水位下降条件下土坡破坏的离心模型试验研究

水位下降引起土坡破坏的规律机理对于发展稳定性分析方法具有重要意义。研制了离心模型试验中超重力场水位升降模拟设备,进行水位下降条件下黏性土坡变形破坏的离心模型试验。根据试验位移测量结果,基于变形与破坏过程集成分析的思路探讨了土坡破坏机理。水位下降导致土坡发生由坡顶向坡脚的渐进性的错动破坏。水位下降条件下土坡的变形和破坏过程是耦合的。变形局部化发展是导致滑裂面出现的根本原因。滑裂面出现后滑动体内部仍发生显著的变形,并与滑裂面上的错动变形相耦合。     

Centrifuge modeling of the geotextile reinforced slope subject to drawdown

Geotextile is an effective reinforcement approach of slopes that experiences various loads such as drawdown. The geotextile reinforcement mechanism is essential to effectively evaluate the safety of geotextile-reinforced slopes under drawdown conditions. A series of drawdown centrifuge model tests were performed to investigate the deformation and failure behaviors of slopes reinforced with different geotextile layouts. The deformation and failure of unreinforced and reinforced slopes were compared and the geotextile reinforcement was indicated to significantly increase the safety limit and the ductility, reduce the displacement, and change the failure feature of slopes under drawdown conditions. The slopes exhibited remarkable progressive failure, downward from the slope top, under drawdown conditions. The progressive failure was induced by coupling of deformation localization and local failure based on full-field measurements of displacement of slopes subjected to drawdown. The geotextile reinforced the slope by decreasing and uniformizing the slope deformation by the soil-geotextile interaction. Through geotextile displacement analysis, the geotextile-reinforced slope was divided into the anchoring zone and the restricting zone by a boundary that was independent of the decrease of water level. The geotextile restrained the soil in the anchoring zone and the soil restrained the geotextile in the restricting zone. The reinforcement effect was distinct only when the geotextile was long enough to cross the slip surface of the unreinforced slope under drawdown conditions.     

抗滑桩加固黏性土坡变形规律的离心模型试验研究

采用土工离心机及专用振动台,进行了静动力加载条件下抗滑桩加固黏性土坡的离心模型试验。测量了试验过程中边坡的位移场和加速度响应的变化过程以及抗滑桩的位移和应变分布。试验结果表明地震过程中土坡的加速度响应自下而上逐渐增大,震后残余变形的水平分量最值相比震前向坡上部移动。静动力加载过程中,抗滑桩内侧土体存在一个面,其内外两侧的土体位移表现出不同的水平位移变化规律,从而可以将抗滑桩加固土坡划分成4个分别具有不同变形特性的区域;同一高程处桩的水平位移大于内侧土体而小于外侧土体;抗滑桩与土发生较复杂的相互作用,并使得土坡的变形趋于均匀。     

Failure behavior and mechanism of slopes reinforced using soil nail wall under various loading conditions

Soil–nailing technology is widely applied in practice for reinforcing slopes. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on slopes reinforced with a soil nail wall under three types of loading conditions. The behavior and mechanism of failure process of the reinforced slopes were studied using image-based observation and displacement measurements for the slope, nails, and cement layer. The nailing significantly increased the stability level and restricted the tension cracks of the slopes. Increasing the nail length improved the stability of the reinforced slopes with deeper slip surfaces. The reinforced slope exhibited a significant failure process, in which slope slippage failure and cement layer fracture occurred in conjunction with a coupling effect. The deformation localization was induced by the loading within the slope and ultimately developed into a slip surface. The nailing reinforced the slope by significantly delaying the occurrence of the deformation localization within the slope. The failure of nails was recognized as a combination of pull-out failure and bend deformation. The loading conditions were shown to have a significant effect on slope deformation and nail deflection, and they consequently influenced the failure behavior and its formation sequence.     

