智能手机界面中扁平化图标尺寸可用性

目的对不同尺寸扁平化手机图标的可用性进行研究。方法设计扁平化与拟物化图标作为实验组与参照组,并设置大、中、小3类实验图标尺寸,结合眼动追踪技术、问卷调查及被试访谈,收集被试的主要眼动数据以及评价数据。结论用户对手机界面中图标的搜索效率与图标的视觉风格以及图标尺寸大小有关,当图标尺寸较大时,用户在拟物化图标中的搜索效率高于扁平化图标;当图标尺寸中等及较小时,用户对于扁平化图标的搜索效率高于拟物化图标。     

图标风格、复杂程度及任务难度对工业图标视觉搜索的影响

目的 工业系统图标的信息特征能够影响操作员的视觉搜索效率.方法 本文为了提高工业图标搜索效率,开展以信息特征为因素的工业系统图标视觉搜索实验,采用视觉标记理论中的预搜索实验范式,选取信息特征作为实验变量,设计目标搜索任务,开展心理学行为反应实验,探究图标风格(扁平、2.5D),复杂程度(简单、复杂),任务难度(6级、9...     

图标设计要素对视觉注意和舒适度的影响研究

目的 以智能手机APP图标为研究对象,视觉复杂度、图标形状和图标构成形式为变量,探讨这些因素对大学生视觉注意力和舒适度的影响.方法 采用心理学的三因素重复测量实验设计,进行眼动仪客观测量和量表主观测量,从而验证图标视觉复杂度、图标形状和图标构成形式对大学生视觉注意力和视觉舒适度的影响.结果 图标的视觉复杂性、图标形状和图标构成形式分别对视觉注意力具有显著的影响,对视觉注意力的交互作用不显著;对视觉舒适度的主观测量表明,图标形状和视觉复杂度对视觉舒适度具有显著的影响,视觉复杂度、图标形状和图标构成对视觉舒适度的交互影响不显著.结论 研究表明三角形的图标更容易吸引年轻用户的注意力,圆形的图标让用户的视觉感受更加舒适,简单的面性图标更能吸引年轻用户的注意力.     

基于符号学的参与式设计方法在充电终端图标设计中的应用研究

目的 为了便于用户准确理解充电终端图标功能含义,减少视觉搜索时间,提高充电终端操作效率和易用性.方法 从符号学出发,在语意、语用和语构等维度上结合参与式设计方法对充电终端图标设计进行整合创新.结果 以电动汽车充电终端图标设计为例,分析了该方法的具体过程.首先对相关产品进行市场分析和产品定位,确定9项具体功能.对40名用户进行结构访谈并建立语意文档.通过单一元素或组合元素的形式建立语意文档映射关系,明确图标主体内容.其次根据设计风格及审美要求,对图标进行优化得到设计方案.最后,通过模拟操作实验对图标方案进行评价,完成图标设计.结论 基于符号学的参与式设计方法可以减少用户的认知差异,提高图标易用性,并为电动汽车充电终端的图标设计提供参考.     

基于ERP的扁平化与拟物化图标认知效率研究

目的研究扁平化和拟物化图标对使用者认知效率的影响,为图标设计提供科学依据。方法采用ERP技术,以扁平化和拟物化图标为靶刺激,选取青年群体为被试,进行诱发事件相关电位实验,记录实验数据。结论扁平化图标和拟物化图标刺激下的平均反应时间分别为396.18 ms和405.29 ms,被试对于扁平化图标的反应速度更快,对于两种图标的反应正确率没有显著性差异;扁平化图标诱发的P300成分的潜伏期短于拟物化图标,幅值大于拟物化图标。在图标保持相同像素,颜色相近的前提下,被试产生不同的反应速度与脑电特征。相对拟物化图标,扁平化简洁高效,使用者会投入更多的注意力并获得较高的认知效率。     

影响图标搜索绩效因素的研究进展

目的 对影响图标搜索绩效因素的研究进行梳理和总结.方法 从人-机-环角度,统合分析目前研究的影响因素,将其分为三大类(图标特征、任务特征、用户特征).首先从现有研究的焦点——图标特征因素介绍,将其具体分为设计元素和布局因素,并对相关研究进行梳理、分析和总结.接着从已有研究范式的角度介绍任务特征因素.最后从图标搜索主体——人的角度,分析总结与图标搜索绩效相关的影响因素.结论 随着图标类型和数量的增加,视觉搜索面临的复杂性将变大.未来,根据不同图标搜索绩效影响因素的作用机制,制定出有利于视觉搜索的图标设计规范也越来越重要.图标搜索绩效领域相关影响因素研究的结果应用潜力巨大.     

老龄服务机器人外观形态设计的眼动评价

目的 在人口老龄化进程加快,老年人智能产品市场发展迅速的背景下,探索老年用户对服务机器人外观形态的情感偏好。方法 眼动评价是研究老年人视觉、情感认知的主要方法,以65岁为基本年龄的老年用户为对象,选取市场上现有的真人型、仿动物型、拟人型、拟物型4类老龄服务机器人的正面图片作为刺激材料,15名健康老年人作为被试者,以眼动追踪为主、主观问卷及心电为辅,3种测量手段相结合的方式进行实验,深入探讨被试者面对不同服务机器人外观形态设计要素时的生理及心理特征。结论 结合3种测量数据可知,老年用户对服务机器人头部形态的关注度更高,黑色更贴合老年人视觉的感官偏好,且真人型服务机器人外观形态更受欢迎。     

不同图标深度对认知绩效的影响研究

目的 分析人对图标深度在不同类型界面中认知资源的分配。方法 通过眼动追踪实验,获得在单一深度图标集和混合深度图标集中搜索3类深度图标时的行为反应数据指标,并在此基础上收集各深度主观满意度评价。结果 不同深度图标之间搜索质量具有显著差异。在单一深度图标集中,搜索目标的深度与视觉搜索效率呈负相关。在混合深度图标集中,中等深度图标的搜索效率最高,不同深度图标对认知负荷的影响没有显著差异。此外,收集被试对3类图标的主观评价,结果显示中等深度图标具有更高的主观满意度。结论 图形深度的刺激影响人对搜索策略的选择,除把握图标个体的设计元素特性外,需同时注重不同界面环境的影响。使用中等深度的图标,可增加图标的可识别性和差异性,在混合深度图标集中能提升视觉搜索质量,并提供更好的使用体验。     

网页设计中GUI 视觉系统元素的解读

分析了网页设计中GUI视觉系统中文字元素的可读性、图形图标的责任价值以及色彩元素的功能导向,并结合日常生活中的一些视觉元素、国内外优秀网站的视觉分析,论述了GUI视觉系统在网页设计范畴里的特殊要求,进而分析了文字、图标、色彩这些视觉元素在网页中进行设计的可行性。提出了GUI用户界面设计元素在网页设计中必须具有明确的可读性及统一性,以及运用一定的视觉美感、色彩的合理划分创造交互过程及沟通过程的合理性。     

图形用户界面中扁平化图标可用性研究

目的通过客观数据与主观评价相结合的方式,对扁平化图标的可用性进行研究。方法设计扁平化与拟物化图标作为实验组与参照组,结合眼动追踪技术、问卷调查及被试访谈,收集被试的主要眼动数据以及评价数据。结果通过实验得出扁平化图标与拟物化图标在搜索速度、准确度以及目标击中率和加工内聚度等方面的相关数值。结论在3×3的图标密度下,扁平化图标在搜索工效上低于拟物化图标,在被试评价上扁平化图标的形式则更为简洁现代,研究结果可为今后扁平化设计的可用性研究提供参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...