Characteristics of ZnO-based varistor ceramics doped with Al2O3

The influence of Al₂O₃ doping in the range 0.00–0.83 mol% on the microstructure and current–voltage characteristics of ZnO-based varistor ceramics sintered at 1200 °C for 2 h was studied. The threshold voltage V_T (V/mm) increased up to a dopant level of about 0.08 mol% Al₂O₃; the nonlinear coefficient α was significantly increased by additions of up to 0.04 mol% Al₂O₃, although larger additions of Al₂O₃ caused it to decrease; and the leakage current increased sharply with increasing amounts of Al₂O₃. Doping with Al₂O₃ up to about 0.12 mol% Al₂O₃ resulted in a significantly decreased ZnO grain size, which is mainly responsible for the significantly increased threshold voltage, V_T. No ZnAl₂O₄ spinel phase was detected in any of the samples, and EDXS and WDXS analyses showed that most of the added Al₂O₃ distributed between the Zn₇Sb₂O₁₂ spinel phase and the ZnO phase, while only trace amounts were detected in the Bi₂O₃-rich phase. The spinel phase incorporates an appropriate amount of Al₂O₃; however, with an increasing amount of added Al₂O₃, more of it remains outside the spinel phase in the Bi₂O₃-rich liquid, where it can incorporate into the growing ZnO grains at the sintering temperature. The amount of Al in the ZnO grains was determined. A mechanism for the grain growth inhibition resulting from the small amounts of Al₂O₃ in the Bi₂O₃-rich liquid phase is also proposed.     

氧化铝包膜的纳米二氧化钛的制备和性质

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备二氧化钛纳米颗粒,然后进行了氧化铝包膜.对样品进行了TEM,XRD,XPS,ICP和BET表面积表征,结果表明二氧化钛纳米颗粒大小的40 nm左右,表现出良好的分散性.氧化铝有效的包膜在二氧化钛表面,并且在氧化硅和氧化铝之间通过Ti-O-Al键合.氧化铝包膜有效的降低了二氧化钛颗粒的光催化活性.     

硬脂酸对纳米Al2O3的有机表面修饰研究

为提高纳米α-Al2O3粒子在有机体系中的分散性和相容性,对纳米α-Al2O3进行了有机表面改性.首先制备了纳米α-Al2O3水分散液,然后把纳米Al2O3水分散液转移到溶有硬脂酸的正丁醇溶液中,升温到一定温度,将纳米Al2O3浆体中的水分蒸馏出去,使纳米Al2O3在有机相中进行表面改性,使得纳米Al2O3有机表面改性和防团聚处理一步完成,得到了团聚程度较小的纳米Al2O3粉体.采用红外光谱(IR)、热分析(TG-DTA)、透射电镜(TEM)、润湿性实验、分散性实验等手段对表面改性前后的纳米Al2O3进行表征.红外光谱和TEM表明,在纳米Al2O3表面包覆有硬脂酸的有机层,并且可能有硬脂酸铝的生成.热分析显示,包覆量约为16.7%.润湿性实验及分散性实验表明,经硬脂酸改性的纳米Al2O3的表面性质由亲水变为疏水.     

Synthesis and Activity of Heterogeneous Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/ZnO Catalysts Prepared from Colloidal Palladium Nanoparticles

Heterogeneous catalysts composed of Pd nanoparticles on zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃, alumina) were synthesized and tested for catalytic activity. Palladium nanoparticles were synthesized via solution-precipitation methods and deposited on aluminum oxide and zinc oxide supports. The particles were synthesized by decomposing a palladium precursor (Pd(Mes)₂) in a solution of trioctylphosphine [TOP route] or palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)₂) in a solution of octylamine [amine route] at 300 °C. The particles were washed and suspended in hexane, whereupon they were deposited on an oxide powder. Supported nanoparticle powders were subjected to CO oxidation tests to determine catalytic activity. Particle sizes ranged from 2.4 ± 0.4 nm average diameter when prepared using trioctylphosphine to 4 ± 1 nm using the amine route. No significant size change was observed after removal of the surfactant and catalytic testing by CO oxidation. The highest conversion of CO to CO₂ occurred with a calcined sample, indicating that the removal of surfactant increases activity.     