基于图像分析的土坡离心模型试验变形场测量

开发了离心场条件下土坡离心模型试验变形场非接触测量技术并进行了实际应用。基于图像相关分析理论,开发了新的土坡离心模型试验过程中土体位移非接触测量系统以观测离心机运行中土坡的位移。针对简单土坡进行了离心模型试验,测量了土坡的位移场变化过程。测量结果规律性好,表明该非接触测量技术能够较好地测定离心模型试验中土体侧面任意点在任意时刻的位移,适用于离心场环境中土坡变形过程的测量。加载导致土坡在某些位置出现变形集中,意味着这些位置发生了应变局部化。应变局部化的发展与土坡破坏有着密切联系。     

抗滑桩加固边坡地震响应离心模型试验

为研究抗滑桩加固边坡的地震响应和桩土相互作用规律,利用土工离心机及专用振动台进行了砂土边坡的动力离心模型试验。在50g离心加速度条件下,输入El Centro地震波,记录了边坡不同位置的加速度时程并作频谱分析,采集了桩前动土压力和抗滑桩应变等。结果表明:边坡的地震动力响应自下而上逐渐放大;抗滑桩对周围土体响应有一定阻滞作用;桩前动土压力随着地震输入而迅速增大至峰值,此后保持稳定直至地震结束;抗滑桩各截面弯矩的变化规律与动土压力类似,弯矩最大值出现在抗滑桩下部。     

降雨条件下含软弱夹层土坡的离心模型试验研究

进行了降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的离心模型试验。试验主要研究了降雨条件下坡体的吸力和变形规律,重点分析了软弱夹层对坡体的影响。测量了含软弱夹层黏性土坡的位移和土坡内一点的吸力。试验结果表明由于软弱夹层的遇水软化和高渗透特性,降雨后含软弱夹层黏性土坡在软弱夹层发生滑出。降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的变形可以分为均匀变形、错动阶段和滑坡3个阶段。对降雨过程中的吸力变化与坡体应变变化进行了分析,表明可以通过坡体中各点应变的发展反推出降雨入渗时刻和分布。软弱夹层的存在造成了降雨入渗分布的变化,导致了坡体错动带在该处不再连续,并降低了边坡的稳定性。     

Simplified method for analyzing soil slope deformation under cyclic loading

Reasonable assessment of slope deformation under cyclic loading is of great significance for securing the safety of slopes. The observations of centrifuge model tests are analyzed on the slope deformation behavior under cyclic loading conditions. The potential slip surface is the key for slope failure and follows two rules: (i) the relative horizontal displacement along the potential slip surface is invariable at an elevation, and (ii) the soil along the slip surface exhibits the same degradation pattern. These rules are effective regardless of the location of the potential slip surface throughout the entire deformation process of a homogeneous slope, ranging from the initial deformation stage to the failure process and to the post-failure stage. A new, simplified method is proposed by deriving the displacement compatibility equation and unified degradation equation according to the fundamental rules. The method has few parameters that can be determined through traditional element tests. The predictions from the proposed method agree with the centrifuge test results with vertical loading and shaking table loading. This result confirms that the proposed method is effective in predicting the full deformation process of slopes under different cyclic loading conditions.     

土钉加固黏性土坡动力离心模型试验研究

 很多滑坡是由地震引发的,为了防止或减轻地震造成的边坡灾害,目前在边坡的加固治理方面已经发展并形成一些较好的方法,而土钉是边坡抗震加固的一种简便有效的方法。采用动力离心模型试验方法,再现地震条件下土钉加固黏性土坡和素土坡的响应;测量了试验过程中边坡的位移场和加速度响应的变化过程。基于试验结果,通过对比素土坡和土钉加固土坡的动力响应,探讨土钉加固土坡的变形规律和加固机制。试验结果表明,地震过程中土坡产生不可恢复的累积变形,其大小与输入的地震加速度峰值有关。通过比较土钉加固土坡和素土坡的位移分布,研究土钉加固土坡的机制。引入土单元应变进行分析,结果表明,土钉加固措施能显著地改变边坡的位移场分布,限制土坡的剪切变形,避免滑裂面的产生,从而提高了边坡的稳定性。     

