覆膜滴灌对日光温室甜瓜土壤环境及产量的影响

为探明不同覆膜滴灌条件下,大棚甜瓜土壤水、热等环境因素变化对脲酶及甜瓜产量的影响,该文采用正交试验设计,研究了日光温室内不同覆膜方式(全覆膜、半覆膜、无膜)、灌水下限(田间持水量的60%、70%、80%)、滴灌毛管密度(1管1行、3管4行、1管2行)以及3种因素的交互作用下的土壤水、热、pH值等的变化,以及对甜瓜土壤脲酶活性及甜瓜产量的影响。结果发现,半膜覆盖、80%田间持水量的灌水下限、1管2行滴灌毛管密度等的甜瓜根区土壤水分分布均匀、土壤温度较高、pH值较低,可显著提高土壤脲酶活性;60%田间持水量下限处理脲酶活性在果实膨大期和成熟期高,70%田间持水量下限处理在苗期高,80%田间持水量下限处理在各个生育阶段都最高;半膜覆盖、1管2行和80% 田间持水量下限组合和半膜覆盖、3管4行和70%田间持水量下限组合的甜瓜产量分别为34.46、31.27 t/hm²,显著高于全膜覆盖、1管1行和80% 田间持水量下限组合的28.02 t/hm²;半膜覆盖、1管2行和80% 田间持水量下限组合甜瓜的可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量高,有机酸含量低。在陕西关中地区的日光温室栽培甜瓜,建议采取半膜覆盖,1管2行的滴灌管密度,灌水量下限分别为苗期70%、开花坐果期80%、果实膨大期80%和成熟期60%田间持水量。     

覆膜滴灌对日光温室甜瓜土壤环境及产量的影响

为探明不同覆膜滴灌条件下,大棚甜瓜土壤水、热等环境因素变化对脲酶及甜瓜产量的影响,该文采用正交试验设计,研究了日光温室内不同覆膜方式(全覆膜、半覆膜、无膜)、灌水下限(田间持水量的60%、70%、80%)、滴灌毛管密度(1管1行、3管4行、1管2行)以及3种因素的交互作用下的土壤水、热、pH值等的变化,以及对甜瓜土壤脲酶活性及甜瓜产量的影响。结果发现,半膜覆盖、80%田间持水量的灌水下限、1管2行滴灌毛管密度等的甜瓜根区土壤水分分布均匀、土壤温度较高、pH值较低,可显著提高土壤脲酶活性;60%田间持水量下限处理脲酶活性在果实膨大期和成熟期高,70%田间持水量下限处理在苗期高,80%田间持水量下限处理在各个生育阶段都最高;半膜覆盖、1管2行和80% 田间持水量下限组合和半膜覆盖、3管4行和70%田间持水量下限组合的甜瓜产量分别为34.46、31.27 t/hm²,显著高于全膜覆盖、1管1行和80% 田间持水量下限组合的28.02 t/hm²;半膜覆盖、1管2行和80% 田间持水量下限组合甜瓜的可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量高,有机酸含量低。在陕西关中地区的日光温室栽培甜瓜,建议采取半膜覆盖,1管2行的滴灌管密度,灌水量下限分别为苗期70%、开花坐果期80%、果实膨大期80%和成熟期60%田间持水量。     

