肉兔肉质评定方法的建立

为探究肉兔肉质评定方法,选取体质健康的商品肉兔30只,按解剖学和兔肉商品学原理对其胴体分割。对前腿、后腿及背最长肌分别测定pH值、剪切力、肉色、滴水损失、蒸煮损失等指标。结果表明,上述各部位其测定指标的平均值分别为:前腿pH值为6.42,剪切力为0.26kg.f,肉色L*值31.61、a*值3.94、b*值2.73,蒸煮损失为6.88%;后腿pH值为6.35,剪切力为0.18kg.f,肉色L*值25.25、a*值4.11、b*值2.53,蒸煮损失为32.88%;背最长肌pH值为5.68,剪切力为0.22kg.f,肉色L*值26.28、a*值3.71、b*值3.55,滴水损失为8.44%,蒸煮损失为6.82%。因此,对pH值的测定,选择后腿中心部位为最佳的评定部位;对剪切力的测定,选择背最长肌为最佳的评定部位;对肉色、亮度的评定中选择后腿为最佳的评定部位,红色度和黄色度的评定中选择前腿为最佳的评定部位;对滴水损失的测定,选择背最长肌前段为最佳的评定部位;对蒸煮损失的测定,选择前腿或背最长肌为最佳的评定部位。     

贮藏温度对马肉不同部位嫩度变化的影响

研究不同贮藏温度对马肉不同部位嫩度变化的影响。将宰后马肉的臀肌、肩肌和背最长肌在15、4、-18℃3种不同的温度条件下贮藏24h后,分析测定其水分、脂肪、胶原蛋白和剪切力等指标的变化情况,并对上述指标进行相关性分析。结果显示:臀肌和肩肌的剪切力值均与水分含量呈极显著负相关(p0.01),臀肌的剪切力值与胶原蛋白含量呈显著负相关(p0.05)。肩肌剪切力值与总胶原蛋白含量呈极显著负相关(p0.01),与不溶性胶原蛋白含量呈负相关。背最长肌剪切力值与总胶原蛋白含量呈负相关,与不溶性胶原蛋白含量呈显著负相关(p0.05)。在15、4、-18℃下,3个部位的剪切力值与蒸煮损失呈负相关,与脂肪含量、系水力呈正相关。肩肌和背最长肌的剪切力值与pH呈负相关,而臀肌相反。15、4、-18℃下马肉3个部位肌肉的各项指标不能统一达到相对最佳点。     

马肉不同部位的品质特性分析

研究不同部位马肉的理化性质,为建立马肉品质评价标准提供参考.选用新疆伊犁马胴体,分别取肩肌、臀肌和背最长肌作为实验材料,并-18℃条件贮存对其化学成分、pH值、肉色、嫩度、解冻滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率、系水力和胶原蛋白进行测定.结果显示,在不同的部位间,水分、粗脂肪、解冻滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率和系水力有极显著差异(P＜0.01); pH值和肉色有显著的差异(P＜0.05).不同部位对水分、粗脂肪、解冻滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率和系水力影响较大.其中背最长肌的水分含量高,解冻滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率和系水力较小,粗脂肪、胶原蛋白的含量和pH值较高;背最长肌肉色鲜艳,肉嫩度较高,是为理想的食用部位.     

中国西门塔尔牛公牛和母牛肉质差异研究

性别是影响牛肉品质的重要因素。为研究性别对中国西门塔尔牛肉质的影响,对健康无病、发育正常的18月龄中国西门塔尔牛公牛和母牛的背最长肌的肉品质进行测定,肉品质指标包括脂肪、蛋白质、水分、氨基酸、pH值、剪切力、蒸煮损失、压力失水率和肉色(L*、a*和b*)。结果表明:中国西门塔尔牛的性别对蛋白质、氨基酸、pH值、持水力、L*和a*无显著影响(P>0.05),对脂肪、水分、剪切和b*值有显著影响(P<0.05)。中国西门塔尔牛母牛具有较高的脂肪和b*值,较低的剪切力值和水分含量。总体上,中国西门塔尔牛母牛的牛肉适口性更好,嫩度更高,母牛的肉质要优于公牛。     

