婴幼儿配方奶粉中氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的检测方法优化与污染暴露

目的：采用气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）联用技术,建立同时测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯（3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester,3-MCPDE）、2-氯-l,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯（2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol ester,2-MCPDE）、1,3-二氯-2-丙醇脂肪酸酯（1,3-dichloropropane-2-ol ester,1,3-DCPE）和2,3-二氯-1-丙醇脂肪酸酯（2,3-dichloropropane-1-ol ester,2,3-DCPE）含量的分析方法,并对市售50 份婴幼儿配方奶粉中4 种氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的污染水平进行调查分析和风险暴露评估。方法：婴幼儿配方奶粉经脂肪提取后,依次通过碱水解、硅藻土固相萃取小柱净化、七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生上机,同位素内标法定量。结果：该方法在20～600 ng/mL范围内线性良好（r2≥0.998 9）,检出限为0.005 mg/kg,定量限为0.015 mg/kg,检出限和定量限均以相应的氯丙醇计。0.03、0.075 mg/kg和0.15 mg/kg水平下的加标回收率在82.2%～113.9%之间,相对标准偏差均不大于8.3%。50 份奶粉样品中,3-MCPDE检出率为100.0%,含量为0.037～0.208 mg/kg,2-MCPDE检出率为42.0%,含量为ND～0.060 mg/kg,1,3-DCPE和2,3-DCPE均未检出。统计不同月龄婴幼儿氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的平均暴露量,0～6 月龄为3.86 μg/kg、6～12 月龄为2.00 μg/kg、12～36 月龄为1.07 μg/kg。结论：该方法操作简便、准确可靠,适合婴幼儿配方奶粉中4 种氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的同时测定。婴幼儿摄入氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的健康风险需引起关注。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯

目的 采用气相色谱-串联质谱(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,GC-MS/MS)技术,实现对婴幼儿配方奶粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester,3-MCPDE)、2-氯-l,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol ester,2-MCPDE)和缩水甘油脂肪酸酯(glycidol fatty acid esters, GEs)的准确定性和定量。方法 从奶粉样品中提取的脂肪经溴代反应后,其中的缩水甘油酯转变成溴丙醇酯。溴丙醇酯和样品中的氯丙醇酯在酸性条件下发生酯交换反应,溴丙醇酯被水解为游离态形式的3-溴-1,2-丙二醇(3-MBPD)、氯丙醇酯被水解为游离态形式的氯丙醇(3-MCPD、2-MCPD);水解液经碱中和后,经硅藻土固相萃取小柱净化,洗脱液脱水后氮吹浓缩,再经七氟丁酰基咪唑(HFBI)衍生;衍生液用异辛烷定容后供GC-MS/MS分析,采用同位素内标法定量,可一次性同时测定奶粉中3-MCPDE、2-MCPDE和GEs的含量。结果 该方法在20～600 ng/mL范围内线性良好(r_²≥0.99),检出限为0.005 mg/kg脂肪,定量限为0.015 mg/kg脂肪,检出限和定量限均以相应的氯丙醇或缩水甘油计。0.1、0.5 mg/kg和1.0 mg/kg水平下的加标回收率在89.7%～105.6%之间,相对标准偏差均不大于5.56%。结论 该方法灵敏、准确可靠,适合婴幼儿配方奶粉中3-MCPDE、2-MCPDE和GEs的同时测定。     

部分省份食用植物油中脂肪酸氯丙醇酯含量水平调查分析

研究调查了10个植物油品种的491批次食用植物油样本中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2-MCPD酯)、1,3-二氯-2-丙醇脂肪酸酯(1,3-DCP酯)和2,3-二氯-1-丙醇脂肪酸酯(2,3-DCP酯)4种脂肪酸氯丙醇酯的含量水平,为监管工作提供基础数据。用间接测定法以七氟丁酰基咪唑(HFBI)为衍生剂,GC-MS测定,多同位素内标法定量。调查结果显示:所有样本均未检出1,3-DCP酯和2,3-DCP酯;3-MCPD酯检出率为83.3%,检出结果范围为0.104~8.580 mg/kg;2-MCPD酯检出率为66.0%,检出结果范围为0.106~4.320 mg/kg;3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯的同时检出率为65.2%;脂肪酸氯丙醇酯含量水平较高的油脂品种是棕榈油和油茶籽油,含量水平较低的油脂品种是橄榄油和大豆油;不同植物油品种脂肪酸氯丙醇酯含量水平差异较大。     

