面出现侵蚀,但颗粒形貌基本保持不变;湿排粉煤灰矿物减水效应明显降低,掺量为20％～40％的湿排粉煤灰混凝土坍落度比原状粉煤灰混凝土减少约20～40mm;掺加湿排粉煤灰的混凝土与外加剂适应性、抗渗和抗碳化无明显变化,坍落度经时损失有所降低;湿法存放3个月的粉煤灰掺量20％时混凝土28d和56d抗压强度比原状粉煤灰混凝土分别下降5．8％和3．7％,但掺量为20％的湿法存放36个月粉煤灰混凝土抗压强度比仍可以达到85％,湿法存放时间为3a和5a的粉煤灰混凝土强度无明显差别。研究结果表明,湿排低钙粉煤灰可以用作为混凝土掺合料。