Nail Reinforcement Mechanism of Cohesive Soil Slopes Under Earthquake Conditions

Soil nails have been widely used to retain excavations and stabilize steep cutslopes. A series of dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted on nail-reinforced and unreinforced slopes during an earthquake, with several influence factors, including the nail length, nail spacing, and the inclination of slope, taken into consideration. The unreinforced slope exhibited a progressive failure in the middle and lower parts though the global slip surface did not appear due to the earthquake, which was arrested by using the nail reinforcement. The nails changed the dynamic acceleration response of the slope during the earthquake. The deformation of the slope was significantly decreased by the nails within a nail-influence zone. This zone involved the slip surface of the unreinforced slope, and was almost completely independent on the layout of the nail-reinforcement when the nails had sufficient length. A point couple analysis, a strain analysis, and a uniformity analysis were carried out in an attempt to determine why nails can increase the stability of a slope. It was discovered that the nails forced the deformation of the slope to be more uniform and thus arrested possible strain localization under earthquake conditions. As such, it is suggested that increasing nail length or decreasing nail spacing can both improve the nail-reinforcement effect, and increase the stability level of a slope.     

Centrifuge Model Tests on a Cohesive Soil Slope Under Excavation Conditions

Problems induced by slope excavations are quite common. An in-flight excavation device was realized to simulate the live excavation of slopes at high g levels during centrifuge model tests. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted to simulate the excavation of a slope at different inclinations and heights, and the effect of the excavation size was taken into consideration. The displacement histories of points over the slope were measured by an image capture and displacement measurement system. Measurement results showed that the excavation-induced deformation process could be divided into several phases with different displacement distribution features. The excavation was found to only affect a restricted zone of the slope whose boundary could be outlined by an A-surface. A strain analysis was conducted to determine the excavation-induced strain localization area of the slope. The degree of strain localization increased as the excavation time increased, but the width of the strain localization area was nearly invariable. Shear failure first occurred near the excavation surface and then extended upwardly to the slope surface under excavation conditions, while tension failure played a dominant role in the upper part of the slip surface. The strain localization area moved towards the slope surface with an increasing slope inclination. The lower part of the final slip surface was located in the strain localization area.     

Centrifuge modeling of geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes

Geosynthetics are widely used to reinforce slopes due to their successful performance and economical efficiency. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted in order to investigate the behavior of the geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes and to compare their behavior to unreinforced slopes. The displacement history of the slopes was measured using an image analysis system. The failure process of an unreinforced slope can be categorized into three stages: (1) uniform deformation stage; (2) strain localization stage; and (3) post-failure stage. The geotextile has a significant effect on the deformation of the slope and increases the stability level while affecting the failure modes. On a reinforced slope, two surfaces can result from the distribution of the displacement difference between the unreinforced and the corresponding reinforced slopes; thus, the slope can be categorized into three zones. The front zone is characterized as a restricted region that is subjected to a backward tension via the geotextile while the middle zone is mainly subjected to a forward tension (like a support body). The back zone is unaffected by the geotextile. The reinforcement can take effect when its length is longer than the effective reinforcement length. The effective reinforcement length usually increases with increasing elevation and is significantly affected by the inclination of the slope.     

开挖对边坡变形影响的离心模型试验研究

边坡开挖是工程中经常遇到的问题。采用清华大学土工离心机以及新开发的开挖模拟设备进行了土坡开挖的离心模型试验,测量了开挖过程中边坡位移场的变化。基于位移测量结果提出了一种确定开挖影响范围的方法,分析了开挖后边坡的变形响应。结果表明：开挖后坡体内部根据竖向应变性质的不同可分为开挖松动区、开挖压缩区和无影响区3个区域,不同区域土体的变形特性有所差别。开挖后边坡内部的潜在滑裂面在变形破坏过程中是变化的,从坡体内部向坡面方向移动。开挖条件下边坡表现出明显的渐进破坏过程。     

