含正负材料的一维光子晶体的光学特性研究

为了得到新的传输性质,把具有负介电常数和磁导率的负折射率材料引入到光子晶体当中,运用Maxwell电磁波方程和Bloch理论得到的含正负折射率材料的色散关系的解析式,分别分析一维无限周期且正折射率材料和负折射率材料交替组成的一维光子晶体的禁带结构和色散特性,并与常规的正折射率材料的光子晶体比较,发现含正、负折射率材料且呈周期性重复的双层结构的复合光子晶体其光子具有较宽禁带,为设计超宽禁带的光子带隙结构提供了一定的理论可能性。     

Photoinduced Tuning of Optical Stop Bands in Azopolymer Based Inverse Opal Photonic Crystals

Photo‐tunable photonic crystals were prepared from three dimensional (3D) colloidal crystal templates using a photoresponsive azopolymer. For the preparation of azopolymer infiltrated photonic crystals, silica colloidal crystals were fabricated by gravity sedimentation, a self‐assembly technique. The interstitial voids between colloidal particles were filled with azopolymer and azopolymer inverse opals were produced by treatment with aqueous hydrofluoric acid. These photonic crystals exhibited stop bands in their transmission spectra measured in the normal incidence to the (111) plane of face centered cubic (fcc). The photonic bandgap of the azopolymer infiltrated opal and inverse opal could be controlled by the refractive index change due to the photoinduced orientation of azobenzene chromophores. When the azopolymer photonic crystals were irradiated with linearly polarized light, their bandgap positions were shifted to shorter wavelength regions with increasing irradiation time. This behavior experimentally produced a photoinduced orientation of the azobenzene groups in parallel with the incidence of the excitation light. Through such an out‐of‐plane orientation of azo chromophores, parallel to the [111] fcc crystallographic axis, the effective refractive index of the photonic crystal medium was decreased. Therefore, a blue‐shift in bandgap positions was consequently induced with 20–40 nm tuning ranges. The out‐of‐plane orientation was confirmed by angular resolved absorption spectral measurements.     

Direct Transcription of Two‐Dimensional Colloidal Crystal Arrays into Three‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals

A simple protocol for the fabrication of three‐dimensional (3D) photonic crystals in silicon is presented. Surface structuring by nanosphere lithography is merged with a novel silicon etching method to fabricate ordered 3D architectures. The SPRIE method, sequential passivation reactive ion etching, is a one‐step processing protocol relying on sequential passivation and reactive ion etching reactions using C₄F₈ and SF₆ plasma chemistries. The diffusion of fresh reactants and etch product species inside the etched channels is found to play an important role affecting the structural uniformity of the designed structures and the etch rate drift is corrected by adjusting the reaction times. High quality photonic crystals are thus obtained by adding the third dimension to the two‐dimensional (2D) colloidal crystal assemblies through SPRIE. Careful adjustments of both mask design and lateral etch extent balance allow the implementation of even more complex functionalities including photonic crystal slabs and precise defect engineering. 3D photonic crystal lattices exhibiting optical stop‐bands in the infrared spectral region are demonstrated, proving the potential of SPRIE for fast, simple, and large‐scale fabrication of photonic structures.     

Transmission characteristics of metallodielectric photonic crystalsand resonators

K_u band Fabry-Perot type resonances have been observed in the stop band of a metallodielectric photonic crystal by transmission measurements at microwave frequencies. The metallodielectric photonic crystal has a face centered cubic Bravais lattice structure with a lattice constant of 15 mm. Metallic spheres with 6.35 mm diameter are placed at the lattice sites. The metallodielectric photonic crystal displayed a directional bandgap with a lower band edge of 13.0 GHz, an upper band edge of 21.5 GHz and a center frequency of 17.25 GHz, corresponding to a stop bandwidth center frequency ratio of 50%. The maximum rejection at the band center is 35 dB, corresponding to a 7 dB per unit cell rejection ratio. The Fabry-Perot type resonance in the K _u band has a quality factor of 200, with a maximum transmission peak of -5 dB     

基于光子晶体多层膜的对称薄膜波导特性研究

研究了一种“光子晶体多层膜+波导层+光子晶体多层膜”对称薄膜波导特性,光子晶体多层膜的第一禁带频率范围为73 THz～99 THz。采用多层介质平板波导理论研究了频率在73 THz～99 THz间的电磁波在波导中的传输特性。结果表明波导传输的是TE0和TM0基模,对于高次模式,不能在波导中传输,另外,频率在73 THz～99 THz间的电磁波在波导层（中心层）的功率约束因子（Γ）在0.99～1之间,即此时电磁波几乎完全局限在波导层内传输,为了比较,处在光子带隙外的频率分别为40 THz和50 THz的电磁波在波导层内的功率约束因子（Γ）分别为0.84和0.86,因此,利用光子带隙特征,由光子晶体多层膜构造的对称薄膜波导具有超低损耗特性。     