覆膜滴灌对日光温室甜瓜土壤环境及产量的影响

为探明不同覆膜滴灌条件下,大棚甜瓜土壤水、热等环境因素变化对脲酶及甜瓜产量的影响,该文采用正交试验设计,研究了日光温室内不同覆膜方式(全覆膜、半覆膜、无膜)、灌水下限(田间持水量的60%、70%、80%)、滴灌毛管密度(1管1行、3管4行、1管2行)以及3种因素的交互作用下的土壤水、热、pH值等的变化,以及对甜瓜土壤脲酶活性及甜瓜产量的影响。结果发现,半膜覆盖、80%田间持水量的灌水下限、1管2行滴灌毛管密度等的甜瓜根区土壤水分分布均匀、土壤温度较高、pH值较低,可显著提高土壤脲酶活性；60%田间持水量下限处理脲酶活性在果实膨大期和成熟期高,70%田间持水量下限处理在苗期高,80%田间持水量下限处理在各个生育阶段都最高；半膜覆盖、1管2行和80% 田间持水量下限组合和半膜覆盖、3管4行和70%田间持水量下限组合的甜瓜产量分别为34.46、31.27 t/hm²,显著高于全膜覆盖、1管1行和80% 田间持水量下限组合的28.02 t/hm²；半膜覆盖、1管2行和80% 田间持水量下限组合甜瓜的可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量高,有机酸含量低。在陕西关中地区的日光温室栽培甜瓜,建议采取半膜覆盖,1管2行的滴灌管密度,灌水量下限分别为苗期70%、开花坐果期80%、果实膨大期80%和成熟期60%田间持水量。     

滴灌方式及定额对北疆冬灌棉田土壤水盐分布及次年棉花生长的影响

为探寻解决干旱区棉田冬季灌水问题,明晰北疆棉田不同冬灌方式及灌水定额对土壤水分、盐分分布以及翌年棉花生长及产量的影响,采用大田试验方法,以未冬灌大田作为对照(CK),设置滴灌和漫灌2种灌水方式下4个梯度的灌水定额(1 800、2 400、3 000、3 600、 3600 m3/hm²)共9个处理进行冬灌试验,分析了冬灌灌水后到播种前0~300 cm土层的水分、盐分的动态变化以及翌年各处理棉花的出苗率、群体生理指标(群体光合势、群体净同化率、叶面积指数)和产量数据。结果表明,冬灌对次年播前土壤水盐分布及含量的大小均具有一定的影响,无论漫灌还是滴灌方式进行冬灌,随灌水定额增加土壤水分和盐分的影响深度也随之加深,灌水定额达到3 000和3 600 m3/hm²时,冬灌对土壤水盐影响深度可达300 cm。冬灌可显著改变次年播前土壤盐分的自然分布状态,有效淋洗并降低上层土壤盐分含量;相对漫灌方式而言,滴灌冬灌方式土壤水分入渗更加均匀且规律明显。冬灌对次年滴灌棉花的生长发育及产量均具有重要影响,冬灌后次年棉花群体指标与未冬灌处理的差异随冬灌灌水定额的增加愈加显著,灌水定额3 000 m3/hm²滴灌冬灌处理的次年棉花群体光合势与叶面积指数较未冬灌处理分别提升34.30%和42.60%;冬灌有利于次年棉花产量的提高,滴灌冬灌灌水定额3 000、3 600 m3/hm²处理时的棉花产量相对未冬灌处理分别增产10.66%和12.36%。综合考虑冬灌方式及灌水定额对次年土壤水盐分布及棉花生长和产量的影响,研究认为滴灌条件下灌水定额3 000 m3/hm²的冬灌在试验条件下比较适宜,既可淋洗盐分至耕层以下300 cm处,亦可获得6 107.75 kg/hm²的较高产量。     

生草和树枝覆盖对果园土壤持水性能的影响--测试文章

针对黄土高原枣园普遍盛行传统清耕制,将生草及覆盖技术引入枣园生产中,于2011—2013年采用人工土槽模拟研究方法,探讨不同生草和覆盖措施对枣树地土壤持水性能的影响。结果表明：生草与枣树枝覆盖能有效改善土壤物理结构、提高土壤孔隙度、降低土壤容重;各处理土壤水分蓄持能力及比水容量均按枣树枝半覆盖+白三叶生草、枣树枝全覆盖、白三叶生草覆盖和清耕处理依次递减,处理间的差异在高吸力阶段更为明显;与清耕处理相比,生草与覆盖处理土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数均有提高,枣树枝半覆盖+白三叶生草处理增加最为明显,分别增加9%、20%、33%。     

部分根域干燥栽培条件下藤稔葡萄灌水下限的研究

以3年生藤稔葡萄为材料,探讨了灌水下限对部分根域干燥栽培葡萄生长发育的影响.结果表明,部分根域干燥条件下,转色期之后设施葡萄灌水下限应该控制在-30kPa左右,即土壤饱和持水量的70%左右,此时叶面积生长量没有显著减少,果实产量、品质与双侧灌溉处理没有显著差异,但灌溉水利用效率显著提高.     