食用植物油中4种氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的GC-MS测定方法研究

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,建立了同时测定食用植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2-MCPD酯)、1,3-二氯-2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(1,3-DCP酯)和2,3-二氯-1-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2,3-DCP酯)含量的分析方法。该方法在0.005~0.5 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,检出限0.1 mg/kg,定量限0.2 mg/kg,加标回收率在97.2%~106.0%之间,相对标准偏差在3.4%~7.1%之间。该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,重复性好,定性定量准确,对仪器污染小,能满足食用植物油中氯丙醇酯的检测需求。     

油炸食品中氯丙醇酯含量分析

建立检测油炸食品中同时检测油炸食品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(bound 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol,3-MCPDE)和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(bound 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol,2-MCPDE)的前处理方法。用超声波提取食品中的脂肪部分,再经过低温下碱水解方式将3-MCPDE和2-MCPDE转化为3-氯-1,2-丙二醇和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇,经苯硼酸衍生后进入三重四级杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)进行分析,通过内标法同时分析3-MCPDE和2-MCPDE的含量。3-MCPDE和2-MCPDE的检出限为0. 006 8μg/g和0. 006 2μg/g,定量限分别为0. 026μg/g和0. 012μg/g,回收率为93. 8%～111. 7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1. 1%～4. 8%;在油炸食品中3-MCPDE的含量为0. 056～0. 672μg/g,2-MCPDE的含量为ND～0. 424μg/g; 3-MCPDE含量最高的样品为虾片,2-MCPDE的含量最高的为麻花,炸花生中3-MCPDE和2-MCPDE的含量均为最低。油炸食品中氯丙醇酯的检测可为制定我国食品中氯丙醇酯含量限量提供基础数据。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定液体调味料中4种氯丙醇的含量

选取酱油、鱼露与水解植物蛋白液为试验样品,建立了液体调味料中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇（3-MCPD）、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇（2-MCPD）、1,3-二氯-2-丙醇（1,3-DCP）和2,3-二氯-1-丙醇（2,3-DCP）的气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）检测方法。以样品加入稳定同位素内标后进行固相支持液液萃取,以10 m L正己烷淋洗,15 m L乙酸乙酯洗脱,氮吹近干后,七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生,产物经DB-5MS柱分离,质谱采用选择离子监测模式检测。结果表明,四种氯丙醇在0.005～1.6μg/m L质量浓度范围内呈良好线性关系,3-MCPD、2-MCPD、1,3-DCP和2,3-DCP的检出限分别为2.0μg/kg、2.0μg/kg、5.0μg/kg、5.0μg/kg,定量限分别为5.0μg/kg、5.0μg/kg、10μg/kg、10μg/kg,加标回收率在82.4%～107.0%范围内,精密度实验结果的相对标准偏差（RSD）在0.85%～8.58%范围内。该方法前处理简便,定量准确可靠,可用于液体调味料中四种氯丙醇含量的检测。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定食用植物油中氯丙醇酯的含量方法验证研究

目的建立一种同时测定食用植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2-MCPD酯)、1,3-二氯-2-丙醇脂肪酸酯(1,3-DCP酯)和2,3-二氯-1-丙醇脂肪酸酯(2,3-DCP酯)含量的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)方法。方法植物油样品经叔丁基甲基醚-乙酸乙酯溶液(8∶2,V/V)溶解,在甲醇钠-甲醇溶液中发生酯键断裂反应,用冰乙酸中和正己烷去脂,经硅藻土小柱净化,七氟丁酰基咪唑(HFBI)衍生,以GC-MS法测定,采用同位素内标进行定量。结果经5家检验机构验证,4种氯丙醇酯(以对应的氯丙醇计)在0.02~0.4 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r~2均大于0.999,在0.2~2.0 mg/kg水平的加标回收率在78.5%~109.8%之间,RSD为2.2%~18.8%,检出限均为0.1 mg/kg。结论 2014年英国FAPAS分析实验室能力验证和5家机构协同验证的结果证实,该方法线性良好,准确度、精密度高,检测成本较低,适用于食用植物油中氯丙醇酯的检测。     

