喷射成形高锰ZA35合金的工艺及组织研究

利用优化工艺参数的喷射成形技术制备含Mn3.5%(质量分数,下同)的ZA35合金坯,比较了铸态和喷射成形态合金的微观组织.研究表明:喷射成形态合金晶粒细小,组织分布均匀;元素Mn在铸态组织中主要以大量富Mn独立硬化相分布于晶界或晶界附近,喷射成形合金组织中富Mn相消失,元素Mn溶入基体,固溶度明显提高.元素Mn在铸态和喷射成形态合金基体中分布规律一致,即在α富铝相中的固溶度显著高于在η富锌相中的固溶度.热挤压后,喷射成形3.5%Mn-ZA35中有类似纳米级晶须状和颗粒状的MnAl6析出.     

电脉冲处理对W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢的影响

研究电脉冲处理对铸态W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢组织的影响及其机理,利用光学显微镜、XRD和EDS观察成分和微观组织的变化。结果表明:铸态高速钢的微观组织主要由MC,M_2C和M_7C_3碳化物和马氏体、奥氏体、珠光体混合组成,碳化物在晶界处呈连续的网状分布,存在部分鱼骨状共晶碳化物;经过脉冲电流处理后,碳化物的物相种类未发生变化,但形态上由网状趋向于断裂,有明显的孤立和球化趋势,鱼骨状共晶碳化物消失,同时,碳化物含量减少,而基体中合金元素含量增加,基体的硬度提高。焦耳热和电磁力偶合物理效应是造成这些现象的主要机理。     

基体钢的铸态碳化物

通过光学及电子显微技术，研究了基体钢６５Ｃｒ４Ｗ３Ｍｏ２ＶＮｂ钢中的铸态碳化物的形态、分布和结构。证明了基体钢是莱氏体钢，共晶体形态为层片状，铸态组织结构与Ｗ６Ｍｏ５Ｃｒ４Ｖ２高速钢相似。     

Si影响M2高速钢中共晶碳化物的精细研究

通过金相、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、能谱分析等方法对添加不同Si量的M2高速钢中的共晶碳化物进行了精细研究。结果表明,添加1%Si后,M2高速钢铸态组织中共晶碳化物的类型和形貌都没有明显变化,仍以层片状M2C碳化物为主;添加2%和3%Si后,铸态组织中的共晶碳化物变为"鱼骨"状M6C碳化物,层片状M2C共晶碳化物已完全消失;此外,随着含Si量的增加,高速钢铸态组织枝晶间距减小。     

轧辊用高速钢组织与性能研究

研究了四种不同成分的轧辊用高速钢淬火和回火后的显微组织与性能。结果表明,轧辊用高速钢合适的淬火温度为1050℃～1100℃,回火温度为500℃～550℃,热处理后组织由回火马氏体、少量残余奥氏体以及各种碳化物组成,大量细小碳化物呈弥撒分布,铸态组织中网状碳化物基本消除。回火后高速钢硬度可达HRC62,冲击韧性在6J／cm^2以上,可以满足制作高速钢轧辊的要求。     

Al-17Si-xLa合金室温阻尼-应变振幅行为研究

研究了过共晶Al-17Si-xLa合金在室温下不同频率的阻尼一应变振幅行为。Al-17Si-xLa合金通过常规的铸造和喷射成形工艺制备,并采用动态热机械分析仪(DMTA)对其阻尼行为进行研究。结果表明大多数铸态以及喷射成形态Al-17Si-xLa合金显示了类似的室温应变振幅-阻尼行为：即随振幅的增加,阻尼先不增大,然后明显升高出现阻尼峰,最后回落,可以用G-L位错阻尼理论加以解释;铸态下添加La对Al-17Si合金的阻尼行为影响不大,过量La(6％(质量分数))添加明显降低阻尼性能。La的添加明显提高喷射成形态Al-Si合金阻尼性能。喷射成形态Al-Si合金的阻尼明显比相应铸态Al-Si合金的阻尼高。     

喷射成形M4高速钢的高温热变形及组织演变

使用热模拟试验机在变形温度为950℃—1150℃,变形速率为0.01s-1—10s-1、总应变为0.7的条件下对喷射成形M4高速钢进行热压缩变形,建立了热变形本构方程并计算了热变形激活能。同时,对不同状态沉积态合金的组织进行了表征。结果表明,沉积态M4高速钢晶粒细小、均匀,无宏观偏析;热变形时表现出显著的动态再结晶特征,且变形温度和应变速率对合金流变应力影响显著;变形温度对碳化物的形貌和分布也有较大的影响。     

燃气轮机隔热板GH22合金的组织和力学性能

采用真空感应熔炼的方法制备GH22母合金,然后真空感应重熔浇注成等轴晶成形试棒,测试其室温拉伸、高温拉伸和持久性能.利用熔模失蜡精密铸造技术生产了重型燃机GH22隔热板铸件,对隔热板不同部位进行了宏观晶粒度、光学金相、扫描电镜及能谱分析.从国产、进口隔热板底板分别取样加工成力学性能试样,进行了室温拉伸、高温拉伸和高温持久性能测试.结果表明:国产GH22母合金的成分和性能满足要求.国产铸件取样试样的宏观晶粒度、室温拉伸、高温拉伸性能与国外铸件相当.国产铸件具有更高的高温持久强度,这主要是由于国产GH22母合金中碳含量更高,合金组织中在枝晶间和晶界处析出更多的碳化物相.     

塑性变形对铸态AZ31镁合金组织和性能的影响

为了研究塑性变形对铸态镁合金组织和性能的改善作用,用铸态AZ31镁合金进行了等温压缩实验,并测试了原始试样和变形后试样的组织和性能.结果表明:铸态AZ31合金通过塑性变形可以显著细化晶粒;随变形温度的升高,变形所得试样抗拉强度下降;在同一温度下变形所得试样抗拉强度随变形程度的增加而升高,变形程度达到一定值后,抗拉强度不再升高并有下降的趋势;铸态AZ31合金低温变形(210～240℃)后,可大幅度提高其抗拉强度.     

高温热变形条件下Ni-Ti形状记忆合金的微结构演变

采用真空感应法炼制了不同氧、碳含量的NiTi和NiTiNb形状记忆合金 .分析研究了合金的微观组织、相结构以及高温热变形对合金微观组织的影响 ,重点研究和探讨了合金微观结构在高温热变形过程中的演变规律 .确定了合金组织中TiNi基体相、Nb相及在晶界形成的氧化物和碳化物的形变特点 .结果表明 ,合金中C、O含量决定其组织中碳化物和氧化物的形态和含量 ,高温热变形时 ,TiNi基体相和Nb相粒子均产生较大塑性变形 .当合金中氧和碳含量较高时 ,氧化物和碳化物在变形时碎裂 ,在组织中的分布比铸态更均匀 .在本文研究的氧、碳含量的范围内 ,氧化物和碳化物的存在对合金的力学性能 ,如拉伸强度、延伸率等影响不大 .     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...