冻藏时间对不同部位羊肉品质的影响

研究新疆巴什拜羊不同部位肌肉,在－18℃冻藏0.5、1、2、7、15、30d后肉品质的变化。结果表明：在冻藏期间,肩肌、臀肌、背最长肌粗脂肪、总胶原蛋白含量及剪切力值差异显著(P＜0.05),而胶原蛋白溶解度无显著差异(P＞0.05)。冻藏时间对肩肌的解冻和蒸煮损失有极显著影响(P＜0.01),而对臀肌和背最长肌无显著影响(P＞0.05);对肩肌和臀肌的结缔组织滤渣有极显著影响(P＜0.01),而对背最长肌无显著影响(P＞0.05)。随着冻藏时间的延长,3个不同部位肌肉剪切力逐渐下降(P＜0.05)。背最长肌的水分含量、剪切力较低,粗脂肪含量较高,具有较好的嫩度。臀肌的剪切力最高,嫩度最差。     

不同育肥模式对淘汰青年渤海种公驴肉质特性的影响

研究不同育肥模式对淘汰青年渤海种公驴肉质特性的影响,对6头(随机分成2组)3岁渤海公驴在不同育肥模式下饲养10个月后屠宰,取背最长肌进行蛋白含量、脂肪含量、水分含量、pH值、剪切力值、蒸煮损失的测定。结果表明:实验组脂肪含量达到9.84%极显著高于对照组,水分含量显著低于对照组,剪切力(4.22 kg)显著低于对照组(5.28 kg)。总体可见,加强营养栓饲淘汰青年渤海种公驴对驴肉品质的风味、多汁性、嫩度等方面都有改善,实验组驴肉嫩度已达到意大利煎牛排嫩的标准要求,可以作为煎烤原料,为发展高档驴肉提供新的思路。根据肉牛分割增值的理念,可进一步提升驴肉的价值,增加经济效益。为今后肉驴饲养提供一种新的发展思路。     

热处理对猪肉食用品质的影响

为了研究热处理对猪肉食用品质的影响,分别对猪肉背最长肌加热至中心温度25、50、60、80、100℃,然后测定不同温度处理对猪肉蒸煮损失、剪切力值、形状、色度、pH 值的影响。结果表明：猪肉的蒸煮损失、剪切力和pH 值随着热处理温度的升高而增加;肉块形状发生短缩;色泽从红色变为白色、灰白色。     

冷藏时间对冷却猪背最长肌品质的影响

以宰后24 h的猪背最长肌为研究对象,研究4 ℃条件下冷藏0、12、24、36、48 h对猪背最长肌pH值、色 差、冷藏损失、蒸煮损失、剪切力和水分迁移状态的影响。结果表明：随着冷藏时间的增加,猪背最长肌的pH 值、黄度值（b*）、冷藏损失率和蒸煮损失率均显著提高（P＜0.05）;亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）在冷藏24 h 内差异不显著（P＞0.05）;冷藏48 h时,猪背最长肌的pH值、L*、b*、冷藏损失和蒸煮损失最大,剪切力最小; 低场核磁共振结果表明,随着冷藏时间的增加,T2b、T21和T22起始弛豫时间显著延长（P＜0.05）,T21的峰面积比例 降低,T22的峰面积比例增加。综上所述,4 ℃条件下冷藏24 h以内有利于保持猪背最长肌的品质。     

不同部位鹿肉在成熟过程中化学成分和食用品质的变化

比较研究宰后成熟处理0、3、5、7、14、21d 的花- 马杂交F1 鹿较具代表性的背最长肌、半腱肌、冈上肌和腰大肌中主要化学成分和食用品质的变化。结果表明：部位因素对经过成熟处理鹿肉的主要化学成分和食用品质有一定的影响。成熟时间对不同部位鹿肉的水分含量、粗脂肪含量、剪切力值、解冻滴水损失和蒸煮损失有显著影响(P ＜ 0.05),而对胶原蛋白含量无显著影响(P ＞ 0.05)。背最长肌具有较高的粗脂肪含量和胶原蛋白含量,水分含量较低;剪切力和蒸煮损失明显小于其他3 个部位肉。成熟时间对背最长肌和半腱肌的剪切力有影响,而对冈上肌和成熟3d 后的腰大肌没有影响。     