食用油与氯化钠模型反应中氯丙醇酯的消长规律

为研究热加工过程中食用油与NaCl反应产生3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester,3-MCPD酯)和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol ester,2-MCPD酯)的变化规律,分别建立食品和煎炸油2个体系模型,考察食用油种类、NaCl含量、反应温度、反应时间、含水量和pH值等因素对2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯的含量影响。结果表明:2种模型反应中,食用油种类、反应时间、反应温度和NaCl含量对2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯的含量变化有着较大的影响;通过比较发现,在食品模型中,2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯的含量随反应温度的增加(100~190℃)呈现下降趋势,分别下降5%和20%,然而在煎炸油模型中,随反应温度的增加(100~220℃)两者呈现增加趋势,分别增加7倍和8倍。另外,随NaCl含量和反应时间的增加,2个模型反应中的2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯的含量变化趋势不完全一致。这说明2-MCPD酯与3-MCPD酯虽然结构近似,但消长规律不同。该研究结果可为有效减少热加工食品中氯丙醇酯的含量提供参考。     

多种油脂性食品中氯丙醇酯的检测及暴露危险分析

目的建立同时测定2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(2-chloropane-1,3-diol esters,2-MCPD酯)和3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-chloropane-1,2-diol esters,3-MCPD酯)的气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)检测方法,对云南省内的油脂性食品进行检测和评估。方法提取样品中的脂肪后,依次使用甲醇钠水解和硅藻土小柱净化,洗脱液挥干后用正己烷溶解,七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生化,气相色谱-质谱法测定,内标法定量。结果该方法的线性范围为20～600 ng,相关性较好(r≥0.9994),检出限为27.0μg/kg,回收率为79.4%～95.6%,精密度相对标准偏差RSD≤5.5%。154份油脂性食品的检出率为30%,含量范围在27.7～1850.0μg/kg内。结论该方法操作简单,稳定可靠,灵敏度高,能满足日常检测的需要。云南省内的油脂性食品中2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯的总体暴露水平不高。     

基于稳定同位素稀释法测定调味品中氯丙醇的含量

基于气相色谱-质谱法(Gas chromatography-mass,GC-MS),探究和建立了调味品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD)、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇(2-MCPD)、1,3-二氯-2-丙醇(1,3-DCP)、2,3-二氯-1-丙醇(2,3-DCP)的分析方法。优化了样品前处理方法及GC-MS的分析条件。结果显示,样品经硅藻土固相萃取柱净化,乙醚洗脱,七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生化后,在GC-MS选择离子模式(SIM)下测定,氯丙醇在(0.005~2)mg/L范围内呈良好线性,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限(S/N=3)为2μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为5μg/kg,加标回收率为80.1%~109.5%。该方法简便、快速、溶剂用量少、且能消除调味品中复杂基质的干扰,结果准确可靠、灵敏度高,适用于调味品中氯丙醇的同时测定。     

An investigation of presence of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters in Canadian human milk samples

ABSTRACT

Occurrence of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters (MCPDEs) in 199 human milk samples collected from Canadian women was examined in this study. MCPDEs were determined via indirect analytical approach by using acidic hydrolysis/transesterification and derivatization with cyclohexanone using a fluorinated sulfonic acid resin as a catalyst followed by GC-MS analysis. Analyses were done by a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) using 3-monochloropropanediol-d₅ dipalmitate and 2-monochloropropanediol-d₅ distearate as internal standards. In all samples 2-MCPD esters were not detected, at LOD = 1 ng/g for 2-MCPD equivalent. 3-MCPD esters were not detected, at LOD = 2 ng/g for 3-MCPD equivalent, in 193 samples. Six samples had the apparent concentration of 3-MCPD equivalent in the range of 2.0–5.1 ng/g, which was likely caused by accidental contamination during processing of samples. For selected samples, these findings were confirmed by direct analysis via LC-MS/MS analysis based on SIDA for 3-MCPD dipalmitate and 2-MCPD distearate. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to analyze human milk samples for 2-MCPD esters.     