Activity and stability of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst promoted with B2O3 for methanol synthesis

The addition of B₂O₃ to a Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst increased the activity of the catalyst for methanol synthesis after an induction period during the reaction. The stability of the B₂O₃-containing Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst was greatly improved by the addition of a small amount of colloidal silica to the catalyst. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

纳米Al_2O_3表面接枝聚合改性的研究

为改善纳米Al2O3粒子在聚合物中的分散状况,本工作先在粒子表面引入双键,然后通过溶液自由基引发接枝单体丙烯酰胺和苯乙烯在Al2O3粒子表面的聚合,使接枝物与纳米粒子之间形成化学键合。系统研究了投料方式、引发剂浓度、单体浓度、反应时间等对接枝效果的影响,为调控纳米粒子表面的化学性质提供依据。     

表面修饰纳米氧化铝的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外纳米氧化铝表面修饰的研究进展情况,按修饰机理区分为物理修饰和化学修饰方法,表面物理修饰方法包括吸附、包覆、辐照处理等,表面化学修饰方法包括偶联剂法、接枝法、接枝-包覆法等,文中对这些方法的特点、修饰机理以及修饰的效果进行简单介绍。     

铜离子在印迹壳聚糖/Al2O3上的吸附-脱附特性

采用表面接枝和表面印迹技术,以正硅酸乙酯改性后的Al2O3粉末为载体、壳聚糖为功能单体,制备了Cu2+印迹复合材料(IIP/Al2O3),用于选择性分离Cu2+. 研究了IIP/Al2O3对Cu2+的动态吸附,利用Thomas, Yoon-Nelson和Wolborska模型分析IIP/Al2O3吸附Cu2+过程,考察了动态条件下Cu2+的最佳洗脱条件. 结果表明,当Cu2+浓度100 mg/L、柱高37.25 mm、流速1.0 mL/min和pH=5时,IIP/Al2O3的穿透吸附容量和动态吸附容量分别为4.03和15.68 mg/g,Cu2+去除率为45.55%;Thomas和Yoon-Nelson模型能很好地拟合IIP/Al2O3对Cu2+的吸附;在柱高37.25 mm、洗脱液流速1.0 mL/min的条件下,15 mL 0.6 mol/L盐酸溶液对Cu2+的脱附率高达99.54%,脱附作用时间短,Cu2+易回收.     

双改性Al2O3/PVDF杂化膜的制备和性能研究

为了提高PVDF膜的亲水性和力学强度,利用硅烷偶联剂乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷和碱液分别对Al2O3粒子和聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）进行了改性,并以改性后产物为制模材料,以过氧化苯甲酰（BPO）为引发剂,将改性纳米Al2O3粒子引入到PVDF中,通过热致相变法制备了双改性Al2O3/PVDF杂化膜。随后,考察了硅烷偶联剂对Al2O3粒子粒径及不同碱浓度和碱处理时间对PVDF结构的影响,并对制备的双改性膜做了性能测试。结果表明,当添加的硅烷偶联剂的质量分数为33%时,Al2O3粒子的粒径降为43.47 nm,在此基础上,当添加的改性Al2O3粒子的质量分数为5%时,杂化膜的截留率为83.1%,通量为621.5 L/m2.h,膜的拉伸强度达到5.01Mpa,改性纳米Al2O3粒子的引入,是杂化膜通量和力学强度提高的主要原因。     

两层结构Al2O3陶瓷平板膜制备及缺陷分析

利用喷涂法成功制备出支撑体层 + 分离膜层两层结构的氧化铝陶瓷平板膜,研究 了分散剂对氧化铝膜层浆料的影响。采用扫描电镜对不同烧结温度下制得的不同厚度膜层进行 观察,利用孔径分析仪对膜层孔径进行测试,并测试了纯水通量。研究表明：PAA-NH4比 PAA 有更优的分散效果,其合适的加入量为 0.5wt%;两层结构的陶瓷平板膜合理的烧结温度为 1250?C,合理的膜层厚度为 20 μm。     

