营养物质分级总量控制与精细化管理方案研究——以三峡库区梅溪河库湾为例

自2008年三峡水库175 m试验性蓄水以来,三峡水库在发挥巨大的防洪、水力发电等综合效益的同时,库区水体富营养化问题日益突出。为厘清三峡水库水体富营养化演替的营养物质来源,提出有效的总量控制策略及精细化管理方案,以三峡库区长江干流左岸的典型支流梅溪河为例,以2016～2019年期间逐月实测的水文、水动力、水质数据为基础,构建了梅溪河支流库湾三维水环境数学模型,并应用该模型研究长江干流-梅溪河支流来水与梅溪河库湾各特征断面间的水质响应关系;同时,定量解析了梅溪河库湾水体富营养化断面的营养盐来源、组成及其结构特征,核定了干支流交互作用影响下梅溪河支流库湾的水环境容量,研究提出了基于容量总量控制与水体富营养状态削减的分级总量控制需求和入库水质浓度限值,并制定了适应河（库）长制管理需求的干支流水质浓度精细化管理方案。梅溪河支流库湾CODMn、TP、 TN等3项指标的水环境容量分别为18 417, 373 t/a和7 528 t/a。在库湾各特征断面水质达标约束条件下,梅溪河库湾入库的CODMn、TP、TN等3项指标浓度限值分别为2.50～6.30,0.052～0.055 mg/L和1.05～1.10 mg/L;在满足梅溪河库湾库尾水华高发区的轻度富营养状态削减并达到中营养水平条件下,梅溪河支流入库的CODMn、TP、TN等3项指标浓度限值分别为2.00～4.00,0.05 mg/L和1.00 mg/L。研究成果可为三峡水库支流库湾水质达标管理与水体富营养化科学防治提供技术支撑与参考。     

三峡库区支流库湾水体富营养化演变特征研究

支流库湾水体富营养化是三峡水库蓄水带来的主要水环境影响特征之一。根据对不同历史蓄水期间三峡库区各支流库湾的水质变化特征及富营养化状态分析表明:三峡水库从试验性蓄水阶段进入常态调度运行后,支流库湾的水动力条件被进一步削弱,入河污染物扩散能力大幅度降低,库湾水质逐渐变差,各支流库湾普遍表现为中、富营养级水平,年内整体表现为春季高于秋季。从三峡库区支流库湾水体富营养化演变特征来看,库湾水动力条件由河流态改变为湖库态是其发生水体富营养化的主驱动力因素,陆域营养盐输入是库湾水体富营养化演变的物质基础     

三峡库区梅溪河河口干支流界面水流特征

通过对三峡库区中部典型支流梅溪河库湾水动力参数及水体温度、浊度数据进行分析,研究水库运行各时期梅溪河河口干支流界面水流特性,探讨其影响因素以及水交换对库湾的影响。结果表明:梅溪河河口双向水流特征明显,在温差异重流、干流惯性作用以及库区水位变动等因素影响下,干支流界面水流强度、进出水体间界面结构及形态在不同运行期有显著差异;由于双向水流结构的存在,尽管梅溪河河口干支流界面净流量较小(多小于100 m~3/s),但是干支流水体的交换量相对显著,介于314.17~535.26 m~3/s之间,可达净流量的4~40倍;在净流量最小的低水位运行期,干流倒灌水体基本能到达支流库湾常年回水区的末端。     

三峡水库春季调度对香溪河水动力场的影响

为了研究香溪河库湾水体富营养化的问题,采用数值模拟的方法分析了香溪河库湾春季水动力场的特点,并按照持续抬高和降低三峡水库水位两种工况研究了香溪河水动力场的变化。结果表明:①春季香溪河库湾水体存在着明显的分层异向流动,主要表现为表层水体由长江干流流向库湾,长江干流与库湾支流水体的交换作用明显;②水位持续下降或者持续上升的调度方式会对香溪河水动力场产生一定的影响,不仅使水体流向发生改变的位置有所变化,而且明显改变了库湾中上游水体流速,主要是表层水体流速;③水位持续下降会对水体分层流动产生抑制作用,而水位持续上升会促进水体的分层流动。     

三峡库区典型支流氢氧同位素时空分布特征研究

定量分析三峡水库支流库湾中水体组成,研究支流库湾水循环过程,有助于分析支流库湾的环境问题。对三峡水库内的草堂河及其毗邻干流进行了连续1 a的观测,分析了水体中氢氧同位素特征,阐述了在干支流相互作用下,三峡水库支流库湾的水团来源及其组成,探讨了三峡水库蓄水后支流库湾水循环的变化。研究表明:长江干流和支流库湾中δD/δ~(18)O与区域降水线十分接近,表明其水团主要来源为大气降水;同时长江和支流库湾中的氘盈余与建库前有明显不同,说明三峡水库蓄水之后长江干流和支流库湾水体组分发生了一定改变;支流库湾中水体混合比存在明显的时空变化,长江干流水团占的比例为76. 9%~99%。     

