冰铜闪速吹炼工艺控制的理论与实践

通过化学反应分析了冰铜闪速吹炼中金属铜、炉渣、烟尘、炉结的形成机理及工艺条件;结合铜陵有色金冠铜业的生产实践,分析了闪速吹炼操作中工艺控制的要点和方法,并从理论上分析了闪速吹炼生产操作中的工艺问题产生的原因,对优化闪速吹炼的工艺控制及研究方向提出了建议。     

铜吹炼技术的进展

PS转炉虽然目前是世界上广泛采用的吹炼技术,但是存在着生产能力低、不利于环保等问题.现在世界已出现了多种新颖的吹炼技术,比如霍博肯转炉、闪速吹炼、三菱吹炼、澳斯麦特吹炼和艾萨吹炼等,文章介绍了这些技术最新的发展情况,以便为铜冶炼企业进行技术改造时合理选择吹炼工艺提供参考.     

铜熔炼工艺的吹炼技术选择

硫化物吹炼技术的改进已落后于一次熔炼工艺。在过去的几十年中，新的熔炼工艺得到了迅速发展，如：奥托昆普闪速工艺，Ｉｎｃｏ闪速工艺、三菱连续熔炼工艺、诺兰达反应器、喷士精矿的特尼恩特工艺（ＣＭＴ）、艾萨熔炼工艺和ＣＣＮＴＯＰ法。所有这些工艺都被证明在工业上是可行的。另一方面，ＰＳ转房租主其改进型（霍博肯和茵斯皮雷欣）已经成熟的吹炼转炉。本文探讨了针对每种熔炼工艺的吹炼选择，制定了一套供吹炼工艺选择的标     

现代连续吹炼的最新进展

目前世界上大多数冶炼厂都采用PS转炉配以各种类型的熔炼装置。然而,由于其“分批“处理的特性,以及在熔体输送和吹炼阶段产生的逸散排放问题,将来不大可能采用这种配置方式。当代替代工艺包括三菱工艺、奥托昆普闪速熔炼和闪速吹炼工艺、诺兰达工艺和澳斯麦特工艺,但只有三菱工艺是“真正的连续“熔炼和吹炼作业,它产生连续的粗铜流而无须放铜,经长期的商业运行证明是经济的。本文考察现代连续吹炼技术的最新进展,有一节专门阐述澳大利亚肯布拉港铜业有限公司“第一台可独立应用的三菱吹炼炉“配诺兰达反应器的运行情况。     

现代连续吹炼的最新进展

目前世界上大多数冶炼厂都采用PS转炉配以各种类型的熔炼装置.然而,由于其"分批"处理的特性,以及在熔体输送和吹炼阶段产生的逸散排放问题,将来不大可能采用这种配置方式.当代替代工艺包括三菱工艺、奥托昆普闪速熔炼和闪速吹炼工艺、诺兰迭工艺和澳斯麦特工艺.但只有三菱工艺是"真正的连续"熔炼和吹炼作业,它产生连续的粗铜流而无须放铜,经长期的商业运行证明是经济的. 本文考察现代连续吹炼技术的最新进展,有一节专门阐述澳大利亚肯布拉港铜业有限公司"第一台可独立应用的三菱吹炼炉"配诺兰迭反应器的运行情况.     

新型旋浮吹炼炉的设计及应用

2015年投产的河南中原黄金冶炼厂整体搬迁升级改造工程,设计年处理含铜及贵金属原料150万t,分两期实现,采用"造锍捕金"技术回收贵金属.火法冶炼工艺选择了底吹熔炼、旋浮吹炼、回转阳极精炼的新型组合,其中铜锍吹炼采用了旋浮吹炼技术.旋浮吹炼技术的核心设备是一台"旋浮吹炼炉"及"旋浮吹炼喷嘴",旋浮吹炼炉炉体由中国恩菲设...     

