不同导叶参数对混流泵水力性能的影响

为探求不同导叶参数对混流泵水力性能的影响,以比转速为438的模型泵为研究对象,在模型试验验证的基础上,采用计算流体动力学方法,以常规导叶设计为基础,在保持其他参数不变的情况下,分别数值模拟计算了4种不同导叶叶片数方案和7种不同导叶片扫掠角度方案的混流泵段水力性能。数值模拟结果表明:改变导叶叶片数对混流泵段外特性影响明显,不同流量下存在不同的最优叶片数,小流量工况运行时,应适当增加叶片数,大流量工况运行时,应适当减少叶片数;不同导叶片扫掠角度对大流量区域影响显著,不同流量存在不同的最优导叶片扫掠角度且随着流量的增大从-16°逐渐偏向+24°;在流量为510 L/s时,计算扫掠角度范围内对效率的影响达5.5%。     

吴小街排涝站泵型选择研究

针对吴小街排涝泵站扬程变化幅度较大的特点,在分析、对比轴流泵与导叶式混流泵水力模型的能量、汽蚀等综合特性的基础上,选择了211-80型导叶式混流泵水力模型,该模型具有高效率范围广、小流量区域运行稳定及适应扬程变幅大的特点;根据该水力模型的泵段特性曲线,选择三种不同方案进行了计算,经技术经济比较后确定了该泵站水泵的叶轮直径、转速和配套电动机功率等参数;通过对比分析该水力模型的装置特性与已有类似装置试验成果,笔者认为该站水力模型的选择与机组主要参数的确定是合理的,满足该泵站的设计要求,该水泵选型方法亦可供其他类似泵站参考.     

离心泵性能预测及实验研究

借助CFD软件FINE,应用k-ε湍流模型,对离心泵内部全三维湍流流场做数值计算。计算结果表明:随着流量的增大,叶片表面压力梯度逐渐减小;在小流量工况时,水流冲击叶片进口工作面,大流量工况时,水流冲击叶片进口吸力面;流量大小与叶轮内的轴向漩涡的位置无关;与实验结果比较,表明在设计工况附近,数值模拟对离心泵内部的复杂三维流动的水力性能预测是准确的。     

小流量工况下蜗壳式混流泵内部流动数值解析

为了探索蜗壳式混流泵在小流量工况下的流动特性,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型对一台比转速为585的双蜗壳混流泵进行数值计算,并预测了其外特性,利用外特性试验验证了数值计算方法的可靠性,结果表明:小流量工况下叶轮进口处无法满足无撞击入流,流体质点不断冲叶片压力面前缘,导致该部位存在一个局部高速低压区域;0.6Qd工况下,叶轮进口截面位置产生明显的涡核,此时泵内部无法满足无预旋入流;设计工况下蜗壳截面上流线光滑平顺,随着流量不断减小至0.6Q_d工况,隔舌部位、蜗壳隔板进口处以及蜗壳出口部位产生3处明显的漩涡,同时这3个部位的湍动能明显高于其他部位;蜗壳隔板内侧的湍动能明显大于隔板外侧,蜗壳内部流线图中的漩涡均发生在隔板内测,从而说明隔板内侧流动的不稳定性较大。     

基于全流道的混流式水轮机内部流动的三维数值模拟

采用三维N-S方程和RNG湍流模型,利用FLUENT6.3软件,并将混流式水轮机全流道作为一整体,对混流式水轮机内部流动进行了三维定常湍流计算,得到了水轮机各过流部件内的流动特性.该数值计算方法和结果对水轮机的水力优化设计具有重要意义.     

基于熵产理论的竖井贯流泵流动损失特性

为了研究竖井贯流泵流动损失特性,基于URANS方法,采用FBM-CC湍流模型对竖井贯流泵内部流场进行了非定常计算,并利用熵产理论对不同流量工况下竖井贯流泵各部件的流动损失特性进行了定量分析。结果表明:FBM-CC湍流模型能够有效预测竖井贯流泵水力性能,与试验结果较为吻合;竖井贯流泵流动损失从大到小依次为叶轮段、出水流道、导叶体、进水流道;叶轮段能量损失的主要来源是湍流耗散,其熵产比率最高可达92%;涡流和流动分离导致出现局部高熵产区域;临界失速工况叶轮轮毂处存在大量涡流,轮缘处流动相对较稳定;深度失速工况受叶顶间隙泄漏流影响,叶轮进口轮缘处出现流动分离,随着流量进一步减小进水流道流态受到影响,叶片前缘出现分离涡。     

轴伸贯流泵装置数值模拟及性能分析

基于标准k-ε紊流模型,雷诺时均N-S方程,运用流体计算CFD软件对卧式轴伸贯流泵装置进行三维流动数值模拟及水力性能分析,计算分析了初始方案、改变水泵安装高程和进出水流道各断面尺寸3个方案的装置水力性能。结果表明这3种方案的水力性能变化很小。最后以方案一为基础对不同流量工况进行全工况装置水力性能计算,并分析了不同流量工况下轴伸贯流泵装置的水力性能变化,该研究可为同类型泵装置的优化设计提供参考。     

基于混合平面法的轴流式水轮机内三维湍流数值模拟

通过求解由κ-ε双方程湍流模型封闭的三维时均N-S方程对轴流式水轮机内部四个典型工况的全三维紊流场进行了计算,并采用“混合平面”法处理转轮与导叶问动静耦合流动的参数传递和相互干扰问题。捕捉到了轴流式水轮机内部压力分布和速度分布等重要的流动信息,在此基础上计算了四个工况下转轮的水力效率。结果表明,该方法能够较为准确地预测出轴流式水轮机转轮与导叶间的总性能参数及内部流场结构,所得到的结果对进行轴流式水轮机的水力设计或改型优化设计等研究具有重要的指导意义。     

小水电站压力管道水动力学特性研究

为研究我国西南地区小水电站压力管道内水动力学特性,以贵州省小东风水电站为例,采用流体计算软件CFD进行了三维湍流流动数值计算.研究结果表明:水电站平均流量下的压力管道水力损失为0.056 m,水力损失较小;不同流量下压力管道出口的流速均匀度均在92％以上,变化幅度在1％以内;不同流量下压力管道靠近转轮处的弯管内侧均存在...     

45°斜式轴流泵装置的流动特性分析与实验

基于三维不可压缩流体的雷诺平均N-S方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,采用CFX软件计算了对某一45°斜式轴流泵装置在额定转速下210 L/s~370 L/s流量范围内多个工况点的内部。分析了进、出水流道的流动特性,重点研究了旋转叶轮对进、出水流道内流场及水力性能的影响,预测了泵装置的水力性能。通过计算得出泵装置的水力性能,并与泵装置模型试验结果比较,表明斜式轴流泵在低扬程泵站中具有较优的性能特性。研究结果对低扬程泵站的水力设计具有重要的参考价值。更多还原     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。