模拟库水位变化的抗滑桩加固边坡离心模型试验研究

 抗滑桩是边坡深层抗滑最为有效的措施之一,以三峡库区边坡抗滑桩加固工程为背景,利用离心模型试验手段,模拟库区蓄水和水位循环变化条件下失稳边坡的抗滑桩加固机制。详细介绍相应的离心模型试验方法,通过对一系列自然边坡和不同桩间距条件下的模型试验,获得库水位变化影响下的边坡变形、破坏模式和抗滑桩受力,探讨滑坡推力的分布以及不同桩间距条件下的抗滑桩–边坡相互作用机制。测试结果表明,受抗滑桩加固的边坡在水位升降作用下仍发生一定程度的变形并产生裂缝,随着抗滑桩的直接支挡和桩后土体由于不均匀位移产生土拱效应后,边坡变形逐渐得到较好的控制。在本试验条件下,随着桩间距的增大,边坡变形总体上表现为增大趋势,但抗滑桩的受力呈现出先增大后减小的抛物线型变化形态,在某一最适桩间距情况下抗滑桩的抗滑性能得到了最充分的发挥,而滑坡推力表现出复合三角形分布特征。该研究结果为桩土相互作用和库区边坡抗滑桩加固机制分析提供了直接的试验依据,对丰富抗滑桩设计理论和库区边坡的防灾减灾研究具有较为重要的意义。     

水位变化诱发粉土边坡失稳离心模型试验

粉土具有明显的非饱和土力学特性,坡内外水位变化诱发粉土边坡失稳是常见工程灾害之一。分别针对坡内和坡外水位变化诱发的粉土边坡失稳情况,开展了相应的离心模型试验研究,结合非饱和土力学相关理论分析和数值模拟,揭示了粉土边坡在两种情况下的变形及失稳模式和发生机制。结果表明：当坡内水位超过1/3坡高后,在坡内渗流作用下,粉土边坡呈现逐级侵蚀剥落、从坡脚向坡顶、由浅层向深层的多级滑坡失稳;坡外水位上升将导致松散粉土边坡发生显著湿陷变形,而坡外水位骤降将造成粉土边坡的多重浅层牵引式滑坡。粉土边坡的失稳模式和发展与粉土的非饱和土力学特性密切相关。最后根据模型试验结果提出了相应的粉土边坡渗流失稳工程控制措施。     

Effect study of cracks on behavior of soil slope under rainfall conditions

Deep-seated landslides in slopes are often induced by rainfall due to pre-existing cracks or weak layers. A series of centrifuge model tests under rainfall conditions were conducted on slopes with different types of cracks. The histories of suction and displacement of the slope were measured during the tests to investigate the infiltration–deformation–failure process of the slopes. The wetting front curved notably near the crack under rainfall conditions. The deformation of the slope was mainly caused by the saturation of soil and crack-affected water infiltration under rainfall conditions. The displacement process of the slopes with cracks can be divided into a small displacement stage, a rapid increase stage, and a stable stage. The influence of the crack on the infiltration and deformation of the slope decreased with increasing distance from the crack. Rainfall induced significant vertical deformation near the vertical crack rather than horizontal deformation. In contrast to the oblique crack, the vertical crack on the slope top was unlikely to lead to global landslide under rainfall conditions. The deformation–failure behavior of the slope with cracks was also affected by the rainfall style and rain intensity.     

Centrifuge Model Test Study of Rainfall-Induced Deformation of Cohesive Soil Slopes

A rainfall simulation device was developed to realize uniform rainfall at high g-levels in centrifuge model tests. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on cohesive soil slopes during rainfall, and the displacement and suction of the slopes were measured. The slope exhibits a relatively shallow slide after a heavy rainfall, and exhibits a shear zone with significant deformation in the interior of the slope. The vertical displacement is significantly larger than the horizontal displacement of the slope during rainfall. The rainfall-induced displacement process can be divided into three phases: (1) small displacement, (2) rapid increase, and (3) large displacement with minor rate of increase. Strain analysis was conducted on the basis of the measured displacement, and the results showed that the rainfall-induced deformation of the slope is governed by two types of mechanisms: increasing overburden weight and softening of soil. For a point in the slope, the first mechanism occurs from the beginning of rainfall; and the second mechanism occurs only when the water infiltrates there, which is described using the wetting front. Accordingly, another term, stable front, describes a boundary of zero increment of deformation. These two fronts gradually advance into the slope with increasing rainfall and divide the slope into three zones. The middle zone exhibits the most significant deformation.     