闪速吹炼技术在祥光铜业的应用

介绍了闪速吹炼工艺在祥光铜业工程中的应用情况及闪速吹炼工艺过程和主要的工艺设备,并列举了部分设计指标。     

中条山铜吹炼技术改造与效果

介绍了中条山有色金属集团有限公司转炉吹炼技术改造和技术储备型试验,阐述Ausmelt吹炼中出现的主要问题及采取的措施,对转炉吹炼与Ausmelt吹炼进行了对比,对今后铜吹炼技术选择具有一定的指导意义。     

冰铜闪速吹炼工艺评述

对冰铜闪速吹炼和PS转炉吹炼工艺进行了分析,并以详尽的生产数据阐述了影响闪速吹炼工艺推广的杂质脱除、作业率、能耗等问题。在冰铜闪速吹炼工艺发展过程中,其产能将更大、配套系统将更优化,应朝着集中处理冰铜的方向发展。     

和歌山厂复合吹炼的自动化技术

为了改善各种工艺参数,日本住友金属工业公司和歌山厂第二炼铁车间开发了用于160t顶底复合吹炼转炉计算机控制的操作自动化技术——例如借以改善诸如从装料到出钢的时间、氧气和熔剂的单位消耗量及炉子的寿命等工艺参数,并通过有效的人员配备减少了人力.1986年,将三座氧气顶吹转炉改造为自动控制吹炼,每座     

Variance component estimation and multitrait genetic evaluation for type traits of dairy goats

Covariance components for final score and 13 linear type traits of dairy goats were estimated by multitrait REML using canonical transformation with an animal model. Data were 10,932 type appraisals from 1988 through 1994 from herds with > or = 40 appraisals. Heritabilities were estimated as 0.27 for final score, 0.52 for stature, 0.29 for strength, 0.24 for dairyness, 0.38 for teat diameter, 0.21 for rear legs, 0.32 for rump angle, 0.27 rump width, 0.25 for fore udder attachment, 0.25 for rear udder height, 0.19 for rear udder arch, 0.25 for udder depth, 0.33 for suspensory ligament, and 0.36 for teat placement. Genetic correlations of linear type traits and final score were positive except for dairyness (-0.15) and teat diameter (-0.10); the largest correlations with final score were 0.66 for fore udder attachment, 0.44 for rear udder arch, 0.36 for rump width, and 0.30 for strength. The largest positive correlation among linear traits was 0.63 for stature and rump width; the largest negative correlation was -0.51 for strength and dairyness. Multitrait evaluations were calculated with data from all herds. Correlations between PTA calculated with animal and sire models ranged from 0.44 to 0.70 for bucks that had a PTA with a reliability of > or = 30%.     

Apparent digestibility of minerals by lactating cows from a total mixed ration supplemented with poultry litter

Apparent digestibility of minerals by lactating cows from a multiple-component, conventional Israeli TMR (control) and from a TMR containing 10% poultry litter (DM basis) was examined. Ten cows in early lactation were divided into two groups of similar performance (39 kg of milk/d) and fed for ad libitum intake the two TMR for 28 d. Poultry litter contributed, as a percentage of total requirements, 44.4% of Ca, 41.0% of P, 32.0% of S, 22.8% of Mg, and 25.9% of K. Apparent digestibility of the macroelements was higher for cows fed the TMR supplemented with poultry litter than for those fed the control TMR. Apparent digestibility of the control TMR was 22.3% for Ca, 29.4% for Mg, 39.1% for P, and 62.2% for S; the apparent digestibility of the treatment TMR was 30.1% for Ca, 45.6% for Mg, 45.3% for P, and 65.6% for S. Poultry litter contributed the entire requirements of Zn, Mn, and Co; 56% of Cu; and 32% of Se. The apparent digestibility of the control TMR was 15.6% for Cu, 39.6% for Zn, 8.51% for Mn, 42.8% for Co, and 41.6% for Se, and the apparent digestibility of the treatment TMR was 27.9% for Cu, 54.0% for Zn, 17.8% for Mn, 37.0% for Co, and 63.9% for Se. Poultry litter is a good source of macro- and microelements for lactating cows and, at 10% of the TMR, could ensure against mineral deficiencies.     