Determination of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters in Edible Oil―Method Validation and Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty

A gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of the sum of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in edible oils. Meanwhile, the measurement uncertainty was estimated. Testing sample preparation was optimized, and the optimal condition was attained. Good linearity was observed with the GC-MS method for the concentration range of 0.05–5.0 mg/kg (R ² = 0.9994). It was proved to be an accurate and precise method for the determination of 3-MCPD esters according to the validation results. The recovery range was 89.0–104.6 %, and the limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 25 and 50 μg/kg, respectively. Satisfactory reproducibility was achieved with lower than 15 %. Repeatability was determined and expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), with the value range of 3.9–12.0 %.The contents of 3-MCPD esters were determined in 12 kinds of oils using this method. Measurement uncertainties were calculated by applying bottom-up approach. The main dominant sources were identified and quantified, which were standard solutions preparation, recovery, and calibration curve. It reminds that the predominant uncertainty sources should be paid much more attention during preparing the testing samples in the future.     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in human breast milk

A series of twelve breast milk samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operated in selected ion monitoring mode for 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). Whilst none of the samples contained 3-MCPD above the limit of detection of 3 microg kg(-1) milk, all contained high amounts of 3-MCPD esterified with higher fatty acids. The levels of 3-MCPD released by hydrolysis of these esters (bound 3-MCPD) ranged from the limit of detection (300 microg kg(-1), expressed on a fat basis) to 2195 microg kg(-1); with a mean level of bound 3-MCPD of 1014 microg kg(-1), which corresponded to 35.5 microg kg(-1) milk. The presence of bound 3-MCPD was confirmed using orthogonal gas chromatography coupled with high-speed time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for four randomly selected breast milk samples. Six breast milks collected from one of the nursing mothers 14-76 days after childbirth contained bound 3-MCPD within the range of 328-2078 microg kg(-1) fat (mean 930 microg kg(-1) fat). The calculated bound 3-MCPD content of these samples was within the range of 6 and 19 microg kg(-1) milk (mean of 12 microg kg(-1) milk). The major types of 3-MCPD esters were the symmetric diesters with lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids, and asymmetric diesters with palmitic acid/oleic acid among which 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol 1,2-dioleate prevailed.     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in human breast milk.

A series of twelve breast milk samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operated in selected ion monitoring mode for 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). Whilst none of the samples contained 3-MCPD above the limit of detection of 3 microg kg(-1) milk, all contained high amounts of 3-MCPD esterified with higher fatty acids. The levels of 3-MCPD released by hydrolysis of these esters (bound 3-MCPD) ranged from the limit of detection (300 microg kg(-1), expressed on a fat basis) to 2195 microg kg(-1); with a mean level of bound 3-MCPD of 1014 microg kg(-1), which corresponded to 35.5 microg kg(-1) milk. The presence of bound 3-MCPD was confirmed using orthogonal gas chromatography coupled with high-speed time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for four randomly selected breast milk samples. Six breast milks collected from one of the nursing mothers 14-76 days after childbirth contained bound 3-MCPD within the range of 328-2078 microg kg(-1) fat (mean 930 microg kg(-1) fat). The calculated bound 3-MCPD content of these samples was within the range of 6 and 19 microg kg(-1) milk (mean of 12 microg kg(-1) milk). The major types of 3-MCPD esters were the symmetric diesters with lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids, and asymmetric diesters with palmitic acid/oleic acid among which 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol 1,2-dioleate prevailed.     

