碳化硅封装高功率半导体激光器散热性能研究

为研究基于碳化硅(SiC)陶瓷封装的高功率半导体激光器的散热性能,将其与常用的氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷进行对比,使用基于结构函数法的热阻仪分别测量SiC和AlN封装F-mount器件的热阻值,得到SiC器件的总热阻约为3.0℃·W~(-1),AlN的约为3.4℃·W~(-1),SiC器件的实测热阻值比AlN器件低14.7%,实验结果表明SiC过渡热沉具有较好的散热性能。实验进一步测试了两种过渡热沉封装器件的输出性能,在16A连续电流注入时,915nm波段的SiC器件单管输出功率为15.9 W,AlN为15 W,测试结果显示SiC封装的器件具有更高的功率输出水平。     

结构函数在大功率LED热阻测试中的应用

利用从瞬态热响应曲线中解析出的包含热阻、热容的结构函数,对大功率发光二极管(LED)传热路径上的热结构特性进行了分析.结果表明,用该方法不仅能得到器件结到环境的总热阻,更为重要的是还可从结构函数曲线图上直观地对器件各结构层的热阻进行分析,且测量重复性好,从而为评价器件的封装质量、散热性能提供直接、可靠的依据.     

集成电路陶瓷封装热阻的测试方法

封装热阻是集成电路、电子器件总热阻的一部分。测试封装热阻是评估电子器件热性能的重要手段。本文提出用热试验塑封功率管作加热元件,并用热敏参数法来测量功率管的芯片温度。采用扣除法来测定封装热阻。通过对不锈钢试样的实验测试和理论计算,验证了该测试方法的可靠性。在各种工作条件下测试了多种高密度封装的热阻,得到了满意的结果。     

CVD金刚石热沉封装高功率半导体激光器的热特性

本文以自支撑CVD金刚石膜作为半导体激光器线阵的封装热沉,从而改进其热特性。首先,以电子辅助化学气相沉积(EACVD)制备自支撑金刚石膜。在沉积工艺中,提出了优化O_2流量刻蚀非金刚石相,使金刚石膜品质得到改进,从而提高其导热率。然后,测试了基于不同氧流量下制备金刚石热沉封装的半导体激光器线阵的电光特性,并对封装器件的热特性进行了分析。结果表明:通入O_2流量为每分钟5 sccm时,制备的金刚石热沉导热率可达1 812.3 WK^-1m^-1。O_2流量5 sccm制备金刚石热沉的封装器件的斜率效率为1.30 W/A,电光转换效率最大值可达60.6%。在连续波30 A时,该封装器件的光谱红移波长为2.02 nm,器件工作温度降低4.9 K。器件的传热路径热阻降低28.4%,表现出优异的可靠性。     

基于石墨嵌入式结构的SiC功率模块热仿真与优化

SiC器件相比于Si器件,具有更高的功率密度,表现出高的器件结温和热阻。为了提高SiC功率模块的散热能力,提出了一种基于石墨嵌入式叠层DBC的SiC功率模块封装结构,并建立封装体模型。通过ANSYS有限元软件,对石墨层厚度、铜层厚度和导热铜柱直径进行分析,研究各因素对散热性能的影响,并对封装结构进行优化以获得更好的热性能。仿真结果表明,石墨嵌入式封装结构结温为61.675℃,与传统单层DBC封装相比,结温降低19.32%,热阻降低27.05%。各影响因素中石墨层厚度对封装结温和热阻影响最大,其次是铜柱直径和铜层厚度。进一步优化后,结温降低了2.1%,热阻降低了3.4%。此封装结构实现了优异的散热性能,为高导热石墨在功率模块热管理中的应用提供参考。     

VDMOS器件贴片工艺中气泡的形成机制与影响

功率MOS管的封装贴片工艺会在贴片层中引入气泡,从而严重降低器件的机械性能、热性能和电学性能.本研究就VDMOS管D-PAK封装模式,给出了贴片工艺中气泡的产生机制及其影响,并利用FEA方法建立了其D-PAK封装的热学模型.根据模拟结果,在贴片层中气泡含量提高时,热阻会急剧增大而降低器件的散热性能.     

半导体激光器阵列偏振特性及其与应力关系的实验研究

半导体激光器阵列(LDA)封装过程中引入的应力是影响器件阈值电流、光束特性和寿命的重要因素,需要一种简单有效的测试半导体激光器阵列应力的方法评估检测器件封装的质量.分析了应力改变电荧光偏振度(DOP)的一系列理论机制.并通过对条形激光器阵列在荧光条件下偏振特性的测量,研究了几种不同封装形式的条形激光器阵列的荧光偏振度随外加应力的变化性质.实验表明,半导体激光器阵列的偏振特性随驱动电流的增加变化明显.尤其是在阈值电流附近,偏振特性急剧变化.当有局部外力作用器件时.器件的荧光偏振度分布明显变化.通过对多个不同材料封装器件的荧光偏振度测试比较,发现不同的材料和封装形式对管芯引入的封装应力有明显的差别.     

高压倒装LED照明组件的热性能

高压(HX)倒装LED是一种新型的光源器件,在小尺寸、高功率密度发光光源领域有广泛的应用前景.设计了4种不同工作电压的高压倒装LED芯片,进行了流片验证,并对其进行了免封装芯片(PFC)结构的封装实验,在其基础上研制出一种基于高压倒装芯片的PFC-LED照明组件.建立了9V高压倒装LED芯片、PFC封装器件及照明组件的模型,利用流体力学分析软件进行了热学模拟和优化设计;利用T3Ster热阻测试分析仪进行了热阻测试,验证了设计的可行性.结果表明,基于9V高压倒装LED芯片的PFC封装器件的热阻约为0.342 K/W,远小于普通正装LED器件的热阻.实验结果为基于高压倒装LED芯片的封装及应用提供了热学设计依据.     

新型辐射桥结构VCSEL的设计、制作和热特性分析

为了改善垂直腔面发射半导体激光器(VCSEL)的热特性,提高器件的输出功率,设计并制作了一种新型辐射桥结构VCSEL。利用有限元热分析软件ANSYS,模拟了常规结构和辐射桥结构VCSEL内部的热场分布和热矢量分布。经模拟得到,常规结构器件的热阻为4.13K/W,辐射桥结构的热阻为2.64K/W。而经实验测得,常规结构器件的热阻为4.40K/W,辐射桥结构器件的热阻为2.93K/W,实验测试结果与模拟结果吻合较好。同时测得,常规结构器件的最大输出功率为305mW,辐射桥结构器件的最大输出功率为430mW,后者的输出功率提高了40%。     

车载IGBT器件封装装片工艺中空洞的失效研究

IGBT芯片在TO-220封装装片时容易形成空洞,焊料层中空洞大小直接影响车载IGBT器件的热阻与散热性能,而这些性能的好坏将直接影响器件的可靠性。文章分析了IGBT器件在TO-220封装装片时所产生的空洞的形成机制,并就IGBT器件TO-220封装模型利用FEA方法建立其热学模型,模拟结果表明:在装片焊料层中空洞含量增加时,热阻会急剧增大而降低IGBT器件的散热性能,IGBT器件温度在单个空洞体积为10%时比没有空洞时高出28.6℃。同时借助工程样品失效分析结果,研究TO-220封装的IGBT器件在经过功率循环后空洞对于IGBT器件性能的影响,最后确立空洞体积单个小于2%,总数小于5%的装片工艺标准。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks