热处理对旋转摩擦挤压合金化Ti-Al系合金织构与晶粒错位角分布的影响

利用EBSD技术对旋转摩擦挤压合金化Ti-Al系合金和热处理后合金进行微区织构和晶粒取向分析。研究结果表明,旋转摩擦挤压合金化Ti-Al系合金是由多相组成,不同相的织构各不相同,其中Al2Ti相晶粒择尤取向为{12,-3,7}﹤9,-8,12﹥,经热处理后合金中Al2Ti相依然存在织构,但其择优取向发生变化,变为{19,4,0}﹤-4,19,6﹥。Ti-Al系合金晶粒错位角主要以大角度晶界为主,小角度晶界很少;热处理后合金中的晶粒错位角角度范围缩小,其中大部分为大角度晶界,小角度晶界进一步减少,且整个晶界数量相对初始试样下降了一个数量级。     

退火温度对冷轧商业纯钛板材组织和力学性能的影响（英文）

传统的商业纯钛(CP-Ti)合金强度往往不能满足结构材料的需求。为了提高其力学性能,对冷轧CP-Ti合金在不同温度下退火,并详细研究其再结晶行为和织构演变。结果表明,部分再结晶形成的双态结构(等轴和拉长的晶粒)表现出极限抗拉强度(702MPa)和总伸长率(36.4%)的优异结合。CP-Ti板材的再结晶形核优先发生在高应变和大角度晶界区域。同时,变形不均匀晶粒的内部取向差增大并转变成大角度晶界,进一步促进再结晶形核。主要再结晶织构是由冷轧基面RD-分裂织构转变而来的基面TD-分裂织构,再结晶过程中定向形核起主导作用。     

Ti6Al4V钛合金的变形组织及织构

在温度850~930°C、应变速率0.01~1 s-1的条件下,对初始组织为等轴组织的Ti6Al4V钛合金进行变形程度为70%的热压缩变形实验,研究合金的变形组织及织构。结果表明,当温度低于900°C、应变速率高于0.1 s-1时,合金的组织主要是拉长的α晶粒;而在高于900°C以及低应变速率下,则会发生动态再结晶。电子背散射衍射（EBSD）结果显示,合金在再结晶过程中亚晶界吸收位错,最终形成大角晶界。在930°C时动态再结晶已基本完成,水冷至室温时形成针状α相。与原始组织相比,合金在930°C变形时织构得到增强,低于930°C变形时织构变弱。     

微合金化及换向轧制对Cu合金晶粒尺寸热稳定性的影响

利用电子背散射衍射分析(EBSD)、透射电子显微分析(TEM)等研究了微量元素添加及换向轧制工艺对Cu合金晶粒尺寸热稳定性的影响。结果表明：经(950℃, 10 min)热暴露后,纯Cu的平均晶粒尺寸超过200μm且存在较强的Cube织构。添加0.12%Mg、0.09%Ca、0.10%Y元素后,Cu合金经热暴露后的晶粒尺寸显著减小,同时Cube织构明显弱化而Brass、Copper、S织构的体积分数明显增加。Cu-0.12Mg、Cu-0.09Ca、Cu-0.10Y合金形成的第二相粒子对晶界起到较强的钉扎作用,显著提高晶粒尺寸热稳定性。换向轧制使Cu-0.12Mg和Cu-0.09Ca合金经高温热暴露后的晶粒进一步均匀细化,并且对合金电导率的影响较小。这主要是由于换向轧制抑制了Cube取向晶粒在再结晶过程中的定向生长,并且促进了第二相的弥散析出。     

拉伸加载下应变速率对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金力学性能、显微组织及织构的影响（英文）

通过拉伸测试、显微组织和织构表征研究应变速率对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金力学性能、显微组织及织构的影响。结果表明,应变速率对力学性能和显微组织有一定的影响,但对织构几乎无影响。总的来说,随着应变速率的增加,合金的屈服强度、极限抗拉强度及伸长率均呈先增加、然后保持不变、最后增加的趋势。所有合金断口附近区域的显微组织与应变速率无关,均由轻微拉长的晶粒组成,但晶界角度分布存在一定差异;随着应变速率的增加,小角度晶界先增加后减少。应变速率的变化对断口附近区域的织构几乎无影响。     

基带厚度对无磁性Cu-45Ni合金基带立方织构形成的影响

对总形变量相同,厚度分别为80和40μm的Cu-45Ni(at%,下同)合金基带进行再结晶热处理后,采用X射线四环衍射,分析其冷轧织构及再结晶织构;采用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD),通过对比分析两者高温热处理后立方织构、小角度晶界及孪晶界含量等的变化,研究基带厚度对无磁性Cu-45Ni合金基带立方织构形成的影响。结果表明:对于总形变量均为99%的2种基带,冷轧后均形成"Copper"型轧制织构,且轧制织构对不同厚度的Cu-45Ni合金基带再结晶立方织构的形成影响较小。厚度为40μm的超薄带在高温热处理后更容易形成较强的立方织构,同时小角度晶界的含量也较高,这主要是由于发生部分再结晶时,厚度小的超薄基带中2个立方晶粒相遇并迅速长大,形成强立方织构的几率要大于普通厚度的基带。     

