基质分散固相萃取净化-亲水液相色谱-串联质谱法检测织纹螺与贝类中河鲀毒素

目的针对海产品常见中毒原因分析需求,建立基质分散固相萃取净化-亲水液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱(HILIC-MS/MS)快速定性定量检测织纹螺和贝类中河鲀毒素的新方法。方法 1.0 g样品经0.1%乙酸溶液沸水浴提取后,用50 mg亲水亲油平衡填料(HLB)和5 mg石墨化碳黑(GCB)吸附剂吸附净化,最后经乙腈蛋白沉淀后过0.22μm聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)滤膜,亲水液相色谱柱(150 mm×2.0 mm,3μm)分离,电喷雾离子化,选择反应监测(SRM)模式检测,基质匹配外标法定量。结果在2.0~40.0 ng/ml浓度范围内,河鲀毒素呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数r~2≥0.999;以3倍基线噪声所对应的浓度为检出限时,河鲀毒素的方法检出限可达10.0μg/kg;在25、100和200μg/kg的加标水平时,方法回收率为74.2%~87.9%,相对标准偏差为2.3%~9.1%。应用本方法对浙江沿海地区市售织纹螺和贝类样品进行检测,15份织纹螺中有14份检出河鲀毒素,检出率为93.3%,含量范围为0.04~15.75 mg/kg,60份贝类样品均未检出河鲀毒素。结论该检测方法准确、快速、易操作,能满足典型海产品中河鲀毒素的公共卫生应急检测或日常监测要求。     

免疫亲和柱净化-亲水液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产食品中河鲀毒素

目的本文采用免疫亲和柱选择性吸附样品溶液中的河鲀毒素,建立了测定水产食品中河鲀毒素(TTX)的亲水液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。方法样品以含1%乙酸的甲醇溶液提取,磷酸盐缓冲溶液稀释,再经免疫亲和柱富集和净化后进样分析。目标物以TSK-gel Amide-80亲水色谱柱(150 mm×2.0 mm,5μm)分离,乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(含5 mmol/L乙酸铵)梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源,选择反应监测(SRM)正离子模式检测,溶剂标准曲线校正,外标法定量。结果 TTX在1~1 000μg/L范围内线性良好,方法的检出限为1μg/kg,定量限为3μg/kg,在3~300μg/kg范围内加标回收率为73.6%~95.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为5.37%~10.7%。结论该方法可有效消除复杂基质样品中普遍存在的基质抑制效应,操作简便,色谱保留时间稳定,灵敏度高,准确度和重复性好,适用于烤鱼片、风味鱼干等水产食品中河鲀毒素的测定。     

河鲀中河鲀毒素检测研究进展

河鲀毒素(tetrodotoxin,TTX)是一种毒性极强的天然小分子生物碱,无特效解毒剂,中毒潜伏期短,在水产品质量安全领域受到极大关注。本文总结了河鲀毒素的毒性、相关法规、化学性质和反应特点,并对河鲀毒素检测过程中样品前处理以及检测方法进行了总结,并详细综述了河鲀毒素常用的生物检测法、液相色谱荧光检测法、气相色谱串联质谱法、液相色谱串联质谱检测法和免疫及电化学检测方法应用情况,尤其对免疫检测与电化学技术结合的方法进行了分类分析。最后,本文分析了免疫分析过程中竞争型和非竞争型免疫的区别与优缺点,并对新型电化学免疫快速检测的方法开发进行了展望,以期为检测TTX等小分子化合物的新型检测技术的开发提供参考。     

河北省市售贝类中脂溶性毒素的调查研究

目的调查河北省市售贝类中脂溶性贝类毒素的污染状况。方法在2018年8月—2020年4月间,对河北省市售7大类贝类样品进行采集,共354份,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)进行脂溶性贝类毒素的检测。结果 354份样品中,阳性样品17份,检出率为4.8%,检出含量较低,检出品种有毛蚶、贻贝、扇贝、牡蛎,毒素组分有虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxin,YTX)、同源虾夷扇贝毒素(homo-YTX)、大田软海绵酸(okadaicacid,OA)、鳍藻毒素(dinophysistoxins, DTXs)(DTX1、DTX2)、蛤毒素2(pectenotoxin-2, PTX2)。结论河北省市售贝类中脂溶性贝类毒素暴露风险很低。     