库水位升降条件下边坡失稳离心模型试验研究

 三峡库区频发的滑坡地质灾害已愈来愈引起学者的高度重视,其受水位反复升降的影响是库区边坡不同于其他陆地自然边坡的一个显著特点。以离心模型试验为手段,基于三峡库区典型滑坡的工程地质特征,建立相应的土质边坡离心模型。在试验过程中实现对库水位循环升降的控制,模拟库区边坡在水位升降作用下的失稳过程。通过数码摄像、数字图像处理和传感元件测试,获得该试验条件下的土坡在水位升降过程中典型位置的孔隙水压力变化、全断面位移矢量演化(水平位移和沉降)、滑面形态及裂缝形成发展过程,并详细分析边坡在这种外部水环境影响下的变形演化、失稳和破坏模式。试验结果表明,若仅考虑水位升降作用的影响,该试验条件下的库区土质边坡的变形呈现典型的渐进牵引破坏模式,并具备较强的水土软化影响特征;裂缝在变形演化过程中出现交替张开和闭合现象,该失稳模式下的滑面呈折线形态,并在变形破坏过程中次生多级滑面。研究结果为库区滑坡地质灾害机制的深入认识、以及滑坡预防和控制提供了重要依据。     

水位骤降对边坡稳定性影响的模型试验研究

 自然界中存在着大量的临水边坡,比如河岸、海堤、土石坝、水库库岸以及湖岸等,边坡外水位的骤降极易诱发此类临水边坡的滑坡。通过大型模型试验研究水位骤降引致临水边坡滑坡的原因及失稳模式。模型边坡的尺寸为15 m×5 m×6 m(长×宽×高),边坡部分的高度为4 m。在试验中,通过水位控制系统实现坡外水位的骤降,利用数码摄像、高精度传感器、侧面示踪点等仪器设备详细记录水位骤降过程中边坡内的孔隙水压力、土水总压力,滑动面形态及坡面裂缝的形成和发展过程,揭示水位骤降引致边坡失稳的原因及失稳模式。试验结果表明,坡外水位骤降时,坡内水位的下降速度显著滞后于坡外,产生指向坡外的渗流,是滑坡产生的重要原因;松散填土边坡的失稳模式为有多重滑面的牵引破坏模式。该研究结果有助于深入认识水位骤降引致滑坡的机制,可为治理此类滑坡提供科学依据。     

Centrifuge modeling of geotextile-reinforced slopes subjected to differential settlements

Today, geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures are widely used to support bridge abutments and approach roads in place of traditional pile supports and techniques. In such situations, foundation conditions have been shown to adversely affect the stability and deformation behaviour of overlying geosynthetic-reinforced slopes and walls. This paper addresses the response of geotextile-reinforced slopes subjected to differential settlements in a geotechnical centrifuge. Centrifuge model tests were carried out on model geotextile-reinforced sand slopes with two different types of reinforcement. A wrap-around technique was used to represent a flexible facing. In order to initiate failure in the reinforcement layers, the ratio of length of reinforcement to height of the slope was maintained as 0.85. One of the objectives of this paper is to present about a special device developed for inducing differential settlements during centrifuge test at 40g for a reinforced soil structure. A digital image analysis technique was employed to arrive at displacement vectors of markers glued to the reinforcement layers. The displacements were used to compute and analyze the strain distribution along the reinforcement layers during different settlement stages. Results of the centrifuge test indicate that even after inducing a differential settlement equivalent to 1.0 m in prototype dimensions, the geotextile-reinforced soil structure with a flexible facing was not found to experience a collapse failure. Analysis of geotextile strain results shows that the location of the maximum peak reinforcement strain occurs along the bottom-most reinforcement layer at the onset of differential settlements, at the point directly below the crest of the slope.