Electrotunable Non‐reciprocal Laser Emission from a Liquid‐Crystal Photonic Device

A liquid crystal (LC) photonic device with an anisotropic optical heterojunction structure has been fabricated. The device has a phase‐retarding nematic LC (NLC) layer sandwiched between two polymer cholesteric LC films with right‐handed helices of different pitches. Electrotunable non‐reciprocal light transmittance and unidirectional circularly polarized (CP) lasing emission have been successfully demonstrated for this device structure. Two left CP (LCP) lasing emission peaks are observed at the edges of the overlapping region between the two photonic bands in the structure and are shifted upon the application of a voltage. In contrast, a non‐reciprocal right CP (RCP) lasing emission peak emerges at one of the band edges and diminishes upon the application of a voltage. These phenomena are interpreted based on the selective reflection of RCP light and the reorientation of the NLC molecules by the application of a voltage.     

Resonance features of the allowed and forbidden bands of the microwave photonic crystal with periodicity defects

The resonance features of the allowed and forbidden bands of the microwave waveguide photonic crystals with periodicity defects are theoretically and experimentally analyzed. It is demonstrated that the number of resonances in the allowed band is determined by the number of identical elements whose periodic sequence determines the photonic crystal and the maximum Q factor is reached in the vicinity of the lower and upper boundaries of the allowed band. An increase in the size of the forbidden bands and a decrease in the size of the allowed bands of the microwave photonic crystal due to a decrease in the number of resonances in the allowed band are caused by violations of periodicity of the photonic crystal related to nonidentity of a single element.     

Cavities of crystal light [photonic crystal microcavities]

This paper presents the characteristics of photonic crystal microcavity light sources. Microcavities with dimensions on the scale of the wavelength of light are being extensively investigated due to their ability to exhibit enhanced spontaneous emission, directional output, and single-mode operation. Photonic crystals, which are the optical analog of semiconductors in electronic devices, are capable of controlling the properties of light by confining photons in one, two, or three dimensions. The technology to fabricate photonic crystals at the optical-wavelength scale (i.e., feature sizes at the submicron scale) has only very recently been achieved. Single or multiple defects in the photonic crystals act as microcavities with dimensions on the order of the wavelength of light and have emerged as the preferred way to obtain defect-free optical microcavities. The authors have been investigating electrically injected photonic crystal microcavities, and these devices are described in this paper. Electrically injected microcavities offer the advantage of possible integration with current optoelectronic circuits and devices. Also, arrays of such devices can be fabricated when electrically controlled. Electrically injected photonic crystal microcavity light sources may also realize high-efficiency single-mode LEDs.     

等离子体光子晶体研究进展

等离子体光子晶体是等离子体学科和光子晶体学科交叉的产物,它不仅具有一般光子晶体的性质,而且还体现等离子体的特性,通过改变等离子体参数或外加磁场可有效控制其带隙。若在可调带隙的等离子体光子晶体中构造适当缺陷,则可形成可调滤波器和波导等器件,这在工程方面具有重要应用。结合本课题组工作,综述了等离子体光子晶体的研究进展,在此基础上,对等离子体光子晶体的发展前景提出展望,为人们进一步研究等离子体光子晶体的特性和应用提供参考。     

相移光纤布拉格光栅的光子晶体理论研究

本文将相移光纤布拉格光栅近似为一维光子晶体,利用光子晶体理论研究其能带结构和光学传输特性.指出了光栅的反射峰和光子禁带,反射峰中的高透射曲线部分和缺陷模之间的对应关系;并研究了相移和缺陷模频率位置之间的关系.     

Fabrication of ZnO colloidal photonic crystal by spin-coating method

We describe a simple and effective method, based on spin coating, developed for the fabrication by self-assembly of ZnO colloidal photonic crystal structures. The scanning electron microscope images indicate ordered structures with few defects. All the ordered structures exhibit a stop band in optical transmission experiments. The position of the stop band scales nicely with the particles size, indicating that it is an intrinsic feature of the photonic crystals. With decrease of ZnO particles size, the positions of the band are shifted to the shorter wavelength.     

液晶光子晶体可调自准直特性研究

液晶材料光子晶体由于具有可调谐性而得到了广泛的研究,但目前的研究主要集中在可调的光子带隙特性上。详细研究了液晶光子晶体的可调自准直特性。使用平面波展开法分析了液晶旋转角对光子晶体自准直频率的影响,并使用时域有限差分法对光在液晶光子晶体中的传输进行了仿真。结果表明,通过控制液晶旋转角,可以对光子晶体自准直频率进行调节,从而满足不同频率自准直的需要。     

Slot antennas on photonic band gap crystals

The radiation patterns of a slot antenna placed on a photonic band gap crystal have been measured. We used a layer-by-layer photonic band gap crystal having a three-dimensional stop band between 12 and 15 GHz. The slot antenna radiation depends sensitively on the relative position and orientation of the slot in the surface unit cell of the photonic crystal. We have found configurations of the slot antenna with an increase of radiated power by 2-3 dB. The photonic band gap crystal can considerably improve the performance of a simple slot antenna     