免疫亲和柱净化-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼肉和肝脏中河鲀毒素

目的采用免疫亲和柱净化鱼肉和肝脏中的河鲀毒素,建立高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱串联(LC-MS/MS)方法检测鱼肉和肝脏中的河鲀毒素,为水产品中的河鲀毒素检测提供方法依据。方法选用Zic-Hilic色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),以10 mmol/L甲酸铵-0.1%甲酸-乙腈为流动相,采用梯度洗脱进行分离。样品用1%乙酸-甲醇沉淀蛋白提取,上清液加入PBS缓冲液后经免疫亲和柱净化,将洗脱液氮吹至干定容后上机测定。多重反应监测(MRM)方式检测。结果河鲀毒素的线性范围为1.0~1 000.0 ng/ml,鱼肉和肝脏中河鲀毒素的检出限分别为0.3和0.2μg/kg,回收率在52.4%~72.6%之间。结论本方法特异性强、提取效果好、无基质抑制效应,适用于鱼肉和肝脏中河鲀毒素的痕量检测。     

多功能柱净化-高效液相色谱法检测粮谷 及其制品中的呕吐毒素

建立了呕吐毒素的应用多功能柱净化-高效液相色谱法检测粮谷及其制品中的呕吐毒素方法、并建立了液相色谱-采用串联质谱进行确证的方法。样品经86%乙腈-水溶液(84：16,v/v)提取,再以、多功能柱净化、吹干、定容、离心后,最后以液相色谱-紫外检测器法进行定量分析,阳性检出以液相色谱-串联质谱法确证。该方法定量限为0.3 μg/g,在0.5、1.0、1.5 μg/g的添加水平下, 样品回收率为66.0 %-~97.3 %,标准偏差(SD)为1.4 %~-11.6 %,室内相对标准偏差(RSDr)为1.9 %~-12.7 %,室内HorRat值为0.1-~0.7。该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,选择性好,适用于粮谷及其制品中呕吐毒素的检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测玉米油中的 黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法准确、快速检测玉米油中黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxins B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2)和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)的含量,了解市售玉米油中B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2、ZEN污染状况。方法样品经乙腈:水(84:16,V:V)溶液超声离心提取后,通过多功能固相萃取柱进行净化处理,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果 B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2的线性范围为0.1～20μg/L,ZEN的线性范围为3.0～200μg/L;方法回收率为74.4%～98.6%,相对标准偏差为3.9%～6.9%;B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2定量限为0.2μg/L,ZEN的定量限为6.0μg/L。市售的33份样品中,均没有检出B_1、B2、G_1、G_2;玉米赤霉烯酮检出32份,检出率为97.0%。结论该方法操作简单快速、重现性好,可用于玉米油中黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的检测。     

高效液相色谱法检测玉米制品和坚果制品中的黄曲霉毒素

目的是了解市售玉米制品和坚果制品中的黄曲霉毒素污染状况。方法为结合免疫亲和样品前处理技术,采用高效液相色谱法测定市售玉米制品、坚果制品中的4种黄曲霉毒素。检测了25份市售玉米制品和24份坚果制品,结果显示,其中玉米制品的阳性率为36%,坚果制品中未检出。结论得出,目前市售食品中黄曲霉毒素污染问题主要存在于玉米及其制品中,污染程度虽不高,但由于黄曲霉毒素的强烈致癌作用,还是应该引起重视。     