河道型水库库湾水体富营养化评价及防治初探

目前我国河道型水库库湾水体污染问题普遍存在.葛洲坝水库是典型的河道型水库,水库蓄水以后,在黄柏河下游形成具有湖库特征的库湾,库湾水体发生富营养化.库湾水动力条件改变加上上游输入充足的营养物质,使库湾水体发生富营养化.利用黄柏河1998～2002年库湾断面监测资料,评价黄柏河水体富营养化现状,分析其富营养化成因,并据此提出可行的防治措施.     

香溪河库湾春季营养盐空间差异性成因分析

三峡蓄水后,香溪河库湾春季水体中营养盐分布呈明显的空间差异性,具体表现为总氮含量大致呈从上游到河口逐步升高的趋势,而总磷含量呈从上游到河口逐步降低趋势.为明确库湾水动力条件对库湾营养盐空间分布的影响,本文采用三维数学模型模拟了三峡蓄水后香溪河水动力场的分布,利用示踪方法分析了三峡蓄水初期香溪河库湾水动力场对春季营养盐时空分布的影响.结果表明,春季库湾近河口区域水体表现出明显的分层分向流动特征,长江干流水体与库湾水体间的交换作用显著,相应磷营养盐也随水流带出库湾,干流水体对香溪河库湾磷营养盐有明显的稀释作用,特殊的水动力条件是库湾营养盐空间分布差异性主要成因.研究可为三峡水库正常调度运行后香溪河库湾富营养化的控制和治理提供方法,也可为相似库湾营养盐的分布特征研究提供参考.     

基于flushing time的春季水库优化调度可行性研究

针对三峡水库支流库湾春季水华问题,通过建立三维水动力模型,探讨了利用调峰调度和潮汐式调度促进干支流水体交换的可行性。研究表明,当4月水库实施调峰调度时,整个库湾水体的flushing time较常规调度有所缩短,尤其是库湾上游至中上游区域;当5月水库开始实施潮汐式调度时,水体体积较大的库湾下游区域的flushing time较常规调度方案有所缩短。可见,两种水库优化调度方案对增大干支流水体交换均具有可行性。当水库实施调峰调度和潮汐式调度联合调度时,整个库湾水体的平均flushing time较常规调度方案有不同程度的缩短,表明该联合调度方案更能促进干支流水体的交换。研究成果可为支流库湾水环境问题的防治提供借鉴。     

三峡水库香溪河库湾水华水动力调控初步研究

针对三峡水库蓄水运行后支流库湾春季水华频现问题,利用CE-QUAL-W2模型建立了香溪河-三峡库区整体立面二维水动力数学模型,对三峡水电站不同开机数量和春季不同水文条件下的香溪河库湾流速进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明:香溪河上游来流量较小时,滞留区表层流速小于香溪河库湾水华的临界流速0.05 m/s;而香溪河上游来流量增大到合适的值时,香溪河滞留区表层流速可大于0.05 m/s;仅利用三峡电站小幅度日调节对支流库湾流速的改善效果十分有限,而利用干支流水库对香溪河库湾流速的联合调控效果明显,可控制三峡水库香溪河库湾水华爆发。     

基于CE-QUAL-W2模型的三峡水库神农溪库湾水流水温特性分析

三峡水库蓄水以来,库区干、支流水文水动力变化显著。通过现场观测和构建三峡水库神农溪支流库湾立面二维水动力模型(CE-QUAL- W2),对比研究了三峡水库不同时期水流、水温时空分布特征。研究结果表明:神农溪库湾水体整体流速缓慢,不同时期均存在不同强度的异重流现象,包括干流倒灌异重流和上游入流底部顺坡异重流;枯水运行期和汛前消落期干流水体从表层潜入库湾,强度较弱;汛期和汛末蓄水期存在中层倒灌并且强度较大,影响整个库湾;上游入流处由于来流水温一般低于库湾,存在入流底部顺坡异重流现象。库湾水温呈春夏升温、秋冬降温的变化趋势,一年四季均存在水温分层现象;但冬季分层相对较弱,其它季节水温分层明显;水温分层模式因异重流的存在,明显不同于一般水库的水温分层。对比分析表明,CE-QUAL-W2模型可较为准确地反映神农溪库湾水流及水温时空分布特性。研究可为更细化分析三峡水库神农溪库湾水流水温特性、开展水华预报提供技术支撑。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。