不同FSP转速处理的车减震材料用Mg-Zn-Zr合金超塑性变形分析

对车减震材料用Mg-Zn-Zr合金进行500～1500 r·min~(-1)转速搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)处理,并对合金超塑性变形过程的晶粒尺寸、微观形貌、第二相组织进行分析。研究结果表明:经过FSP后,在母材中形成了弥散分布状态的细小第二相组织。当FSP转速提高后,显著改善镁合金的第二相颗粒细化,并形成均匀弥散分布。在合金中存在弥散相β,有效保证了合金在应变速率下的良好超塑性。FSP会引起合金发生明显的动态再结晶现象,当FSP转速提高后,合金中形成了更大的晶界错位角,合金晶界分布结果和随机晶界分布差异性变小。所有FSP转速下合金伸长率都达到200%以上,表现出良好的超塑性。当FSP转速增大后,合金最佳应变速率与伸长率都会显著提高,并且变形温度也会上升。各合金经过超塑性变形后都发生了晶界滑移,而且当FSP转速提高,晶粒发生了明显细化。     

退火对Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe-Si新锆合金薄板带材组织性能的影响

针对锆合金带材冲压成形时易破裂的问题，研究了再结晶退火对Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe-Si新锆合金薄板带材组织性能的影响。结果表明，随着退火温度的升高，新锆合金薄板带材的最大减薄率减小;第二相颗粒弥散分布于新锆合金晶粒内部及晶界，其形貌基本为球状，尺寸较大第二相为Zr(NbFe)₂，较小为β-Nb;新锆合金带材具有■两类织构，其中■取向的晶粒与形变基体的取向差为30°/<0001>。随着再结晶退火温度的升高，第二相颗粒产生的钉扎作用不能阻碍锆合金重合点阵∑13晶界的快速迁移，导致■取向的再结晶晶粒择优长大，吞并形变基体，小角度晶界占比降低，大角度晶界占比升高，造成再结晶织构由■转变为■，改善晶粒变形的均匀性，提高带材冲压时塑性变形的均匀程度，因此再结晶退火有利于改善新锆合金薄板带材的冲压成形性能。     

LG4铸轧坯的预处理对铝箔立方织构的影响

研究了LG4铸轧坯在不同温度和冷却速度下的预处理对铝箔立方织构的影响。用X射线衍射仪测量了变形与再结晶织构,在H-800高压电镜上对析出物的形态及其分布作了TEM分析。结果表明,Fe在Al中过饱和固溶度增加使变形织构中的合金型成分增加,弥散析出物和析出在边界上的粒子降低再结晶动力和大角晶界迁移速度,均是降低立方织构分数的主要因素。     

Zn含量对反挤压Mg-8Sn-Zn合金组织演变和力学性能的影响

利用OM,SEM,TEM,EBSD,XRD和电子材料试验机研究了Zn含量（1%-4%,质量分数）对反挤压Mg-8Sn-Zn合金组织、织构演化和力学性能的影响.结果表明,所有合金均可在相对较低的挤压温度（250℃）和较高的挤压速度（2 m/min）下成形.在反挤压过程中,所有在均质化处理后残留的粗大第二相在挤压过程中破碎并沿着挤压方向被拉伸成条带状;所有的粗大晶粒均转变为细小的等轴晶,其平均晶粒尺寸分别为7.4,8.3和10.5μm.随着Zn含量的增加,在挤压态合金晶内和晶间分布的细小弥散第二相的体积分数增加,这些第二相主要由亚微米级的Mg₂Sn相和纳米级的富Zn相组成.弥散分布在晶界上的第二相有效地钉扎了晶界,从而细化了晶粒尺寸.另外随着Zn含量的增加,合金的织构强度降低,这和变形晶粒的体积分数减小有关.组织细化、织构弱化和第二相弥散化是Mg-Sn-Zn合金强度提高和拉伸/压缩屈服点各向异性减弱的主要因素.     