不同部位猪肉肌纤维类型组成与品质特性比较研究

为比较不同部位猪肉肌纤维类型组成与品质特性的差异,选取9 头6 月龄杜长大三元杂交猪背最长肌（Longissimus dorsi）、半膜肌（Semimembranosus）和半腱肌（Semitendinosus）3 个部位猪肉作为研究对象,通过烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸四唑氧化还原酶（nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase,NADH-TR）染色法研究不同部位猪肉的肌纤维类型组成,并分析肌纤维类型数量比例、平均直径、横截面积、密度等肌纤维特性;测定不同部位猪肉的品质特性（pH值、色泽、蒸煮损失率、剪切力以及质构特性）。结果表明,背最长肌和半膜肌中主要为ⅡB型肌纤维（P＜0.05）,数量比例分别为82.03%和53.22%,半腱肌则主要由Ⅰ型（45.44%）和ⅡB型（39.01%）肌纤维组成。半膜肌中各类型肌纤维的平均直径和横截面积较大,总肌纤维密度最小（P＜0.05）,为42.15 根/mm2。背最长肌的亮度值和蒸煮损失率最高（P＜0.05）,pH值和红度值最低（P＜0.05）;半膜肌的剪切力最高（P＜0.05）;半腱肌的pH值和红度值最高（P＜0.05）,亮度值、剪切力和蒸煮损失率最低（P＜0.05）。     

The effect of increasing carcass weight of finishing boars and gilts on joint composition and meat quality

Two hundred and eighty-eight crossbred (3/4 Landrace × 1/4 Large White) pigs, comprising equal numbers of boars and gilts, were housed in single sex groups from 50 kg liveweight to slaughter at liveweights of 92, 105, 118 and 131 kg (carcass weights of 70, 80, 90 and 100 kg). Sample joints from the left longissimus dorsi muscle were obtained at slaughter for dissection and meat quality assessment. As carcass weight increased there were significant (p<0.001) increases in eye muscle area and subcutaneous fat content. Lean content decreased (p<0.001) with increasing carcass weight while intermuscular fat content was not affected. There was a significant interaction between carcass weight and gender with % drip loss in pork from gilts at 100 kg having a higher drip loss than boars and gilts at all other weights. There were small but significant (p<0.01) reductions in ultimate pH with increasing carcass weight. Cooking loss was also reduced (p<0.001) at the heavier weights. There was no effect of carcass weight on shear force or on intramuscular fat. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) contents of m. L. dorsi increased (p<0.001) at heavier weights while sarcomere length decreased (p=0.001). Compared with boars, gilts had greater eye muscle area (p<0.05), more subcutaneous fat (p<0.001). Meat from gilts in comparison with boars had higher % DM and % CP contents (p<0.001), higher intramuscular fat content and shear force (p<0.05). It is concluded that meat quality may be improved when carcass weight is increased from 70 to 100 kg. ?     

