基于伪势模型的表面张力对空化泡溃灭的影响

采用可调节表面张力的大密度比、大黏滞系数比格子玻尔兹曼伪势空化模型模拟了近壁区空化泡溃灭过程,并进一步分析了表面张力和初始空化泡内外压差对空化泡溃灭过程中流场分布的影响,探究了表面张力变化对空化泡溃灭时产生的微射流和溃灭压力演化的影响。结果表明:在近壁区空化泡溃灭过程中,随着表面张力减小,加剧了气液交界面的变形,导致微射流更为集中。同时空化泡在溃灭过程中蓄积的表面能减小,在溃灭时刻迅速释放后,减弱了空化泡溃灭强度,空化泡溃灭最大微射流流速和最大压力均随着表面张力的减小而减小,导致空化泡溃灭时间缩短,增加了壁面引起的Bjerknes力,加剧空化泡朝向壁面溃灭的趋势。     

基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的近壁区空化泡生长溃灭过程模拟

基于格子玻尔兹曼热流耦合模型,兼顾温度场与流场的相互影响,对近壁区空化泡的生长和溃灭过程开展了系统研究,分析了泡壁无量纲距离和初始输入温度对空化泡演化过程和溃灭强度的影响,并对比了被动标量模型与热流耦合模型的差异。结果表明:空化泡受壁面限制,生长过程中无法保持圆形,其最大半径与泡壁无量纲距离之间存在幂函数关系,当泡壁无量纲距离大于1.6时,则为线性关系;空化泡最大半径与输入能量为线性关系,与初始输入无量纲温度之间存在幂函数关系;热流耦合模型考虑了高温对表面张力的影响,与被动标量模型模拟结果相比,其溃灭阶段获得的射流体积更大,微射流更集中,但溃灭强度更小。     

弹性材料附近空化泡溃灭噪声特性试验研究

为进一步认识弹性材料附近空化泡的溃灭噪声特性,开展了不同弹性材料附近空化泡溃灭噪声试验.试验中高速摄像机提供了空化泡与弹性边界的形态图像,低压脉冲装置用于产生电火花空化泡,空化泡噪声监测系统提供了空化泡溃灭噪声强度.结果 表明:空化泡溃灭噪声传播经过弹性材料时会有一定程度的衰减.不同弹性边界条件下,空化泡溃灭噪声随无量...     

汽液黏滞系数对空化泡溃灭过程影响的数值模拟

利用格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)伪势模型模拟了近壁区空化泡溃灭过程,分析了不同汽相黏滞系数和液相黏滞系数对空化泡溃灭过程中的最大微射流流速、最大溃灭压力、最大溃灭时间的影响。结果表明,相同液相黏滞系数条件下,改变汽相黏滞系数,空化泡溃灭时产生的最大微射流流速、最大溃灭压力和最大溃灭时间不变;保持汽相黏滞系数不变,空化泡溃灭时最大溃灭压力、最大微射流流速均随着液相黏滞系数的增大而减小,但最大溃灭时间随着液相黏滞系数的增大而增大。     

水中气泡溃灭的理论与数值研究

从理论和数值两个方面研究了单个气泡在自由流场中的溃灭.采用Rayleigh方程推导出一个新的球形气泡演变的解析解.基于流体体积法( VOF),在考虑表面张力、粘度和可压缩性效应的情况下,对单个纯气体泡的运动进行了三维模拟.在第一次溃灭阶段,气泡体积演变的数值结果与解析解保持一致. 数值结果表明气泡体积到达最小值后开始回弹,气泡的形状、速度场和压力场在回弹点附近发生剧烈变化.     

