Relationship between water inrush from coal seam floors and main roof weighting

A water-resistant key strata model of a goaf floor prior to main roof weighting was developed to explore the relationship between water inrush from the floor and main roof weighting. The stress distribution,broken characteristics, and the risk area for water inrush of the water-resistant key strata were analysed using elastic thin plate theory. The formula of the maximum water pressure tolerated by the waterresistant key strata was deduced. The effects of the caved load of the goaf, the goaf size prior to main roof weighting, the advancing distance of the workface or weighting step, and the thickness of the waterresistant key strata on the breaking and instability of the water-resistant key strata were analysed.The results indicate that the water inrush from the floor can be predicted and prevented by controlling the initial or periodic weighting step with measures such as artificial forced caving, thus achieving safe mining conditions above confined aquifers. The findings provide an important theoretical basis for determining water inrush from the floor when mining above confined aquifers.     

Discrimination conditions and process of water-resistant key strata

Water-preservation mining is one of the most important parts of the 'Green Mining' technology system,which can realize the effective regulation of groundwater resources by controlling strata movement,changing passive prevention and governance of water disasters to active conservation and utilization of groundwater resources and thus obtaining coal and water simultaneously in mining.The concept of water-resistant key strata further enriches the content of the key stratum theory and provides a theoretical basis for water-preservation mining.In order to realize the idea of water-resistant key strata as a guideline in the design of water-preservation mining and engineering applications,the conditions for discrimination in the process of water-resistant key strata,we have presented a mechanical model,as well as its corresponding computer program,based on a large number of theoretical analyses and field measurements,as well as on a comprehensive consideration of the position,structural stability and seepage stability of key strata.Practical engineering applications indicate that this discrimination method and its corresponding computer program on water-resistant key strata are accurate and reliable and can satisfy the actual design needs of water-preservation mining and thus have instructional importance for water-preservation mining in mining areas lacking water.     

基于岩体极限平衡理论的煤层底板突水危险性预测

基于岩体极限平衡理论,研究了完整近水平煤层底板突水力学机制。综合考虑底板隔水层厚度、工作面斜长及隔水层岩性组合特征,推导出了底板突水极限水压值计算公式。以保德煤矿为例,将突水极限水压值法运用到保德煤矿13＃煤底板突水危险性预测中。通过与传统突水系数法对比分析,阐明了突水极限水压值法的优越性:突水极限水压值法改进了传统突水系数法,可更有效地进行工作面斜长较大时的底板突水危险性预测。     

华丰煤矿顶板突水机理研究

为了解决新汶矿业集团华丰煤矿4煤层顶板突水问题，基于矿山压力控制理论，在分析顶板突水水源的基础上，研究了该矿的顶板突水机理．结果表明：顶板突水同顶板覆岩运动过程中形成的离层、冲击地压及斑裂线存在密切的因果关系，斑裂线和沿层离层是造成顶板水主要沿工作面下平巷涌出的主要因素，斑裂线是导致华丰煤矿顶板大量突水的主要导水通道．通过3405工作面出水实例和化学连通试验说明离层带注浆浆液中的水能够通过顶板岩层的裂隙进入工作面．     

巷道底板承压水突水评价方法研究

华北石炭二叠纪聚煤区是中国最重要的煤炭生产基地,区内众多煤矿皆受煤系底部奥陶系灰岩承压水威胁。针对当前煤矿巷道底板承压水突水评价方法存在的局限和不足,探索研究巷道底板承压水突水评价方法。现行评价方法岩梁法的理论计算前提主要包括：底板隔水层简化为两端固支梁;在岩梁弯矩最大处,底板隔水岩层承受的拉应力超过抗拉强度,岩层拉裂破坏;忽略孔隙水压力对岩石破坏的影响,计算隔水层厚度时抗拉强度取底板隔水层的平均值。事故数据及研究分析表明岩梁法计算假设存在不合理之处,与实际工况有较大偏差。基于对常见矩形巷道围岩应力分布特征的分析,结合巷道实际工况,摒弃底板隔水岩层弯拉破坏模式,提出隔水岩层剪切破坏模式,建立巷道底板承压水突水破坏岩柱模型;基于所建立的岩柱模型,利用极限平衡理论,综合考虑孔隙水压力对岩石破坏的影响,推导底板隔水层承受最大水压的计算评价方法。结果表明：最大水压与隔水层厚度、隔水层平均容重、抗剪强度参数、孔隙水压力系数和巷道宽度直接相关,最大水压与隔水层厚度呈指数函数关系。文中所提评价方法的计算结果与实测吻合,证明该方法合理有效。所提方法也能为地下工程其他专业领域类似的承压水突水问题研究提供借鉴。     