河套灌区玉米膜下滴灌灌溉制度研究--测试文章

为研究河套灌区膜下滴灌条件下玉米高产、节水、高效的灌溉制度,通过两年的田间试验,分析了膜下滴灌条件下玉米的耗水量规律,用Jensen模型建立了玉米的水分生产函数,并对玉米的灌溉制度进行了优化。结果表明：膜下滴灌条件下玉米在苗期对水分的敏感性较弱,此时期缺水对产量的影响较小;在拔节—抽雄、抽雄—花期和花期—灌浆期对水分的敏感性较强,此时期亏水将会减产。 对玉米膜下滴灌灌溉制度优化得出：灌溉定额为275～325 mm,玉米的产量较高;对灌水量的分配为苗期—拔节灌水量为20～40 mm,拔节—抽穗的灌水量为40～60 mm,抽雄—开花的灌水量为115 mm,开花—灌浆的灌水量为80 mm,灌浆—乳熟的灌水量为20～40 mm,较本地常规地面灌每公顷节水2 546.25～3 296.25 mm,节水效果十分显著。     

不同节水灌溉方式对赤霞珠生长与果实品质的影响

以传统灌溉方式沟灌为对照,以10年生赤霞珠为试材,研究了在西北干旱区不同节水灌溉方式:单管滴灌、双管滴灌、覆草灌溉和膜下滴灌对赤霞珠生长和结果的影响,筛选出适于河西地区葡萄生长的最优灌水组合。通过在不同时期对赤霞珠的生长指标和品质指标进行测定,结果表明,各处理对赤霞珠的新梢生长、果粒大小和穗重没有显著影响。覆草、覆膜均能显著提高果实的pH值、可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量等各项品质指标,单滴和双滴仅能对部分指标有显著影响。各处理与对照相比,实现节水37.5%,4种灌水处理比较,覆草灌溉效果最佳。     

水分胁迫下肥料配比对葡萄光合速率与氮代谢的影响--测试文章

以无核白鸡心葡萄为试材，设置3个水平的水分处理和3个肥料配比，研究水分胁迫下肥料配比对无核白鸡心葡萄叶片叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合速率及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：萌芽期和坐果期土壤水分含量为田间持水量的55%～60%、施肥配比为N∶P∶K=2∶5∶3的水肥处理能有效促进叶面积增加，提高光合速率，是较好的水肥处理组合；转色期和采收后需维持正常含水量和适当增施钾肥可提高光合速率；土壤水分含量为田间持水量的55%～60%、施肥配比为N∶P∶K=2∶5∶3的水肥处理无核白鸡心葡萄硝酸还原酶活性较高，能有效促进氮肥的吸收利用；水分胁迫处理使谷氨酰胺合成酶活性先升高后降低，且使谷丙转氨酶活性升高。在生长期中轻度水分胁迫、适当增施钾肥能明显提高硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶与谷丙转氨酶活性，提高氮肥的转化利用。     

恩施烟区烟草根结线虫发生与土壤理化性状的关系

为探究恩施烟区烟草根结线虫发生与土壤理化性状的关系,明确影响烟草根结线虫病发生最关键的土壤理化因子,在病害发生最为典型的宣恩烟区分别采集了25个健康和发病烟田根际土壤,测定了有机质、土壤团聚体平均质量直径（MWD）、含水量、容重、毛管持水量、pH、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、镁、钠、有效铁、锰、铜、锌和硼17项指标,采用t检验、相关性分析和主成分分析等方法,系统分析了健康与发病烟田土壤上述指标之间的差异。结果表明,健康烟田土壤MWD、含水量、毛管持水量、交换性钙、有效铁、锰、铜、锌和硼比发病烟田土壤分别显著高出54.76%、6.45%、7.61%、64.90%、37.25%、50.62%、56.67%、60.14%和33.33%（p<0.01）,而容重显著低于发病烟田土壤4.00%（p<0.01）;因子分析结果表明,上述10项差异显著指标对烟草根结线虫病发生的累积贡献率达68.62%,并能分别反映土壤供给营养元素、水分条件特征2个主成分;结合参考指标相关关系建立了包括有效锰和毛管持水量2项因子影响烟草根结线虫病发生的最小数据集。     