Ruby micro-piezospectroscopy in GdAlO3/Al2O3(/ZrO2), Er3Al5O12/Al2O3(/ZrO2) and Y3Al5O12/Al2O3(/ZrO2) binary and ternary directionally solidified eutectics

The fluorescence from (naturally present) Cr³⁺ impurities was used to measure the residual stress in the alumina phase of six melt-grown ceramic eutectic composites associating gadolinum aluminum perovskite (GAP), erbium aluminum garnet (EAG) or yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) with α-alumina and cubic zirconia. Such measurements are reported for the first time in the GAP containing eutectics.In the usual hydrostatic assumption, we conclude to a residual compression in the range of ～70–400 MPa depending on the sample composition. The validity of the hydrostatic assumption is questioned when a microscope is used for the measurements.     

Mechanisms of hydrodenitrogenation of alkylamines and hydrodesulfurization of alkanethiols on NiMo/Al2O3, CoMo/Al2O3, and Mo/Al2O3

The simultaneous hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of alkylamines and hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of alkanethiols, with the NH₂ and SH groups attached to primary, secondary, and tertiary carbon atoms, were studied at 270–320 °C and 3 MPa over sulfided NiMo/Al₂O₃, CoMo/Al₂O₃, and Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Pentylamine and 2-hexylamine reacted by substitution with H₂S to form alkanethiols and with another amine molecule to form dialkylamines. Alkenes and alkanes were not formed directly from pentylamine and 2-hexylamine, but indirectly by elimination and hydrogenolysis of the alkanethiol intermediates, as confirmed by their secondary behavior and the similar alkene/alkane ratios in the simultaneous reactions of amines and thiols. Only 2-methyl-2-butylamine, with the NH₂ group attached to a tertiary carbon atom, produced alkenes as primary products by E1 elimination. NiMo/Al₂O₃ and CoMo/Al₂O₃ have a higher activity for the HDS of alkanethiols than does Mo/Al₂O₃; H₂S has a negative influence. This shows that the thiols react on vacancies on the catalyst surface (Lewis acid sites). Mo/Al₂O₃ is the best HDN catalyst; H₂S has a positive influence on the HDN of amines with the NH₂ group attached to a secondary and a tertiary carbon atom. This indicates that the HDN of alkylamines occurs on Brønsted acid sites.     

Al2O歧化法制备微细Al2O3/Al复合粉体

真空条件下,以Al2O3和Al为原料,通过Al2O歧化法制备微细Al2O3/Al复合粉体.XRD和SEM分析表明:在反应温度为1200～1400℃时,随着温度的升高,粉体中氧化铝含量升高;冷凝温度约为550～750℃时,复合粉体中的氧化铝包括稳定晶型和不稳定晶型;冷凝温度约为1100～1300℃时,复合粉体中的氧化铝全部为稳定晶型;冷凝温度约为550～650℃时,复合粉体的平均粒径小于0.5μm;冷凝温度约为750℃时,铝熔化、微粒团聚;冷凝温度约为1100～1200℃时,铝形成铝珠,氧化铝为不规则状、平均粒径小于2μm;冷凝温度约为1300℃时,氧化铝为片状.因此,通过选取合适的反应温度、冷凝温度,可以控制Al2O3/Al复合粉体中氧化铝的含量、晶型和粒径.     

Characterization of Sn doped Ni/Al2O3 steam reforming catalysts by XPS

XPS measurements have shown that tin oxides are more readily reduced to metallic tin by hydrogen in Ni/Al₂O₃ systems than on pure Al₂O₃. During the reductive activation of Sn doped Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts, surface segregation of the dopant was observed. This finding may explain that tin enhances the selectivity of the steam reforming catalysts only when added in very low concentrations and that it acts as a poison at higher loadings.     