多功能柱净化-高效液相色谱法检测粮谷及其制品中的呕吐毒素

目的建立呕吐毒素的多功能柱净化-高效液相色谱检测方法,并建立液相色谱-串联质谱确证方法。方法样品经乙腈-水溶液(84﹕16,v:v)提取、多功能柱净化、吹干、定容后,最后以液相色谱-紫外检测器进行定量分析,阳性检出以液相色谱-串联质谱法确证。结果该方法定量限为0.3μg/g,在0.5、1.0、1.5μg/g的添加水平下,样品回收率为66.0%~98.3%,室内相对标准偏差(RSDr)为1.9%~12.7%,室内HorRat值为0.1~0.7。结论该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,选择性好,适用于粮谷及其制品中呕吐毒素的检测。     

河北省小麦、玉米及其制品中16种真菌毒素污染水平调查与分析

目的调查分析河北省小麦、玉米及其制品中16种常见真菌毒素污染状况。方法收集河北省37份鲜(冻)玉米/玉米粒、74份玉米、玉米面制品以及240份小麦样品。样品经乙腈:水:甲酸(79:20:1, V:V:V)溶液超声离心提取后,通过同位素内标稀释法处理,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果伏马毒素小麦检出8份,玉米、玉米面制品检出66份,检出范围为ND~3889.9μg/kg;玉米赤霉烯酮检出小麦检出2份,玉米、玉米面制品检出69份,检出范围为ND~323.2μg/kg;脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇小麦检出122份,玉米、玉米面制品检出68份,检出范围为ND~4183.4μg/kg;3-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇小麦检出5份,玉米、玉米面制品检出18份;15-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇小麦检出12份,玉米、玉米面制品检出38份;其他毒素均为未检出。鲜(冻)玉米/玉米粒中16种真菌毒素均未检出。结论伏马毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇为小麦、玉米及其制品的主要污染物,其污染状况应引起关注。     

我国8省份市售海产品及其制品中甲醛含量的调查分析

目的了解我国市售海产品及其制品中甲醛的含量。方法采集全国8个省(市、自治区)的农贸市场和大中小超市销售的6种常见海产品及其制品(冰鲜鱿鱼、水发鱿鱼、鱿鱼丝、海虾、虾仁和烤鱼片),共计530份,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测甲醛含量。结果 6种海产品及其制品均检出甲醛,总检出率为40.57%,含量范围为0.00~950.00 mg/kg。其甲醛平均含量由高到低分别为鱿鱼丝、水发鱿鱼、烤鱼片、冰鲜鱿鱼、虾仁和海虾,检出率分别为52.78%、57.45%、42.50%、49.61%、23.08%和12.24%。结论不同种类海产品及制品中甲醛含量不同且差别较大,可能与其本底水平、甲醛自身变化规律或者后期违法添加有关。总体来看,甲醛含量100 mg/kg,尤其是超过200 mg/kg的产品,应引起关注。     

Toxicity of puffer fish cultured in netcages

During 1990 to 2003, the toxicity of the liver in 4,515 specimens of the puffer fish Takifugu rubripes (torafugu) cultured in netcages or on land were investigated by means of mouse bioassay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Other tissues (skin, muscles, gonads, etc.) were also investigated in some of them. All the livers and other parts examined were found to be non-toxic. The peak corresponding to tetrodotoxin (TTX) was not detected in the samples by LC/MS analysis for TTX (< 0.1 MU/g). These results show that puffer fish fed on a non-toxic diet in netcages do not become intoxicated.     

Tetrodotoxin detection and species identification of pufferfish in retail roasted fish fillet by DNA barcoding in China

This study identifies the pufferfish species and detects tetrodotoxin (TTX) in roasted fish fillet samples collected in Beijing, Qingdao and Xiamen, China. The cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was used as the target gene for identification of the pufferfish species in the samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screened the TTX levels in samples that had been detected as containing pufferfish by DNA barcode. A total of 125 samples were identified by DNA barcodes; 32 (26%) samples contained pufferfish composition and, among them, 26 (81%) were the highly toxic species Lagocephalus lunaris. All 32 samples containing the pufferfish composition were positive for TTX with levels ranging from 100 to 63 800 ng g^–1. Most of the 32 samples contained the highly toxic L. lunaris. Based on the results, we suggest that the monitoring of roasted fish fillet should be strengthened and the processing procedures should be standardised to minimise TTX poisoning caused by pufferfish.     