液流中边壁附近的空泡溃灭研究

本文利用高速摄影方法观测了液流中的空泡溃灭过程,分析了空泡在流动系统中溃灭时的泡壁稳定性,和由于空泡射流挟带其表面分裂出的微小泡冲击边壁,从而使微小泡在高压强作用下溃灭,造成壁面破坏的可能性。本文还研究了液体粘性变化和液体挟带颗粒对空泡微射流速度及溃灭历时的影响     

基于高速摄影的水力机械空化空腔膨胀收缩特性试验研究

水力机械水力不稳定是水电站、水泵站机组和厂房强烈振动、转轮叶片断裂、尾水管撕裂、压力及负荷振荡等稳定性问题的主要来源。空化空腔危害水力机械稳定性理论认为，空化空腔的膨胀收缩循环变化是引起强烈压力脉动及振动的主要根源，但该空化空腔的膨胀、收缩及溃灭并无试验资料证实。采用高速摄影对水力机械空化空腔膨胀收缩特性进行研究，证实了混流式水轮机叶道涡空化空腔、贯流式水轮机叶片两个端面间隙流空化空腔遇低压膨胀、遇高压收缩甚至溃灭的特性，发现贯流式水轮机叶片与转轮室之间间隙流是小尺寸多列漩涡流涡街。     

颗粒对空化泡溃灭行为影响的实验研究

本文基于高速摄影实验平台对空化泡在两个球形颗粒之间的溃灭和射流等动力学行为进行了详细的实验研究。实验过程中,单个空化泡由输出能量可精确控制的高能量激光发生器通过聚焦透镜在水中产生,两个球形颗粒与空化泡之间的相对位置由高精度三维位移平台进行精确控制,并采用高速摄影机对空化泡在两个球形颗粒间的生长、溃灭、射流及后续的再次溃灭等完整过程进行详细记录。通过对实验数据的详细分析,发现球形颗粒之间的间距与空化泡的尺寸是影响空化泡动力学行为的主要因素。     

复合材料边界附近空泡动力学特性研究

该文对复合材料壁面附近空泡动力学特性开展了试验研究,综合研究了边界材料参数(惯性系数、阻尼系数和刚度系数)、空泡形态和溃灭射流方向之间的关系,测量了空泡非球形溃灭作用下复合材料板的动态响应过程。研究结果表明:在复合材料板附近,空泡会形成射流形、类球形和分裂形三种形态,且空泡形态与复合材料板的材料属性和空泡初始位置紧密相关。初始位置和最大半径相同的两个空泡分别在不同铺层数的复合材料附近振荡时会产生截然相反的运动方向。并且通过研究复合材料板的动态响应过程发现,当空泡体积最小时,其运动方向总是与复合材料板的中心挠度保持同相。     

考虑液体压缩性影响下空泡溃灭冲击波对固体颗粒的作用

本文讨论了无限大水域中考虑液体压缩性影响下空泡溃灭冲击波对固体颗粒的作用,求得了固体颗粒所获得的最大速度;该速度的颗粒足以打坏或嵌入固壁(混凝土)中,引起更严重的空化、空蚀,形成空蚀和磨蚀的恶性循环,以致大规模剥落过流固壁面等。     

INTERACTION OF A CAVITATION BUBBLE AND AN AIR BUBBLE WITH A RIGID BOUNDARY

The motion of a spark-induced cavitation bubble and an air bubble near a rigid boundary is experimentally studied by using high-speed photography. Several dimensionless parameters are used to describe the geometrical configuration of the bubble-bubble-boundary interaction. The bubble-bubble interaction can be considered in two different conditions. The cavitation bubble will collapse towards the air bubble if the air bubble is relatively small, and away from the air bubble if the air bubble is relatively large. The two zones are identified in the bubble-boundary interaction, and they are the danger zone and the safety zone. The relative position, the bubble-boundary distance and the bubble-bubble distance play important roles in the bubble-bubble-boundary interaction, which can be considered in several conditions according to the responses of the bubbles. Air jets are found to penetrate into the cavitation bubbles. The cavitation bubble and the air bubble (air jet) move in their own way without mixing. The motion of a cavitation bubble may be influenced by an air bubble and/or a rigid boundary. The influence of the air bubble and the influence of the boundary may be combined, like some thing of a vector.     

Cavitation bubbles collapse characteristics behind a convex body

Cavitation bubbles behind a convex body were experimentally studied by a high speed camera and a hydrophone synchronously. The experiments were conducted in a circulating water tunnel with five various contraction ratios： β = 0.497, β= 0.6, β= 0.697, β= 0.751, and β= 0.799. The distributions of the cavitation bubble collapse positions behind the five different convex bodies were obtained by combining the images taken by the high speed camera. According to the collapse positions, it was found that no cavitation bubble was collapsed in the region near the wall until the ratio of the water head loss over the convex body height was larger than 20, which can be used to predict if the cavitation damage would occur in the tunnel with orifice energy dissipaters.     