Synergistic instability of coal pillar and roof system and filling method based on plate model

The security challenges from room and pillar gobs include land subsidence, spontaneous combustion of coal pillars and mine flood caused by gob water. To explore the instability mechanism of room and pillar gob, we established a mechanical model of elastic plate on elastic foundation in which pillars and hard roofs were considered as continuous Winkler foundations and elastic plates, respectively. The synergetic instability of pillar and roof system was analyzed based on plate bending theory and catastrophe theory. In addition, mechanical conditions and math criterion of roof failure and overall instability of coal pillar and roof system were given. Through analyzing both advantages and disadvantages of some technologies such as induced caving, filling, gob sealing and isolation, we presented a new filling method named box-filling, in view of box foundation theory, to control the disasters of ground collapse, water inrush and mine fire. In a gob’s treatment project in Ordos, safety assessment and filling design of a room and pillar gob have been done by the mechanical model. The results show that the gob will collapse when the pillars’ average yield band is wider than 0.93 m, and box-filling can control land collapse, mine flood and mine fire economically and efficiently. So it is worth to study further and popularize.     

Study on “triangle” water-inrush mode of strong water-guide collapse column

The water-inrush mechanism of strong water-guide collapse column in coal seam is studied based on the establishment of geological and mathematical models of "triangle" water-inrush mode. The geological background of Shuangliu mine is considered a prototype, similar simulation tests are adopted to analyze the water-inrush rules under this model, and the formation of water-guide channel and water-inrush process is investigated by examining the changes in rock resistivity. This work also uses the coupled cloud image derived from numerical simulation software to verify the results of simulation test. Results show that the numerical simulation of "triangle" water-inrush mode is consistent with the similar simulation. The "triangle" seepage area, which is located at the bottom of collapse columns and is connected to aquifer, is caused by the altered seepage direction and strengthened seepage actions after the overlapping of hydraulic transverse seepage in collapse column and hydraulic vertical seepage flow in aquifer. Under "triangle"water-inrush model, water-guide channel is formed by the communication between plastic failure zone of working face baseplate and"triangular" seepage area. Accordingly, the threatening water-inrush distance between working face and collapse column increases by 20 m compared with that of theoretical calculation.     

底板岩体结构稳定性与底板突水关系的研究

将煤层底板至含水层之间承载能力最大的一层岩层看作底板关键层，从而将采场底板突水的研究转化为对底板关键层破断机制的研究，将关键层看作受水压等均布载荷作用的弹性薄板，得出了它的极限破断跨距公式，并提出了利用已知突水事故资料反演预测岩体强度的方法，提高了理论计算精度。最后，分析了底板关键层破断后的块体平衡条件，解释了突水点的分布特点与突水时产生的底鼓现象。     

Fluid–solid coupling analysis of rock pillar stability for concealed karst cave ahead of a roadway based on catastrophic theory

In order to study the mechanism of water inrush from a concealed, confined karst cave, we established a fluid–solid coupling model of water inrush from a concealed karst cave ahead of a roadway and a strength reduction method in a rock pillar for preventing water inrush based on catastrophic theory. Fluid–solid coupling effects and safety margins in a rock pillar were studied. Analysis shows that rock pillar instability, exerted by disturbance stress and seepage stress, is the process of rock pillar catastrophic destabilization induced by nonlinear extension of plastic zones in the rock pillar. Seepage flow emerges in the rock pillar for preventing water inrush, accompanied by mechanical instability of the rock pillar. Taking the accident of a confined karst cave water-inrush of Qiyi Mine as an example, by studying the safety factor of the rock pillar and the relationship between karst cave water pressure and thickness of the rock pillar, it is proposed that rock pillar thickness with a safety factor equal to 1.5 is regarded as the calculated safety thickness of the rock pillar, which should be equal to the sum of the blasthole depth, blasting disturbance depth and the calculated safety thickness of the rock pillar. The cause of the karst water inrush at Qiyi Mine is that the rock pillar was so small that it did not possess a safety margin. Combining fluid–solid coupling theory, catastrophic theory and strength reduction method to study the nonlinear mechanical response of complicated rock engineering, new avenues for quantitative analysis of rock engineering stability evaluation should be forthcoming.     