Effects of dry-ageing on pork quality characteristics in different genotypes

Presumably, dry-ageing enhances flavour attributes of meat by surface desiccation to increase and modify fatty acid content and other organoleptic molecules. However information regarding dry-ageing of fresh pork is limited. To examine the effects of dry-ageing on pork quality, Large White (LW, n = 24) and Large White × Duroc (Duroc, n = 24) barrows were slaughtered and three longissimus thoracis et lumborum sections from each side of the carcass were wet or dry-aged for 2, 7 or 14 d. Dry-aged meat had lower (P < 0.001) moisture and higher (P < 0.001) protein content due to higher purge losses (P < 0.001) when compared with wet aged meat. However no dry-ageing effect (P > 0.05) was observed on sensory characteristics. The increase in the duration of ageing decreased moisture content and drip loss and increased (P < 0.001) protein content, purge loss and L*, chroma and hue values. These changes were more accentuated in dry-aged meat (P < 0.01). Days of ageing dependent increases (P < 0.001) were observed for instrumental and sensory tenderness and juiciness in both ageing types. Moreover, meat from Duroc barrows had lower (P < 0.001) moisture and protein content, and higher (P < 0.01) fat content, L* and hue values. Instrumental and sensory tenderness, juiciness and flavour were higher (P < 0.01) in meat from Duroc than LW barrows. Increases (P < 0.01) in flavour intensity and decreases in off-flavour of meat from LW barrows were greater (P < 0.05) in d 7 than in d 14. Therefore the duration of ageing affected most quality and sensory characteristics, while the changes to quality attributes of dry versus wet-aged pork were attributable to the differences in shrink losses in the present study.     

复合嫩化剂对猪肉嫩化效果的研究

首先通过单因素实验确定不同浓度的木瓜蛋白酶、氯化钠和氯化钙对猪肉嫩度的影响。再采用Box-Behnken设计和响应曲面中心组合设计法,建立复合嫩化剂对猪肉嫩度影响的响应模型,对木瓜蛋白酶浓度、氯化钠浓度和氯化钙浓度三因素及其两两交互作用进行分析与评价。实验结果表明:响应模型的拟合度高,试验误差小,通过实验数据分析发现木瓜蛋白酶、氯化钠和氯化钙都可增加猪肉脯的嫩度,其中氯化钙与木瓜蛋白酶对猪肉剪切力影响显著,而氯化钠的加入能显著降低猪肉的烹饪失水率,通过对剪切力拟合方程和烹饪失水率拟合方程的联合求解,优化出复合肉嫩化剂的配方组成为:氯化钠浓度6%、氯化钙浓度3.5%,木瓜蛋白酶120U/ml。在上述优化条件下,实际验证猪肉剪切力为2.10kg,烹饪失水率为34.5%。     

A comparison of carcass and meat quality characteristics of Creole and Large White pigs slaughtered at 90kg BW

The effect of breed in combination with sex (gilts or barrows) on carcass composition and meat quality characteristics were studied in two replicates involving a total of 40 Creole (CR) and 40 Large White (LW). This trial was conducted in the experimental facilities of INRA in Guadeloupe (French West Indies, 16° Lat. N. and 61° Long. W). All the pigs were slaughtered at about 90kg BW. No interaction between breeds and sex was found for all criteria studied. Carcass dressing weight was higher in CR than in LW (832 vs. 810g/kg, P<0.001) in connection with their lower internal organs weight (34.0 vs. 41g/kg; P<0.001). Fat cuts weight (i.e., back and leaf fat) was higher in CR than in LW (192 vs. 90g/kg; P<0.001). Creole pigs showed higher intramuscular fat percentage (IMF), higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and lower percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle than LW pigs (4.72% vs. 2.29%, 50.2% vs. 45.0% and 7.9% vs. 13.8%, respectively). Whatever the muscle considered the ultimate pH was higher (P<0.05) in CR than in LW pigs. The drip and cooking losses of LD muscle were lower in CR than in LW (8.2% vs. 9.7% and 28.9% vs. 30.1%, respectively; P<0.05). Whatever the breed, the females were leaner than barrows (P<0.01) but the effect of sex was significant only on a few parameters.     

Elucidation of the relationship between cooking temperature, water distribution and sensory attributes of pork - a combined NMR and sensory study

Low-field NMR T(2) relaxation was measured continuously during cooking of pork samples (m. longissimus dorsi) to a final temperature of 75 °C. Simultaneously the remaining muscle was cooked in an oven to a core temperature of either 62 or 75 °C and subsequently evaluated by a sensory panel. Highly significant effects of final cooking temperature on the sensory attributes juiciness (initial and final), hardness, tenderness, crumbliness and chewing time were found. Juiciness and tenderness decreased with increasing temperature, while hardness, crumbliness and chewing time increased with increasing temperature. Distributed T(2) relaxation data revealed marked effects of temperature (62 vs. 75 °C) on the water distribution within the meat. Partial least squares (PLS) regressions were used to examine a potential prediction of sensory attributes from the distributed T(2) relaxation data, and high correlations were obtained. Moreover, loadings from the PLS regressions were analysed to evaluate the alterations in the water distribution as a function of temperature that contribute to changes in juiciness. This analysis revealed that the reduction in juiciness at 75 °C can be ascribed to changes in the size of the pores confining the myofibrillar water together with an expulsion of water.     