掺气水流的气泡尺寸检测

近年研究表明,高速水流泄水建筑物的掺气减蚀效果,不仅与掺气浓度有关,还应考虑气泡密度;认为0.2 mm或0.5 mm以下的微小气泡在掺气减蚀中起主要作用,可能只要很小掺气浓度即可达到掺气减蚀效果。因此在掺气减蚀研究中,必须加强对气泡尺寸的检测。分析总结了针式掺气流速仪应用经验,建议气泡当量尺寸直接采用探针检测得出的中值尺寸d50。虽然预计d50、气泡间距比实际偏大,气泡密度偏小,但是测量成果对于研究掺气减蚀机理,制定掺气减蚀的新标准,有重大意义。     

掺气减蚀研究的新方向

利用针式掺气流速仪测量掺气浓度场、流速场，气泡尺寸及其概率分布的研究成果表明，原型水流韦伯数高，形成微小气泡的能力比模型强，气泡上浮慢，接近底部的小尺寸气泡概率及掺气浓度比模型大，0．2mm或0．5mm以下的微小气泡可能在掺气减蚀中起着主要作用，完善掺气检测仪器，加强掺气水流中气泡尺寸及其概率分布的观测，比较不同气泡尺寸的掺气减蚀作用，建立多级气泡尺寸的掺气水流数学模型，是今后掺气减蚀研究的新方向。     

Experimental study of the interaction between the spark-induced cavitation bubble and the air bubble

Experiments are carried out by using high-speed photography to investigate the interaction between the spark-generated cavitation bubble and the air bubble in its surrounding fluid. Three problems are discussed in detail： the impact of the air bubble upon the development of the cavitation bubble, the evolution of the air bubble under the influence of the cavitation bubble, and the change of the fluid pressure during the development of a micro jet of the cavitation bubble. Based on the experimental results, under the condition of no air bubble present, the lifetime of the cavitation bubble from expansion to contraction increases with the increase of the maximum radius. On the other hand, when there is an air bubble present, different sized cavitation bubbles have similarity with one another generally in terms of the lifetime from expansion to contraction, which does not depend on the maximum radius. Also, with the presence of an air bubble, the lifetime of the smaller cavitation bubble is extended while that of the bigger ones reduced. Furthermore, it is shown in the experiment that the low pressure formed in the opposite direction to the cavitation bubble micro jet makes the air bubble in the low pressure area being stretched into a steplike shape.     

A HIGH-SPEED PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF ULTRASONIC CAVITATION NEAR RIGID BOUNDARY

This article investigated an existing steady pattern of collapse and rebound （disintegration and aggregation） of cavitation bubbles near rigid boundary in acoustic field. A deformation process of cavitation bubble was accomplished in two acoustic cycles, namely, a spherical bubble collapsed towards the boundary to its minimum volume and then rebounded and grew into a toroidal bubble （or two individual bubbles） in one acoustic cycle, and the toroidal bubble （or two individual bubbles） collapsed towards the center of ring to its minimum volume, and then rebounded into a spherical bubble in the next acoustic cycle. Inertia force plays a key role in the transition between these two states. The microjet produced during the collapse of spherical bubble and the shock wave produced during the collapse of toroidal bubble （or two individual bubbles） impacts the boundary alternately. A cavitation bubble operating in this pattena can thus be an effective corrosion mechanism of rigid boundary.     

掺气减蚀保护作用的新概念

利用针式掺气流速仪测量原型和模型掺气浓度场、流速场，气泡尺寸及其概率分布的研究成果表明，原型水流韦伯数高，形成微小气泡的能力比模型强，气泡上浮慢，接近底部的小尺寸气泡概率及掺气浓度比模型大。初步研究认为：0.2mm或0.5mm以下的微小气泡在掺气减蚀中起着主要作用，可能只要很小掺气浓度即可达到掺气减蚀的效果。因此以小尺寸气泡的掺气浓度，作为判断掺气减蚀保护作用的指标将更为准确。