Double‐Inverse‐Opal Photonic Crystals: The Route to Photonic Bandgap Switching

Photonic crystals with a complete bandgap can stop the propagation of light of a certain frequency in all directions. We introduce double‐inverse‐opal photonic crystals (DIOPCs) as a new kind of optical switch. In the DIOPC, a movable, weakly scattering sphere is embedded within each pore of the inverse‐opal photonic crystal lattice. Switching between a diffusive reflector and a photonic crystal environment is experimentally demonstrated. Theory shows that a complete bandgap can be realized that can be opened or closed by moving the spheres. This functionality opens up new possibilities for the control of light emission and propagation. The close link and interaction between the chemical synthesis and the computational design and analysis underlines the interdisciplinary focus of this report.     

基于石墨烯和1维光子晶体的THz宽带吸收器

为了获得宽带高效率光波吸收器,设计了石墨烯和1维光子晶体的复合结构,采用修正的传输矩阵法研究了其传输特性。结果表明,在一定条件下,复合结构在太赫兹波段具有一定带宽和高效率的吸收带,吸收带的位置和宽度与1维光子晶体通带一致;在一些特别的吸收带,吸收峰值达到1;对相同的结构吸收结果还与入射方向有关。石墨烯和1维光子晶体的结合进一步拓展了它们的应用范围。     

混合柱形二维光子晶体禁带特性研究

研究了正方形和圆形介质柱混合排列的二维光子晶体的能带特性.运用平面波展开法在正方形和正三角形晶格下将混合柱形与统一柱形光子晶体的禁带特性进行计算比较.仿真结果表明:对于正方形晶格,混合柱形使光子晶体的TM模高阶能带向低频方向移动,禁带的宽度和位置介于正方形柱体和圆形柱体之间.在正三角形晶格中,混合柱形光子晶体出现了明显...     

Some New Developments in the Synthesis,Functionalization, and Utilization of Monodisperse Colloidal Spheres

This article provides an overview of some recent developments related to the synthesis and functionalization of monodisperse colloidal spheres, a class of colloidal materials that has found widespread use in applications such as the fabrication of photonic crystals, optical sensing, and drug delivery. Traditionally, the choice of materials has been limited to polystyrene and silica. We and other groups have recently expanded the scope of materials by developing a number of methods for producing monodisperse colloidal spheres from various semiconductors and metals. This article is confined to our own work; it covers three different synthetic strategies: the bottom–up approach, the top–down approach, and template‐directed synthesis. The colloidal spheres may have a solid, hollow, or core–shell structure, and the chemical compositions can include Se, Bi, Pb, In, Sn, Cd, Pt, Ag₂Se, CdSe, PbS, or TiO₂. As an example to illustrate the attractive features of these colloidal spheres, we demonstrate the fabrication of Ag₂Se‐based photonic crystals whose stop bands can be thermally switched between two spectral positions.     

Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体材料组成光子晶体能态密度特性

基于平面波展开法,以Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体材料AIP、AIAs、AISb和GaP构成二维方形格子光子晶体,并对其光子晶体能态密度特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明,Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体材料构成二维方形格子光子晶体具有较好的光子带隙,形成的最大带隙随介电常数差值的增大而增大,f=0.2a时归一化频率达到最大光子带隙,AISb具有较宽的光子禁带。该研究结果为光子晶体器件的研究提供理论依据。     

二维光子晶体的热辐射控制

采用传输矩阵方法研究了二维光子晶体的热辐射性质.研究发现对于完整光子晶体,在反射带内的热辐射很弱.但通过改变光子晶体表层空气柱的半径,可以调控反射带内的热辐射谱,使得对应于部分波长的热辐射显著变大.这种热辐射的变化源于光子晶体表面模的激发.     

Spontaneous emission extraction and Purcell enhancement fromthin-film 2-D photonic crystals

Electromagnetic band structure can produce either an enhancement or a suppression of spontaneous emission from two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystal thin films. We believe that such effects might be important for light emitting diodes. Our experiments were based on thin-film InGaAs-InP 2-D photonic crystals at ambient temperature, but the concepts would apply equally to InGaN thin films, for example. We show that the magnitude of Purcell enhancement factor, F_p~2, for spatially extended band modes, is similar to that for a tiny mode in a three dimensional (3-D) nanocavity. Nonetheless, light extraction enhancement that arises from Zone folding or Bragg scattering of the photonic bands is probably the more important effect, and an external quantum efficiency >50% is possible. Angle resolved photoluminescence from inside the photonic crystal gives a direct spectral readout of the internal 2-D photonic band dispersion. The tradeoffs for employing various photonic crystal structures in high efficiency light-emitting diodes are analyzed