基于RZWQM模型的石羊河流域春小麦灌溉制度优化

为探讨石羊河流域春小麦适宜灌水上限及不同生育期计划湿润层深度,在该地区开展田间试验。利用田间试验资料对RZWQM(root zone water quality model)模型进行率定和验证,并应用模型模拟了灌水上限及不同生育阶段计划湿润层深度对春小麦籽粒产量、灌水量、籽粒灌溉水利用效率及灌水次数的影响。结果表明:不同灌水处理间产量差异较小,但所需灌水量有较大差异,存在节水空间;灌水上限对于灌水量的影响要远远大于对产量的影响,灌水上限的降低会增加灌水次数,从而提高小麦产量;适宜的计划湿润层深度可以保证灌溉水尽可能多的分布于根系吸收范围内,避免浪费,达到节水目的;试验证明,通过调控灌水上限和各生育期计划湿润层深度可以达到节水增产的目的。综合考虑各控制因素对产量、所需灌水量及籽粒灌溉水利用效率的影响,建议该地区春小麦灌溉制度为:灌水上限选择80%田间持水量,苗期计划湿润层深度为30 cm,拔节期计划湿润层深度为60 cm,抽穗期计划湿润层深度为50 cm,灌浆期计划湿润层深度为70 cm。     

烤烟节水灌溉试验与示范

进行了不同灌水方式对烟田土壤性状、烤烟农艺性状和经济性状影响的试验。结果表明 ,滴灌、喷灌对烟田的土壤结构、烤烟的生长发育和产、质等有显著影响。采用滴灌和喷灌节水效果显著 ,灌水产出分别达 82 .19元 m3 、6 7.95元 m3 ;灌溉投入产出比分别为 6 8.5和 5 6 .6 ,而沟灌为 8.9。因此 ,烟田应采用滴灌和喷灌方式而不宜再采用沟灌     

Chemical composition of virgin olive oils from Koroneiki cultivar grown in Tunisia with regard to fruit ripening and irrigation regimes

The impact of different irrigation regimes based on two ripeness index, on the quantity and quality of virgin olive oil from the introduced olive cultivar Olea europaea L. Koroneiki grown at a high‐density olive orchard in northern Tunisia, was assessed. Olive trees were subjected to three treatments (T1, T2 and T3) that received a seasonal water amount equivalent to 50%, 75% and 100% of the estimated local evaporative demand by a drip irrigation system and olives were collected in two different ripeness index. The olive oil content decreased when the water applied was increased but rose during ripening. The quality indexes and fatty acid composition were less affected by the irrigation schedule but most significantly by the maturity of olives. Moreover, phenol contents increased according to fruit ripening whereas no clear cut differences or consistent effects were observed by irrigation. α‐tocopherol decreased slightly in the oils as ripening progressed while insignificant differences between the irrigation treatments studied were obtained. Consequently, a restitution of 75% of crop evapotranspiration (ET_c.) was sufficient to achieve good minor compounds; however, higher water volumes (100% ET_c.) gave little additional α‐tocopherol and phenols increases.     