Coupling effects of coal pillars of thick coal seams in large-space stopes and hard stratum on mine pressure

Concerning the issue of mine pressure behaviors occurred in fully mechanized caving mining of thick coal seams beneath hard stratum in Datong Mining Area, combined with thin and thick plate theory, the paper utilizes theoretical analysis, similar experiments, numerical simulations and field tests to study the influence of remaining coal pillars in Jurassic system goaf on hard stratum fractures, as well as mine pressure behaviors under their coupling effects. The paper concludes the solution formula of initial fault displacement in hard stratum caused by remaining coal pillars. Experiments prove that coupling effects can enhance mine pressure behaviors on working faces. When inter-layer inferior key strata fractures, mine pressure phenomenon such as significant roof weighting steps and increasing resistance in support.When inter-layer superior key strata fractures, the scope of overlying strata extends to Jurassic system goaf, dual-system stopes cut through, and remaining coal pillars lose stability. As a result, the bottom inferior key strata also lose stability. It causes huge impacts on working face, and the second mine pressure behaviors. These phenomena provide evidence for research on other similar mine strata pressure behaviors occurred in dual-system mines with remaining coal pillars.     

Design of crown pillar thickness using finite element method and multivariate regression analysis

Minerals are now being extracted from deep mines due to drying up of resource in shallow ground. The need for suitable supports and ground control mechanisms for safe mining necessitates proper pillar design with filling technology. In addition, high horizontal stress may cause collapse of hanging wall and footwall rocks, hence designing of suitable crown pillars is absolutely necessary for imposing overall safety of the stopes. This paper provides a methodology for the evaluation of the required thickness of crown pillars for safe operation at depth ranging from 600 m to 1000 m. Analyses are conducted with the results of 108 non-linear numerical models considering Drucker-Prager material model in plane strain condition. Material properties of ore body rock and thickness of crown pillars are varied and safety factors of pillars estimated. Then, a generalized statistical relationship between the safety factors of crown pillars with the various input parameters is developed. The developed multivariate regression model is utilized for generating design/stability charts of pillars for different geo-mining conditions.These design charts can be used for the design of crown pillar thickness with the depth of the working,taking into account the changes of the rock mass conditions in underground metal mine.     

断层破碎带突水最小安全厚度的筒仓理论分析

隧道临近富水断层破碎带时易发生突水突泥灾害,防突岩盘最小安全厚度的确定是关键问题.为此,基于筒仓理论和极限平衡方法,分别建立隧道轴线与掌子面正交和平行时的断层破碎带突水力学模型并且推导防突岩盘所受地应力的计算公式.在此基础上,得出富水断层破碎带突水突泥的力学判据,并分析断层破碎带宽度对防突岩盘最小安全厚度的影响.最后,将理论研究成果应用于永莲隧道和祁连山隧道工程中.理论分析表明:断层破碎带宽度小于200 m时,断层破碎带宽度对防突岩盘最小安全厚度的确定影响显著.经过计算,永莲隧道的防突岩盘最小安全厚度为7.34 m,实际工程中未预留足够安全厚度而发生突水事故;祁连山隧道F6、F7断层破碎带的防突岩盘最小安全厚度分别为10.22和11.59 m,实际工程中预留了12 m顺利通过断层带,表明理论计算值与工程实际比较符合,具有一定的可靠性.     

Mechanism of mine water-inrush through a fault from the floor

The mechanism of mine water inrushes in coal mines in China differs considerably from that in other countries. In China, most water inrushes occur from floor strata, where the water-inrush sources are karstic limestone aquifers. Our study describes the mechanism of mine water inrushes through a fault in the mine floor using principles of strata mechanics and the path of water inrush from an aquifer to the working face. A criterion to judge whether a ground water inrush will occur through a fault or not is also described, together with a case history of water inflow in the Feicheng coalfield, China.     

非均布荷载作用下煤柱-顶板系统的失稳分析

针对实际工程中作用在煤柱-顶板系统上的荷载为非均布荷载的现象,研究了煤柱-顶板系统在非均布荷载下的失稳机制。基于温克尔假设,把坚硬顶板视为弹性梁,把煤柱等效为连续均匀分布的支撑弹簧,从而形成煤柱-顶板相互作用系统的力学模型;基于尖点突变理论,对采空区煤柱-顶板系统失稳机理进行了探索,导出了该系统失稳的充要力学判据,并得出了顶板破坏的临界厚度;同时,分析了影响系统失稳的主要参数,并给出了若干工程建议;最后以甘肃省某煤矿为例,计算了该矿体的临界顶板厚度。所得结果为进一步研究煤柱-顶板系统的失稳机制和制定相关规范提供了参考。     

初采覆岩破坏性影响区的解析高度

以现场实测资料和实际的开采条件为依据，建立回采工作面覆岩破坏的力学模型，分析初次开采时顶板最大冒落高度与采高、采深、顶板岩层的力学性质、采空区大小及顶板岩层的碎胀性之间的关系，利用微分方程求出初采覆岩破坏性影响区高度的解析解。     

Hydraulic support crushed mechanism for the shallow seam mining face under the roadway pillars of room mining goaf