冷轧不同微量化学状态Al-Mn-Fe-Si铝合金的等温退火

通过3种不同热处理工艺使一种Al-Mn-Fe-Si合金获得了不同固溶液和不同尺寸及数量的弥散析出相,包括铸造态,一种富含高密度、细小、弥散相的状态,另外一种状态则仅有少量、相对粗大的弥散相。采用EBSD技术系统研究冷轧后退火过程中微观组织的演变以及初始组织状态对再结晶动力学、再结晶晶粒形貌和织构的影响。结果表明,再结晶动力学、最终微观组织和织构由加工条件和合金的初始组织和固溶度决定。高密度弥散析出相阻止形核,显著阻碍软化过程,最终得到粗大的狭长晶粒以及P和ND-rotated cube织构。在没有预先存在的细小、稠密的弥散相并且在退火过程中弥散相析出数量很少的时候则能更快完成再结晶并得到均匀、细小的等轴晶以及显著的立方织构。     

Effect of the Size of Al<Subscript>3</Subscript>(Sc,Zr) Precipitates on the Structure of Multi-Directionally Isothermally Forged Al-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy

The effect of Al₃(Sc,Zr) dispersoids on the evolution of the cast Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy structure under multi-directional isothermal forging (MIF) has been investigated. The alloy, which has an equiaxed grain structure with a grain size of ~25 μm and contains dispersoids 5–10 and 20–50 nm in size after onestage (at 360°C for 6 h) and two-stage (360°C for 6 h + 520°C for 1 h) annealing, respectively, was deformed at 325°C (~0.65 T_m) up to cumulative strains of e = 8.4. In the initial stages of MIF, new fine (sub)grains surrounded by low-angle and high-angle boundaries (HABs) were formed near the initial grain boundaries. With increasing strain, the volume fraction and misorientation of these crystallites increased, which led to the replacement of a coarse-grained structure with a fine-grained one with a grain size of ~1.5-2.0 μm. Dynamic recrystallization occurred in accordance to a continuous mechanism and was controlled by the interaction of lattice dislocations and/or (sub)grain boundaries with dispersoids that effectively inhibited the migration of boundaries, as well as the rearrangement of lattice dislocations and their annihilation. The particle size and the density of their distribution significantly affected the parameters of the evolved structure; in an alloy with smaller particles, a structure with a smaller grain size and a larger HAB fraction developed.     

The effect of dispersoids on the grain refinement mechanisms during deformation of aluminium alloys to ultra-high strains

The effect of fine dispersoids on the mechanisms and rate of grain refinement has been investigated during the severe deformation of a model aluminium alloy. A binary Al–0.2Sc alloy, containing coherent Al₃Sc dispersoids, of ∼20 nm in diameter and ∼100 nm spacing, has been deformed by equal channel angular extrusion to an effective strain of ten. The resulting deformation structures were quantitatively analysed using high-resolution electron backscattered diffraction orientation mapping, and the results have been compared to those obtained from a single-phase Al–0.13Mg alloy, deformed under identical conditions. The presence of fine, non-shearable, dispersoids has been found to homogenise slip, retard the formation of a cellular substructure and inhibit the formation of microshear bands during deformation. These factors combine to reduce the rate of high-angle grain boundary generation at low to medium strains and, hence, retard the formation of a submicron grain structure to higher strains during severe deformation.     

Dispersoid precipitation and process modelling in zirconium containing commercial aluminium alloys

Small dispersoid particles inhibit recrystallisation and are thus critical in controlling the grain structure of many high strength commercial aluminium alloys. A general, physical model has been developed for the precipitation of Al₃Zr dispersoids in aluminium alloys. The predictions of the model have been compared with results of an experimental investigation of Al₃Zr precipitation in 7050. The model has been shown to faithfully reproduce the distribution of dispersoids observed in this alloy, correctly predicting dispersoid free zones observed in interdendritic regions and at grain boundaries. Furthermore, the predicted precipitation kinetics agree well with experimental observation. The model has been used to study the effects of homogenisation conditions and alloy composition on dispersoid formation and has been shown to be a powerful tool for optimising the dispersoid distribution in 7xxx series aluminium alloys.     

Evolution of Annealing Twins and Recrystallization Texture in Thin-Walled Copper Tube During Heat Treatment

Thin-walled copper tubes are usually produced by multi-pass float-plug drawing deformation. In general, the annealing treatment subsequently is necessary to release the stored energy and adjusts the microstructure. In this study, an investigation on the evolution of annealing twins as well as textures in the thin-walled (Ф6 mm×0.3 mm) copper tube underwent holding time-free heat treatment was reported. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis reveals that a large number of Σ3 boundaries (60° 〈111〉 twin relationship) are produced at the early stage of heat treatment, which is due to the lower boundary energy. With the recrystallization proceeding, the migration rate of grain boundaries decreases on account of the grain growth; meanwhile, the unique Σ9 boundaries (38.9° 〈110〉 relationship) are formed due to the interaction of the Σ3 boundaries. As a result, the number fractions of Σ3 boundaries and high-angle grain boundaries decrease rapidly. During the grain growth stage, a strong recrystallization texture was formed due to the fact that the grains of Goss orientation have a growth advantage over the others. As a result, the initial copper texture was transferred into the Goss texture in domination.     