Effect of surface tarp on emissions and distribution of drip-applied fumigants

Soil fumigants are used to control a wide variety of soil-borne pests in high-cash-value crops. Application of soil fumigants through drip irrigation systems is receiving increasing attention as a method to improve the uniformity of fumigant application. Little information is available on the emissions and soil distribution of fumigants following subsurface drip application, or the effect of plastic tarp on fumigant emissions in these systems. In these experiments, the fumigant compounds 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), Vapam (a methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) precursor), and propargyl bromide (PrBr) were applied to soil beds via drip irrigation at 15 cm depth. Beds were tarped with either standard 1-mil high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or a virtually impermeable film (VIF), leaving the furrows bare. Cumulative emissions of 1,3-D, MITC, and PrBr in these tarped bedded systems was very low, amounting to <10% of the applied mass. These experiments were conducted in the winter months, with average air temperatures of 12-15 degrees C. Cumulative emissions of MITC and 1,3-D from a sandy loam field soil were decreased by > or =80% by tarping the bed with VIF rather than HDPE. A large fraction of the 1,3-D and PrBr flux was from the untarped furrows in VIF-tarped plots, indicating that inhibiting volatilization from the furrow will be important in further reducing emissions in these systems. Monitoring the fumigant distribution in soil indicated that tarping the bed with VIF resulted in a more effective containment of fumigant vapors compared to use of a HDPE tarp.     

The effect of changing patterns in soil-moisture availability on grapevine root distribution, and viticultural implications for converting full-cover irrigation into a point-source irrigation system

Improvements in the efficiency of water use in Australian vineyards have included a move away from diffuse or 'total cover' irrigation techniques to drip irrigation systems. This change in irrigation method has a significant effect on moisture distribution within the soil profile, with implications for root growth, root-system architecture, and soil-water acquisition. Those issues are addressed in this paper. Our report is based on grapevines that had been established under a diffuse irrigation system (overhead sprinklers or microjets) and subsequently converted to drippers. Results are also presented to show the influence of soils with different water holding capacities on root distribution within a single vineyard. Variations in soil texture within a vineyard were found to influence the vertical distribution of roots, whereas irrigation history had more influence on horizontal variations in root density within a depth range. Conversion of vines from sprinkler irrigation to drippers resulted in a marked increase in total root mass (volume) under the drip line, particularly 25–50 cm below the surface. Roots were differentially influenced by irrigation history according to their diameter class. Under drip irrigation, the largest increase in root-length density occurred with roots in diameter classes between 1 and 4 mm diameter. Grapevines established under sprinklers, and subsequently converted to drip irrigation, had significantly larger root systems (within the volume of soil sampled) than did vines maintained under sprinklers throughout. Therefore, vines established under sprinkler irrigation and then converted to drippers may be better equipped to cope with deficit irrigation during drought (via either RDI or PRD), by virtue of those additional roots.     

Fruit quality components of balsam pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Momordica charantia</Emphasis> L.) and soil respiration in response to soil moisture under two soil conditions

Balsam pear (Momordica charantia L.) is an important vegetable reported to have pharmacological properties. It contains abundant bioactive compounds which can be affected by viticulture and environment factors. Identification of the optimal cultivate condition is fundamental to enhance fruit quality components of balsam pear and to decrease carbon dioxide efflux of vegetable garden. The objective of this study was to identify changes of health-promoting bioactive compounds (flavonoids and saponins) and fruit nutritional quality of balsam pear, as well as seasonal variation of soil respiration (Rs) in response to soil moisture under different soil types. A field experiment was conducted using a 3?×?2 factorial involving three levels soil moisture including 50–60% (L), 70–80% (M), and 90–100% (H) of field moisture capacity (FC) under Loessial soil (L) and Cumulic cinnamon soil (C) conditions. The results indicated that moderate soil moisture was benefit for improving quality components, 70–80% FC was benefit for accumulation of health-promoting bioactive compounds on the Cumulic cinnamon soil, and 70–80% FC was benefit for the nutritional quality of fruit on the Loessial soil; soil respiration measured in Loessial soil were always higher than that in Cumulic cinnamon soil. Air temperature, photosynthetic active radiation, soil temperature had positive correlation with Rs to some extent, while air relative humidity had a negative correlation with Rs. This study would be potentially beneficial for efficiently producing functional and high quality balsam pear.