While the fully-mechanized longwall mining technology was employed in a shallow seam under a room mining goaf and overlained by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, the roadway pillars in the abandoned room mining goaf were in a stress-concentrated state, which may cause abnormal roof weighting, violent ground pressure behaviours, even roof fall and hydraulic support crushed(HSC) accidents. In this case,longwall mining safety and efficiency were seriously challenged. Based on the HSC accidents occurred during the longwall mining of 3-1-2 seam, which locates under the intersection zone of roadway pillars in the room mining goaf of 3-1-1 seam, this paper employed ground rock mechanics to analyse the overlying strata structure movement rules and presented the main influence factors and determination methods for the hydraulic support working resistance. The FLAC3 D software was used to simulate the overlying strata stress and plastic zone distribution characteristics. Field observation was implemented to contrastively analyse the hydraulic support working resistance distribution rules under the roadway pillars in strike direction, normal room mining goaf, roadway pillars in dip direction and intersection zone of roadway pillars. The results indicate that the key strata break along with rotations and reactions of the coal pillars deliver a larger concentrated load to the hydraulic support under intersection zone of roadway pillars than other conditions. The ‘‘overburden strata-key strata-roadway pillars-immediate roof" integrated load has exceeded the yield load that leads to HSC accidents. Findings in HSC mechanism provide a reasonable basis for shallow seam mining, and have important significance for the implementation of safe and efficient mining.     

Analysis of Water Insulating Effect of Compound Water-Resisting Key Strata in Deep Mining

The problem of water preservation in mining and the prevention of water-bursts has been one of the more important issues in deep mining. Based on the concept of water-resisting key strata, the mechanics model of the key strata is established given the structural characteristics and the mechanical properties of the roof rock layers of the working face in a particular coal mine. Four other models were derived from this model by re-arranging the order of the layers in the key strata. The distribution characteristics of stress, deformation, pore pressure and the flow vector of all the models are computed using the analytical module of fluid-structure interaction in the FLAC software and the corre- sponding risks of a water-burst are analyzed. The results indicate that the water-insulating ability of the key strata is related to the arrangement of soft and hard rocks. The water-insulating ability of the compound water-resisting key strata （CWKS） with a hard-hard-soft-hard-soft compounding order is the best under the five given simulated conditions.     

Seepage characteristics of collapse column fillings

With concealment and hysteresis,water-inrush from Karst collapse column has become an important security hazard of lower group coal mining in North China.Based on the MTS8 15.02 seepage test system,we analyzed the impact of consolidation pressure,initial moisture content and confining pressure on the permeability of fillings in order to study the seepage characteristics of collapse column fillings.The results show that:(l)The permeability of collapse column fillings is of the order of 10~(-16)-10~(-15) magnitude and decreases with an increase in consolidation pressure and decrease in initial moisture content.(2) The essence of filling seepage law change is the change in porosity,and a power function relationship exists between the permeability ratio and porosity ratio.(3) With increasing confining pressure,the permeability of fillings decreases.However,under low confining pressure(1.2-4 MPa),the change of confining pressure has no obvious influence on the permeability.     

华丰井田4煤层顶板砾岩水突出影响因素分析

在分析砾岩分布特征及其水文地质特征的基础上,以矿山压力控制理论为指导,运用岩层沉降理论推断了华丰矿1409工作面在采厚为6.5m的情况下,导水裂隙带发育高度为96.2m,揭示了导水裂隙能够导致顶板砾岩水突出.结合矿山压力观测资料和顶板突水量资料,阐述了矿山压力和顶板砾岩突水突出之间的因果影响关系.根据2407工作面冲击地压监测资料,阐明冲击地压对顶板突水的促进作用.建立了顶板水沿工作面下平巷突出运移的模型,阐明了斑裂线是导致砾岩水大量突出的主要导水通道.     

Application of quantification theory in risk assessment of mine flooding

Hundreds of mine flooding accidents have occurred in China since the 1950s. These flooding accidents result in sub-merged working faces, even entire coal mines, leading to tremendous economic losses. It is reported that among 601 state-owned mines in China, 285 mines are exposed to water-inrush risks. The water pressure is becoming larger and larger with the increase of mining depth, leading to an increase of water-inrush hazards. Only when the risk of mine flooding is predicted in a reasonable manner, can we take timely and effective measures to prevent mine flooding from taking place. In our investigation quantifica-tion(II) theory is used to study the risk prediction problem about mine flooding. By investigating the main factors which affect mine flooding, eight risk assessment items have been identified. The extent of risk is classified into 4 grades. Given the data from differ-ent periods in the Feicheng mining area, a prediction model for the risk of mine flooding is established. The test analysis indicates a model correlation coefficient of 0.97 and the incidence of discrimination is as high as 97.37%, which implies that the effect of the model is quite satisfactory. With the help of computers, this method can be widely applied.