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to detect Tetrodotoxin and Its analogues in the puffer fish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) from European waters

The presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues, 4-epiTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, 5-deoxyTTX, 11-deoxyTTX, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, and 11-norTTX-6(R)-ol was investigated for the first time in five different tissues (liver, gonads, gastrointestinal tract, muscle, and skin) of six specimens of the marine puffer fish Lagocephalus sceleratus from European waters (Aegean Sea, Greece) by using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry operating in the conventional mode in addition to low-energy collision dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS).Two isomers of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX were detected in all specimens as the major TTX analogues, followed by 11-deoxyTTX, 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, and TTX. However, minor amounts of 4-epiTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, 5-deoxyTTX, and 11-norTTX-6(R)-ol were also found in most of the tested tissues. In all puffer fish specimens, gonads, gastrointestinal tract, and liver contained the highest toxin levels, whereas muscle and skin contained lower amounts. Toxin distribution within the tissues of the six L. sceleratus specimens was different depending on fish size, area, and season where fish were caught. The LC-ESI-CID-MS/MS analysis employed is proposed as a suitable technique for determination of TTX and its analogues with a low detection limit (0.08 μg/g).     

Simple and Fast Determination of Acrylamide and Metabolites in Potato Chips and Grilled Asparagus by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an analytical procedure for the determination of acrylamide in different starchy foods such as potato chips and grilled asparagus. The method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). A solid–liquid extraction procedure, using water as extraction solvent, has been developed followed by a cleanup procedure based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) or dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Polymeric cartridges (Oasis HLB) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) were used for potato and asparagus matrices, respectively. The optimized procedures were validated, and limits of detection and quantitation were 4 and 12 μg/kg for potato chips and 2 and 5 μg/kg for grilled asparagus, respectively. Recoveries were evaluated, and good values were obtained, ranging from 90 to 117 % for potato chips and from 90 to 116 % for grilled asparagus. The method was applied to real samples, and concentrations ranged from 105 to 860 μg/kg in potato chips, whereas higher values were detected in grilled asparagus (from 292 to 1469 μg/kg). Furthermore, single-stage Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry has been used for the putative identification of acrylamide-N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-l-cysteine (AAMA) in urine.     

Perfluorinated compounds in fish and blood of anglers at Lake Möhne, Sauerland area, Germany

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in fish samples and blood plasma of anglers in a cross-sectional study at Lake Mo?hne, Sauerland area, Germany. Human plasma and drinking water samples were analyzed by solid phase extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). PFCs in fish fillet were measured by ion pair extraction followed by HPLC and MS/MS. PFOS concentrations in 44 fish samples of Lake Mo?hne ranged between 4.5 and 150 ng/g. The highest median PFOS concentrations have been observed in perches (median: 96 ng/g) and eels (77 ng/g), followed by pikes (37 ng/g), whitefish (34 ng/g), and roaches (6.1 ng/g). In contrast, in a food surveillance program only 11% of fishes at retail sale contained PFOS at detectable concentrations. One hundred five anglers (99 men, 6 women; 14-88 years old; median 50.6 years) participated in the human biomonitoring study. PFOS concentrations in blood plasma ranged from 1.1 to 650 μg/L (PFOA: 2.1-170 μg/L; PFHxS: 0.4-17 μg/L; LOD: 0.1 μg/L). A distinct dose-dependent relationship between fish consumption and internal exposure to PFOS was observed. PFOS concentrations in blood plasma of anglers consuming fish 2-3 times per month were 7 times higher compared to those without any fish consumption from Lake Mo?hne. The study results strongly suggest that human internal exposure to PFC is distinctly increased by consumption of fish from PFC-contaminated sites.     