多元光谱拟合校正电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铑粉中19种杂质元素

建立了一种用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定铑粉中Pt、Pd、Ru 、Ag、Cu、Fe、Zn、Ni、Mn、Mg、Al、Ca、Sn、Ir、Na、Au、Si、Pb、K 等19种杂质元素的方法。以HCl和H₂O₂作为消解试剂, 微波法消解试样, 然后采用ICP-AES法测定消解液中19种杂质元素。基体铑对Pt、Ir、Au产生的光谱干扰采用多元光谱拟合(MSF)方法校正, 基体效应采用仪器自动扣背景方法消除, 杂质元素间没有干扰。方法的检出限(μg/mL)为0.051(Pt)、0.008 0(Pd)、0.015(Ru)、0.008 5(Ag)、0.007 9(Cu)、0.015(Fe)、0.032(Zn)、0.035(Ni)、0.007 5(Mn)、0.005 5(Mg)、0.006 6(Al)、0.030(Ca)、0.035(Sn)、0.030(Ir)、0.013(Na)、0.026(Au)、0.045(Si)、0.025(Pb)和0.005 7(K), 加标回收率在88.1%~112.3%之间, 相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.7% ~5.2%范围。方法已用于实际样品的分析。     

Comparative evaluation of FUNGITEST and broth microdilution methods for antifungal drug susceptibility testing of Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans

The FUNGITEST method (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, Paris, France) is a microplate-based procedure for the breakpoint testing of six antifungal agents (amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole). We compared the FUNGITEST method with a broth microdilution test, performed according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards document M27-A guidelines, for determining the in vitro susceptibilities of 180 isolates of Candida spp. (50 C. albicans, 50 C. glabrata, 10 C. kefyr, 20 C. krusei, 10 C. lusitaniae, 20 C. parapsilosis, and 20 C. tropicalis isolates) and 20 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. Overall, there was 100% agreement between the methods for amphotericin B, 95% agreement for flucytosine, 84% agreement for miconazole, 83% agreement for itraconazole, 77% agreement for ketoconazole, and 76% agreement for fluconazole. The overall agreement between the methods exceeded 80% for all species tested with the exception of C. glabrata (71% agreement). The poorest agreement between the results for individual agents was seen with C. glabrata (38% for fluconazole, 44% for ketoconazole, and 56% for itraconazole) and C. tropicalis (50% for miconazole). The FUNGITEST method misclassified as susceptible 2 of 12 (16.6%) fluconazole-resistant isolates, 2 of 10 (20%) itraconazole-resistant isolates, and 4 of 8 (50%) ketoconazole-resistant isolates of several Candida spp. Further development of the FUNGITEST procedure will be required before it can be recommended as an alternative method for the susceptibility testing of Candida spp. or C. neoformans.     

Detection by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of an Arg1689Cys mutation in a Chinese patient with mild hemophilia A

OBJECTIVE: To examine the ease of endotracheal intubation on the ground for various rescuer positions. METHODS: Six female and 18 male emergency medical technicians were asked to intubate a Laerdal Megacode Trainer placed on the ground. Rescuers assumed the following positions in random order: prone, sitting, kneeling at the mannequin's head, and straddling the chest. The authors measured times 1) for changing from mask ventilation to assuming intubation position and 2) from touching the laryngoscope to putting it down. Incidences of esophageal tube placement and clicks (possible tooth damage) were noted. The rescuers rated their satisfaction with each position on a six-point scale (1 = very good, 6 = insufficient). Total intubation times of the other three positions were compared with that for prone by rank order test for paired observations. Handling, esophageal positions, and clicks of the other three positions were compared with those for prone by sign test for paired observations. A Bonferroni correction (factor 12) was applied. RESULTS: Mean total intubation times (in seconds) were 11.8 +/- 3.3 for prone, 13.9 +/- 4.7 for sitting, 11.4 +/- 4.5 for kneeling, and 16.2 +/- 5.8 for straddling. The difference between straddling and prone was statistically significant (p < 0.005). For handling, the results were for prone 3.0 +/- 1.4, for sitting 3.1 +/- 1.1, for kneeling 2.2 +/- 0.6, and for straddling 2.8 +/- 1.4. Esophageal positions occurred for prone 1, for sitting 1, for kneeling 2, and for straddling 3. Clicks were counted for prone 2, for sitting 1, for kneeling 1, and for straddling 0. CONCLUSIONS: All tested positions provide satisfactory conditions for intubation on the ground. The straddling position requires statistically, but not clinically, significantly more time for intubation than does prone and may be an important backup position if access from behind the patient's head is impossible.     