原位红外光谱法研究Pd-Ag/Al2O3和Pd/ Al2O3乙炔加氢催化剂

以一氧化碳和乙炔为探针分子,采用原位红外光谱技术研究了Pd-Ag/ Al₂O₃和Pd/ Al₂O₃催化剂上乙炔加氢反应以及催化剂本身的表面形态,动态考察了乙炔加氢的气相反应行为、CO吸附以及催化剂表面吸附物种的变化。结果表明,在Pd-Ag/ Al₂O₃催化体系中,由于Ag的加入而受到几何效应和电子效应的共同影响,引起了催化剂表面形态的改变从而改变了催化剂的性能。另外,乙炔加氢反应会导致钯催化剂表面形成由长分子链的饱和烃组成的碳氢化合物层,该碳氢化合物层有可能是加氢反应形成的绿油。     

Strengthening of Al2O3 porous composites with a glass-ceramic binder doped with nanocopper

Glass ceramics are the result of controlled crystallisation of one or more crystalline phases embedded in the glass matrix, which usually results in better mechanical properties than conventional glasses. Crystalline phases precipitated in the vitrified bond improve mechanical strength and provide new functions that are not present in the original glass. The most widely encountered issue in standard composites is the presence of inclusions, generated during the process of thermal treatment, of finely dispersed crystalline phases, which are spread in the amorphous phase.Another way of increasing the mechanical properties of composites is via surface crystallisation of the binder. The mechanical strength can be significantly and permanently increased by inducing compressive stress at the glass surface. In the case of the binder designed here, the generated crystalline phase is willemite (Zn₂SiO₄), which is characterised by a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Zn₂SiO₄ usually crystallises at the glass surface, which results in the development of favourable compressive stresses in the glass-crystalline binder.Transition metal oxides significantly affect the crystallisation characteristics, thus influencing the thermal behaviour of glass ceramics. The majority of current publications focus on studies of the influence of copper on certain properties, and mainly the optical and photonic properties, and the influence of copper on the mechanical properties of silicate systems is still poorly recognised. This article investigates the mechanical and physical properties of porous Al₂O₃ composites with a glass-ceramic bond doped with nanocopper.     

Luminescent properties of doped amorphous and polycrystalline Y3Al5O12-Al2O3

Transparent polycrystalline ceramics (TPCs) are crystalline materials with single-crystal-like transparency, which, however, have to rely on fabrication processes with a relatively high cost. Here, we produced lab-scale TPCs based on the typical refractory Y₂O₃-Al₂O₃ system, through full congruent crystallization of the parent glass prepared by aerodynamic levitation melting method. Doping of the glass and TPCs by rare-earth (RE) ions (Ce³⁺, Tb³⁺, Nd³⁺, and Yb³⁺) and transition-metal (TM) ions (Cr³⁺) results in strong visible and near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence with high quantum yield. The dominance of Stark splitting of the emission band for RE and TM ions in the TPCs as compared with that of the glass confirms crystallization of the parent glasses.     

Air plasma-sprayed Y2O3 coatings for Al2O3/Al2O3 ceramic matrix composites

Al₂O₃/Al₂O₃ ceramic matrix composites (CMC) are candidate materials for hot-gas leading components of gas turbines. Since Al₂O₃/Al₂O₃ CMC are prone to hot-corrosion in combustion environments, the development of environmental barrier coatings (EBC) is mandatory. Owing to its favorable chemical stability and thermal properties, Y₂O₃ is considered a candidate EBC material for Al₂O₃/Al₂O₃ CMC. Up to 1 mm thick Y₂O₃ coatings were deposited by means of air plasma spraying (APS) on Al₂O₃/Al₂O₃ CMC with a reaction-bonded Al₂O₃ bond-coat (RBAO). APS Y₂O₃ coatings exhibit a good adherence in the as-deposited state as well as upon isothermal annealing up to 1400 °C. Moreover, furnace cyclic testing performed at 1200 °C revealed an excellent durability. This is explained by the formation of a continuous, approximately 1 μm thick reaction zone at the APS Y₂O₃/RBAO interface. The reaction zone between Y₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ comprises three layers of thermodynamically stable yttrium-aluminates exhibiting strong bonding, respectively.     

天然抗菌性壳聚糖/粘胶纤维的研究进展

壳聚糖与粘胶纤维共混制成的特性纤维能保持良好的抗菌性。这种纤维可与棉、聚酯、丙烯酸酯等混纺织成抗茼保健纺织品。壳聚粮／粘胶纤维可生物降解,对人的肌体安全、手感柔软,具有广阔的应用领域。