Carcass and meat quality characteristics of the progeny of two swine sire lines reared under differing environmental conditions

The objective of this study was to compare the carcass and meat quality of pigs of two sire lines (A vs B) reared in either a spacious or crowded environment. A total of 128 pigs (barrows and gilts) were used in the study. Animals were slaughtered at 120 kg live weight. Dressing percentage was greater for line A in the spacious but not the crowded environment and line A had a greater loin eye area than line B. Compared to line B, the longissimus from line A had lower pH, higher L* and b* values, and was judged to be paler and softer with a lower marbling fat content. Longissimus L* values were lower for pigs reared in the crowded compared to the spacious environment. Longissimus drip loss was greater for line A compared to line B in the spacious but not the crowded environment. This study highlights genetic differences in pork quality and suggests rearing environment effects that warrant further study.     

阿拉善双峰骆驼肉品质分析

通过二因子多水平重复试验对阿拉善双峰骆驼肉不同性别(公、母)和不同部位(股二头肌、臂三头肌、背最长肌)肉品质进行了测定分析。结果表明,阿拉善双峰驼肉除嫩度稍差外,pH值适中、肉色鲜红、大理石纹分布均匀、系水力和熟肉率较高,具有高水分、高蛋白、低脂肪的特点,是人类较理想的动物性食品。不同性别驼肉除母驼肌肉中水分含量显著高于公驼外(P<0.05),其他均无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同部位驼肉除大理石纹、剪切力、水分、蛋白质和脂肪含量在不同部位间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)或显著差异(P<0.05)外,其他均无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

冻藏对兔肉理化特性及微观结构的影响

以兔背最长肌为材料,研究冻藏温度对兔肉pH值、色泽、嫩度、保水性、挥发性盐基氮含量、硫代巴
比妥酸值、蛋白质溶解度、凝胶G’值和微观结构的影响。结果表明：－18 ℃冻藏时pH值下降的速度比－40 ℃和
－80 ℃冻藏快;冻藏温度越高,兔肉色泽和嫩度越差,解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率越大,挥发性盐基氮含量、硫代
巴比妥酸值越高,蛋白质溶解度和凝胶G’值越低,微观结构变化越严重。不同温度条件下,冻藏60 d后兔肉的多项
指标变化速度较快,因此冻藏时间以不超过60 d为宜。     

宰后高温诱导制备类PSE兔肉

研究了类苍白、松软、表面汁液渗出（pale soft exudative,PSE）兔肉的制备方法,以保证PSE兔肉科学研究用实验材料品质的一致性。以新鲜的兔背最长肌和后腿肉为实验材料,参照猪、家禽PSE肉的制备方法,研究37 ℃水浴条件下兔背最长肌和腿肌肉感官品质、pH值、色泽、失水率、弹性、肌原纤维蛋白溶解度及弹性储能模量（G′）的变化。结果表明：随着处理时间的延长,兔背肌和腿肌的感官品质下降;pH值、a*值、弹性、蛋白质的溶解度及凝胶G′值均显著下降（P＜0.05）;L*值和失水率显著增加（P＜0.05）。水浴2 h时,兔背肌肉的极限pH＜5.74,L*＞63.40,汁液损失率＞25.36%;3 h时,兔腿肌肉的极限pH＜5.84,L*＞56.82,汁液损失率＞17.85%。在37 ℃保温2 h,兔背肌肉表现出了PSE肉的特征;在37 ℃保温3 h,兔腿肌肉表现出了PSE肉的特征。