Study of chloropropanols in soy sauce by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with coupled column separation without derivatisation

A qualitative and quantitative determination method for chloropropanols in soy sauce was developed by GC-MS/MS with coupled column separation without derivatisation. The target compounds were 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP), 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol (2,3-DCP), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD). 3-MCPD-d₅ was used as an isotope internal standard for MCPDs and 1,3-DCP-d₅ for DCPs. After spiking with internal standards and mixed with 1?g of Extrelut? NT, about 1?g of the sample was washed by 4?ml of hexane and the analytes were eluted with 15?ml of 95% (v/v) ethyl ether/hexane mixture. The concentrated extract was directly injected without derivatisation, separated by a coupled column – a 3?m Innowax (polyethylene glycol) combined with a 30?m DB-5?ms ((5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane) by a quartz capillary column connector – and detected by GC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LODs) in the sample matrix were 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 5.0?µg?kg^?1 for the above chloropropanols, respectively. The relative proportions of 2-MCPD/3-MCPD ranged from 0.19 to 3.74 in soy sauce samples. 2,3-DCP and 2-MCPD were more stable than 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD under alkaline condition. The levels of chloropropanols can be decreased by an alkaline treatment process.     

Change of fatty acid esters of MCPD and glycidol during restaurant deep frying of fish nuggets and their correlations with total polar compounds

This study examined the fatty acid esters of 2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (2-MCPD), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters (GEs) in frying oils during fish nuggets deep frying. The 3-MCPD esters significantly increased in the first 12 h and then decreased, whereas 2-MCPD esters increased to a maximum at 24 h (0.69–0.81 mg kg⁻¹) and then decreased. The GEs decreased with frying time and degraded to approximately 0.05 mg kg⁻¹ after 36 h in all frying oils. The correlation results showed that the 3-MCPD esters had a positive correlation with 2-MCPD esters (R = 0.910), so 3-MCPD esters could be an indicator of the presence of MCPD esters in frying oils. Strong correlations were found between MCPD esters and the peroxide values and p-anisidine values, indicating that changes in MCPD esters may be related to oil oxidation. These results may improve our understanding of MCPD esters and GEs in frying oils and find ways to control them during frying.     

Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol

A total of 290 individual food samples were collected in Hong Kong, China, for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) fatty acid esters analysis. Most samples were processed food and in ready-to-eat form. The results show that the levels of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters were high in biscuits, fats and oils, snacks and Chinese pastry with mean bound 3-MCPD levels of 440, 390, 270 and 270 μg kg^?1, respectively. The dietary exposures to bound 3-MCPD of average and high adult consumers were estimated to be 0.20 and 0.53 μg kg bw^?1 day^?1, respectively. The primary toxicological concern of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters is its potential to release 3-MCPD in vivo during digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. 3-MCPD would affect the kidney, the central nervous system and the male reproductive system of rats. Assuming that 100% of the 3-MCPD was released from 3-MCPD fatty acid esters by hydrolysis in the digestive system, the dietary exposures to 3-MCPD for average and high adult consumers were only 10% and 26% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 3-MCPD established by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2 μg kg bw^?1 day^?1), respectively. The results suggest that both average and high adult consumers are unlikely to experience major toxicological effects of 3-MCPD.     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in human breast milk

A series of twelve breast milk samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operated in selected ion monitoring mode for 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). Whilst none of the samples contained 3-MCPD above the limit of detection of 3 μg kg^?1 milk, all contained high amounts of 3-MCPD esterified with higher fatty acids. The levels of 3-MCPD released by hydrolysis of these esters (bound 3-MCPD) ranged from the limit of detection (300 μg kg^?1, expressed on a fat basis) to 2195 μg kg^?1; with a mean level of bound 3-MCPD of 1014 μg kg^?1, which corresponded to 35.5 μg kg^?1 milk. The presence of bound 3-MCPD was confirmed using orthogonal gas chromatography coupled with high-speed time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for four randomly selected breast milk samples. Six breast milks collected from one of the nursing mothers 14–76 days after childbirth contained bound 3-MCPD within the range of 328–2078 μg kg^?1 fat (mean 930 μg kg^?1 fat). The calculated bound 3-MCPD content of these samples was within the range of 6 and 19 μg kg^?1 milk (mean of 12 μg kg^?1 milk). The major types of 3-MCPD esters were the symmetric diesters with lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids, and asymmetric diesters with palmitic acid/oleic acid among which 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol 1,2-dioleate prevailed.