基于故障分量的分相阻抗差动保护新原理

提出了一种基于故障分量的分相阻抗差动保护新原理。该原理分别提取线路两端保护安装处的故障分量进行阻抗计算，然后利用这2个阻抗之差构成阻抗差动判据。该原理无需进行采样数据同步处理，耐受电容电流和过渡电阻的影响。电流幅值差动保护判据以线路两侧的电流幅值差为动作量，幅值和为制动量，在发生电压互感器断线时，可作为阻抗差动保护判据的补充判据。仿真结果验证了该原理的正确性和有效性。     

谐振接地系统的新型自动调谐装置

分析了线路对地电容对故障电流负序分量和零序分量的影响以及故障电流负序分量在配电系统中的分布特征，提出了根据接地时刻线路负序电流的相对最大值确定故障线路、根据故障线路负序电流和消弧线圈电流的相位差决定消弧线圈的调节方向、以故障线路负序电流分量的最小值为调节目标的新型综合自动调谐方法。该调谐方法在完成调谐的同时也完成了故障选线，但它并不以正确的故障选线为前提条件，无须测量配电系统的对地电容，也不受配电系统运行方式的影响。即使在故障接地期间改变配电系统的运行方式，该方法也能及时判断并准确调节消弧线圈电感使配电系统重新回到谐振状态。对开发的新型自动调谐装置样机进行了动模实验，结果验证了所提出的方法的正确性和装置的可行性。     

多相补偿接地距离继电器动作特性的分析与计算

按比较三相补偿电压与零序电流相位原理构成的多相补偿接地距离继电器具有容许较大过渡电阻的优点，是一种比方向阻抗元件更为合适的短线路接地故障保护方式。本文分析了该继电器在单相接地与两相接地故障时的动作特性，并讨论了反方向故障可能失去方向性，区外故障伴随振荡可能超越，以及零序电流助增的相位影响，相间电弧电阻的影响等问题。应用数字机对继电器的动作特性进行了计算，以校核分析的结果。还计算了方向阻抗元件的特性与多相补偿继电器进行比较。数字计算能计及电源各相序阻抗数值不等、阻抗角不同，以及负荷，相间弧光电阻等因素，可得出精确的结论。     

固定串补电容对工频故障分量继电保护的影响

固定串补电容对工频故障分量继电保护有一定的影响。按K(Zz d-XC)整定保护范围时，故障分量距离元件可用于快速切除近端故障，对于远区故 障，拒动、误动均有可能。当串补电容的容抗小于系统电源的正序阻抗(含短路点至电源的 正序线路阻抗)时，故障分量方向继电器可用于串补线路。     

基于线路参数在线校正的能量平衡保护

由于整定的线路参数与实际线路参数存在一定误差，基于3个空间模量的能量平衡保护若按整定的参数计算能量，外部故障时采用2种方法计算的能量曲线会有很大的误差，降低了能量平衡保护的可靠性。文中提出线路电阻采用整定值，线路电感和电容采用3个模分量参数计算平均值的校正方法，从而得到较准确的实际线路参数。1 000 kV特高压线路动模实验表明，该方法较好地消除了由于参数误差引起的外部故障时2种方法计算的能量曲线差异，能量平衡保护在各种复杂故障情况下仍能正确保护线路，单相接地故障时具有选相功能。     

特高压长线路距离保护算法改进

特高压长距离输电线路呈显著的分布参数特性，其电容电流很大。分析表明，线路末端三相故障时，线路首端的测量阻抗不与故障距离成正比。研究指出，相间距离保护的测量阻抗与故障距离呈双曲正切函数关系，而传统接地距离保护应用于特高压长线路时存在原理性缺陷。理论分析并推导了新的接地距离元件测量阻抗的计算表达式，并提出了距离保护的改进措施，大量仿真证明了改进措施在特高压长线路上应用的正确性与有效性。     

新型阻抗选相方法

针对现有阻抗选相方法存在的误选相问题，提出了一种适用于微机保护的新型阻抗选相方法。该方法利用了单相测量阻抗、相间测量阻抗以及故障前负荷阻抗负荷状态下阻抗继电器的测量阻抗的幅值大小关系以及3个单相测量阻抗的相位关系进行比较。仿真计算表明，新的阻抗选相方法在高阻接地、弱馈等故障情况都有很好的选相能力，适于作为线路保护稳态故障选相元件。     

方向高频保护负序功率方向元件的非全相运行性能分析

着重分析了负序方向元件在超高压线路中非全相运行时的工作情况，比较了各种电容电流补偿方法对负序方向高频保护元件的影响。EMTP仿真结果表明，线路两侧断线又发生故障时，基于故障分量的负序方向元件可以正确动作。     

故障分量提取及故障选相的新方法

提出了一种中低压中性点不接地系统故障分量提取的新算法，该算法既能提取短时的暂态故障分量，也能提取长时间稳定的故障分量，对速断、定时限及过电流保护都适用，可极大地改善延时保护的性能；在此基础上给出了自适应电流保护中系统阻抗准确计算的方法；针对目前利用相电流差故障分量选相存在灵敏度不够高的缺陷，提出了利用相电流之和的故障分量来进行故障选相的高灵敏度选相算法。     

输电线路综合阻抗纵联保护新原理

提出了一种基于综合阻抗的纵联线路保护新原理。利用故障时线路两端电压相量和与电流相量和的比值，来判断线路上是否发生故障。在外部故障时，该比值反映输电线路上的容抗，其虚部为一个绝对值较大的负数;内部故障时，其虚部为正数或为绝对值较小的负数，据此可以区分线路上的内部和外部故障。新原理易整定，本身具有选相能力，不受电容电流的影响，可用于带或不带电抗器补偿的线路，抗过渡电阻能力强。EMTP仿真和动模数据验证了新原理的有效性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。