Identification of tetrodotoxin in a marine gastropod (Nassarius glans) responsible for human morbidity and mortality in Taiwan

The toxicity of the gastropod Nassarius glans was investigated. This gastropod was implicated in an incident of food paralytic poisoning on Tungsa Island, Taiwan, in April 2004. Six victims consumed both digestive glands and muscle. These tissues contained high concentrations of toxin; their highest toxicity scores were 2,048 and 2,992 MU/g, respectively, based on the tetrodotoxin (TTX) bioassay. The toxin was purified from these gastropods and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, which revealed TTX and related compounds 4-epi TTX and anhydro-TTX; paralytic shellfish poisons were not found. The urine and blood samples from patients were cleansed using a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge column and 3,000 molecular weight cutoff Ultrafree microcentrifuge filters, and the eluate was filtered and analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The detection limit for TTX was 1 ng/ml. The standard curves were linear in the range 30 to 600 ng/ml for urine and 1 to 30 ng/ml for blood. TTX was detected in all urine samples but in only three of four blood samples tested. Thus, the causative agent of gastropod food poisoning was identified as TTX.     

深圳市淡水鱼类中孔雀石绿及结晶紫残留状况的调查分析

目的调查分析深圳市市售水产品鱼类中孔雀石绿及其代谢物、结晶紫及其代谢物的残留情况。方法样品依据GB/T 19857-2005经超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)测定样品中的孔雀石绿、隐性孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐性结晶紫。结果 300份鱼类样品孔雀石绿及其代谢物的检出率为1.67%(5/300)、结晶紫及其代谢物的检出率为23.67%(71/300);500份鱼养殖水样品中结晶紫及其代谢物的检出率为0.6%(3/500),孔雀石绿及其代谢物无检出。不同种类养殖鱼间比较,鲈鱼、生鱼、黄骨鱼的检出率均在36%以上。结论深圳市在售鱼类中存在孔雀石绿/结晶紫及其代谢物检出率高而暂养水检出率低的情况,因此鱼类运输、批发零售环节添加孔雀石绿/结晶紫的可能性较小,养殖环节的滥用值得关注。     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定鲢鱼中的微囊藻毒素

建立了高效液相色谱/串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）同时定量检测洪泽湖鲢鱼中微囊藻毒素（MC-RR,MC-LR和MC-YR）的方法,用甲醇提取鲢鱼肉中的微囊藻毒素,用C18固相萃取柱净化。以甲醇和0.1%的甲酸水溶液为流动相,采用梯度洗脱用C18色谱柱对鱼肉中的微囊藻毒素进行分离,用电喷雾质谱正离子选择模式进行检测。三种微囊藻毒素MC-RR,MC-LR,MC-YR的线性良好,检出限分别为0.2、0.4、0.4μg·L-1,定量限分别为0.8、0.9、0.9μg·L-1。对链鱼样品进行加标回收,回收率在87.1%～101.2%,10次平行测定的相对标准偏差均小于8%。该方法具有准确、快速、简单以及灵敏度高的特点,能够适应大规模样品的快速分析要求。     

鱼新鲜度对其烤鱼片中晚期糖基化终末产物形成的影响

本文以马面鱼为原料,基于4℃下7 d内挥发性盐基氮的变化判断鱼肉新鲜度,测定生鱼肉及烤鱼片中与晚期糖基化终末产物(Advanced Glycation End-products,AGEs)形成有密切关系的游离氨基酸、核苷酸、乙二醛等的含量变化,探究鱼新鲜度对其烤鱼片中AGEs形成的影响。结果表明:随着鱼肉新鲜度的降低,生鱼肉及烤鱼片中游离氨基酸和核苷酸的含量升高,烤鱼片中总AGEs、羧甲基赖氨酸、荧光性AGEs和戊糖素的含量在总体上均呈上升趋势,至7 d时总AGEs与羧甲基赖氨酸的含量分别达7.24与4.01 μg/g,说明原料鱼肉新鲜度对烤鱼片中AGEs的含量有重要影响;早中期糖基化产物乙二醛的含量在生鱼肉中变化不明显,但在烤鱼片中呈上升趋势,说明烤鱼片的加工过程与糖基化反应存在直接联系。