Avoidable mortality among psychiatric patients

Avoidable mortality is a selection of causes of death considered to be amenable to health care and thereby used as an indicator of the quality of health care. In this study avoidable mortality for more than 30,000 psychiatric patients discharged from any hospital of Stockholm County between 1981 and 1985 has been followed up in the Cause of Death Register for the period 1986-1990. Standardised rate ratios were calculated for different groups of psychiatric disorders compared to the general population of Stockholm County for indicators of avoidable mortality, suicide, other mortality ("unavoidable") and causes possibly related to treatment with psychotrophic drugs. As expected, the psychiatric patients had the most pronounced elevated risk for suicide. i.e. 6- to 24-fold compared to the general population, and noticeably more elevated for women. It is also noteworthy that the relative mortality risks for diagnoses amenable to medical interventions and potential side-effects of psychotrophic drugs are higher than for other causes of death ("unavoidable"). The relative risks for avoidable mortality were 4.7 for men and 3.8 for women and for diagnoses possibly related to side-effects of psychotrophic drugs, 7.2. The relative risks for "unavoidable" mortality were 3.4 for men and 3.2 for women. The excess avoidable mortality rates for psychiatric patients and the elevated suicide risk, especially for female patients, are warning signals of shortcomings in psychiatric care that warrants further investigation.     

Selection for rate and efficiency of lean gain in the rat

Full-sib family selection for rate (WP) or efficiency (WP/F) of protein gain in rats from 3 to 9 weeks of age was applied for five generations. Three rats per litter were killed to estimate carcass protein. Standardized response/cumulative selection for WP was .19+/-.10 for WP, .28+/-.10 for 3- to 9-week gain .28+/-.08 for 9-week weight, .16+/-.08 for litter size, .22+/-.12 for skinning loss and -.07+/-.09 for fraction of protein in the live weight. Response from selection for WP/F was .18+/-.16 for WP/F, .20+/-.11 for WP, .21+/-.11 for weight gain, .16+/-.11 for 3-week weight, .21+/-.10 for 9-week weight, but negligible for skinning loss or body protein. Response to WP/F selection was extremely variable among generations, associated with generation differences in weight and composition at 9 weeks. Estimates of heritability from offspring-midparent regression were .20+/-.12 for WP and .24+/-.08 for WP/F. Estimates of genotype-generation environment interaction were large for growth, feed intake and skinning loss. Maternal effects were large for weaning weight, fraction of body protein and WP. Sire component genetic correlations were 1.08+/-.13 for WP with total gain, .92+/-.08 for WP/F with gross efficiency and .29+/-.25 for WP with WP/F. A partitional calorimeter was used to evaluate heat production of rats. Lines differed in average heat loss but not in heat loss per unit actual or metabolic weight. Response to selection has been steady for WP but probably could be improved by selecting for WP/F at a constant weight rather than a constant age.     

Hip fracture incidence among elderly Asian-American populations

This study estimated national age- and sex-specific nontraumatic hip fracture incidence rates for elderly Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans, and Korean Americans. Based on a 50 percent sample of 1992 Medicare enrollees with the race/ethnicity code "Asian" and "other," cohorts of persons with distinctive Chinese (n = 24,366), Japanese (n = 28,762), and Korean (n = 5,470) names were followed passively for 2 years for a hospitalization with a diagnostic code indicating hip fracture. Cohorts of whites and blacks were followed for comparison. Year of immigration was deduced from the year of issuance of the Social Security number. Age-adjusted hip fracture incidence was lower for all three Asian-American groups than for whites. For females, the standardized fracture ratio relative to whites was 30.1 for Chinese, 73.2 for Japanese, and 52.8 for Koreans; for males, the standardized fracture ratio was 41.9 for Chinese, 58.1 for Japanese, and 90.7 for Koreans. Persons whose Social Security numbers were issued after the immigration Act of 1965 had an adjusted relative risk of 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.05-1.78) compared with those in the US before that year, after adjustment for age, sex, and ethnic group.     