Spatial correlation in grain misorientation distribution

Grain misorientation was studied in relation to the nearest neighbor’s mutual distance using electron back-scattered diffraction measurements. The misorientation correlation function was defined as the probability density for the occurrence of a certain misorientation between pairs of grains separated by a certain distance. Scale-invariant spatial correlation between neighbor grains was manifested by a power law dependence of the preferred misorientation vs. inter-granular distance in various materials after diverse strain paths. The obtained negative scaling exponents were in the range of ?2 ± 0.3 for high-angle grain boundaries. The exponent decreased in the presence of low-angle grain boundaries or dynamic recrystallization, indicating faster decay of correlations. The correlations vanished in annealed materials. The results were interpreted in terms of lattice incompatibility and continuity conditions at the interface between neighboring grains. Grain-size effects on texture development, as well as the implications of such spatial correlations on texture modeling, were discussed.     

A new model for prediction of dispersoid precipitation in aluminium alloys containing zirconium and scandium

A model has been developed to predict precipitation of ternary Al₃(Sc, Zr) dispersoids in aluminium alloys containing zirconium and scandium. The model is based on the classical numerical method of Kampmann and Wagner, extended to predict precipitation of a ternary phase. The model has been applied to the precipitation of dispersoids in scandium containing AA7050. The dispersoid precipitation kinetics and number density are predicted to be sensitive to the scandium concentration, whilst the dispersoid radius is not. The dispersoids are predicted to enrich in zirconium during precipitation. Coarsening has been investigated in detail and it has been predicted that a steady-state size distribution is only reached once coarsening is well advanced. The addition of scandium is predicted to eliminate the dispersoid free zones observed in scandium free 7050, greatly increasing recrystallization resistance.     

5A90Al-Li合金超塑性变形过程中的显微组织及微观织构演变

通过采用电子背散射衍射技术研究具有扁平状组织的5A90 Al-Li合金板材在变形条件475℃、8×10^-4S^-1时的显微组织演变。结果表明,在进行超塑性变形前,其显微组织表现为扁平状组织,具有大量的小角度晶界,且初始板材具有明显的黄铜织构{110}（112）。在变形过程中发生了晶粒的长大、晶粒形貌的改变、晶粒取向差的增大以及织构的弱化,而且大角度晶界的含量在流动应力到达最大值后开始逐渐增加。同时,对不同阶段的相关变形机制进行了讨论。超塑性变形初始阶段的主要变形机制为位错运动,随着变形的进行而开始发生动态再结晶,晶粒旋转作为晶界滑移的主要协调机制。在超塑性拉伸的最后大应变阶段,晶界滑移是主要的变形机制。     

AlMnFeSi合金退火过程中的微观组织及力学性能的演变

通过2种不同的均匀化热处理及随后的冷轧,使一种3xxx系模型合金获得不同尺寸和分布的弥散析出相,并使铝基体含有不同含量的Mn。系统研究不同均匀化热处理组织和冷轧变形量对退火过程中模型合金的回复与再结晶行为的影响。根据实验结果,绘制出弥散析出相和再结晶过程的相互作用时间-温度-转变曲线（TTT）。TTT曲线显示固溶体中Mn的含量和弥散析出相的颗粒密度对软化行为有强烈的影响。在再结晶退火过程中或再结晶退火之前析出的高密度、细小、弥散析出相显著阻碍软化过程,并形成粗大的再结晶组织。在没有细小、稠密的弥散相影响下的再结晶退火,可以获得均匀、细小的等轴晶。而且,弥散析出相对再结晶过程的阻碍作用取决于再结晶过程的持续时间和弥散析出相的数量。在持续时间长的再结晶过程中,细小、稠密的弥散相对再结晶有着强烈的影响,而在其他情况下影响则有限。不管再结晶过程中是否受到弥散相析出的影响,在再结晶退火之前已经存在于组织中的细小、稠密的弥散相（平均尺寸0.1μm）也会导致再结晶退火之后形成粗大的再结晶组织。     

An analysis of strengthening mechanisms in a mechanically alloyed,oxide dispersion strengthened iron aluminide intermetallic

An iron aluminide alloy of base composition Fe-40Al has been prepared by mechanical alloying and processed using a variety of powder consolidation methods and heat treatments to produce a range of grain sizes and oxide dispersoid sizes. The strengths of these materials have been determined at room temperature and related to the various aspects of microstructure. Fine dispersoid particles may pin grain boundaries and help determine the fine grain size and contribute very significantly to the material strength. Grain size strengthening is shown to be a rather small component of the material strength, with the matrix strength being rather high for this intermetallic. The influence of other factors such as texture and the direction of application of stress (tension or compression) are also briefly discussed.