Virulence-associated genes as markers of strain diversity in Helicobacter pylori infection

To establish a marker of strain diversity of Helicobacter pylori, a genetic examination was performed based on the detection rates by PCR of cagA and vacA, which are known to be virulence-associated genes. The test strains were obtained from 70 patients suffering from gastric ulcer (GU), 82 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) and 48 patients with gastritis (GS). Fragments located in the three different regions of vacA were amplified; V1 being the upstream portion, V2 the mid-portion and V3 the downstream portion. For cagA, the detection rates were 70% for GU, 79% for DU and 50% for GS, showing a significantly higher rate for DU than for GS (P = 0.0005). With V1, the detection rates were 90% for GU, 90% for DU and 69% for GS, giving a significantly higher rate for GU than for GS (P = 0.0036) and also giving a significantly higher rate for DU than for GS (P = 0.0019). With V2, the detection rates were 60% for GU, 70% for DU and 44% for GS, giving a significantly higher rate for DU than for GS (P = 0.0024). The differences in vacA gene polymorphism were closely related to the evidence of gastroduodenal ulcers in H. pylori infection. Furthermore, the detection rates of cagA and polymorphisms of vacA by PCR could be used as markers of strain diversity in H. pylori-induced gastroduodenal ulcer.     

Age-race subgroup compared with renin profile as predictors of blood pressure response to antihypertensive therapy. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents

CONTEXT: Renin profiling and age-race subgroup may help select single-drug therapy for stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To compare the plasma renin profiling and age-race subgroup methods as predictors of response to single-drug therapy in men with stage 1 and 2 hypertension as defined by the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. DESIGN: The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Single-Drug Therapy of Hypertension, a randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Fifteen Veterans Affairs hypertension centers. PATIENTS: A total of 1105 ambulatory men with entry diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 95 to 109 mm Hg, of whom 1031 had valid plasma and urine samples for renin profiling. INTERVENTIONS: Randomization to 1 of 6 antihypertensive drugs: hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, captopril, clonidine, diltiazem (sustained release), or prazosin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Treatment response as assessed by percentage achieving goal DBP (<90 mm Hg) in response to a single drug that corresponded to patients' renin profile vs a single drug that corresponded to patients' age-race subgroup. RESULTS: Clonidine and diltiazem had consistent response rates regardless of renin profile (76%, 67%, and 80% for low, medium, and high renin, respectively, for clonidine and 83%, 82%, and 83%, respectively, for diltiazem for patients with baseline DBP of 95-99 mm Hg). Hydrochlorothiazide and prazosin were best in low- and medium-renin profiles; captopril was best in medium- and high-renin profiles (low-, medium-, and high-renin response rates were 82%, 78%, and 14%, respectively, for hydrochlorothiazide; 88%, 67%, and 40%, respectively, for prazosin; and 51%, 83%, and 100%, respectively, for captopril for patients with baseline DBP of 95-99 mm Hg). Response rates for patients with baseline DBP of 95 to 99 mm Hg by age-race subgroup ranged from 70% for clonidine to 90% for prazosin for younger black men, from 50% for captopril to 97% for diltiazem for older black men, from 70% for hydrochlorothiazide to 92% for atenolol for younger white men, and from 84% for hydrochlorothiazide to 95% for diltiazem for older white men. Patients with a correct treatment for their renin profile but incorrect for age-race subgroup had a response rate of 58.7%; patients with an incorrect treatment for their renin profile but correct for age-race subgroup had a response rate of 63.1% (P = .30). After controlling for DBP and interactions with treatment group, age-race subgroup (P<.001) significantly predicted response to single-drug therapy, whereas renin profile was of borderline significance (P= .05). CONCLUSIONS: In these men with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension, therapeutic responses were consistent with baseline renin profile, but age-race subgroup was a better predictor of response.