用氮化铬、氮化锰冶炼高氮钢

 为了研究钢液增氮的新工艺,以钢液增氮的冶金热力学和动力学为基础,在10 kg感应炉上添加氮化铁合金以过饱和氮的方式来提高钢液最终氮含量,并对Cr18Mn18N和Cr23Mn17N两种实验材料的理论氮含量饱和值进行了计算。实验表明,采用氮化铬和氮化锰冶炼,钢液最终氮含量大幅度超过钢液与气相平衡时的氮含量,且氮化铬的增氮效果明显优于氮化锰。采用氮化铬冶炼,氮的收得率和氮的质量分数最高可达89%和098%。     

真空感应炉熔炼合金钢时用氮化物增氮的试验研究

分析了真空度、温度和氮化物成分对钢中氮溶解度影响,并在50 k真空感应炉对不同化学成分的合金钢(/%:0.06～0.36C、≤3.23Si、≤2.20Al、≤9.00Cr)进行3种氮化物-氮化硅、氮化锰和氮化铬的增氮试验。结果表明,气相中氮气分压对钢液中氮溶解度影响最大;钢中Ti、Cr提高氮溶解度和氮化物的收得率;增加C含量则降低氮溶解度和氮化物的收得率;钢中含有一定量的铝,可以显著提高氮化物的收得率。40 kPa氩气压力,1 600～1 650℃时在硅钢、结构钢和9%Cr钢中氮化硅、氮化锰、氮化铬的收得率分别为25%～30%、30%～50%、60%～100%。     

真空感应炉充氩冶炼高氮Cr-Mn-Mo-Cu奥氏体不锈钢

用 2 5kg真空感应炉在Ar气压力 (0 4 0～ 0 4 5 )× 10 5Pa下进行成分 (% )为 0 0 10～ 0 0 4 7C ,16 0 4～ 19 72Cr,6 39～ 15 31Mn ,1 83～ 3 2 9Mo ,0 2 5～ 1 4 4Cu ,0 2 4～ 0 4 6N的奥氏体不锈钢的熔炼试验 ,研究炉内压力、合金成分、添加氮化物类型和熔化停留时间对钢中氮含量和氮的回收率的影响。试验结果表明 ,加入氮化锰的增氮效果和氮的回收率均优于粒状氮化铬和氮化铬 氮化锰的混合物 ;随钢中合金元素的增加 ,氮的活度系数降低 ,钢中氮含量和氮的回收率明显提高。     

吹氨冶炼高氮钢的原理与实验

根据冶金热力学的计算结果,提出了钢液-气相界面可能发生的NH3和[O]、[S]耦合反应.该界面反应过程促使NH3在钢液界面生成易被钢液吸收的活性氮原子,同时,脱除了钢液中的氧、硫杂质元素,与常压下钢液吹氮增氮的工艺比较,可以取消为增氮而采用的钢液预脱氧、脱硫工艺环节,减少钢中非金属夹杂物的生成.10 kg中频感应炉的冶炼实验结果表明,合金成分相同的钢液供给等摩尔氮含量的氮化介质,NH3比N2的增氮效果提高了18%～75%.吹NH3条件下,钢液中保持一定量的氧、硫表面活性元素,有利于氮的吸收.     

1Mn15Cr17Ni2N高氮奥氏体不锈钢的研制

采用25 t EAF-VOD+LF-680 kg铸锭工艺冶炼0. 14%C-0.35%N 的奥氏体不锈钢1Mn15Cr17Ni2N。VOD精炼后,[N]为0.040%,[0]为0.0158%;通过LF吹氮45 min,吹氮量50 m³,分析得出[N]为0.139%, [O]为0.0033%,吹入氮气平均回收率为33.07%。再加人500 kg氮化铬(8.60%N)和150 kg氮化锰(5.13%N),取样分析[N]为0.35%, [O]为0.0029%,加氮化铬和氮化锰的氮综合回收率为87.41%。     

无磁钻铤用高氮不锈钢TSMF166冶炼实践

通过无磁钻铤用高氮不锈钢TSMF166冶炼实践,开发出低碳高锰冶炼和VOD+ LF组合增氮两项技术,将大部分锰合金加入时间移至VOD脱碳后,用廉价的氮气替代氮化合金,100％用氮气进行氮合金化,解决TSMF166钢冶炼中碳、锰、氮含量的控制问题,缩短K-OBM-S转炉、VOD真空精炼和LF生产周期,提高钢质纯净度,降低生产成本,彻底消除在LF加氮化锰增氮产生的巨大烟尘给环境带来的严重污染.VOD+ LF组合增氮技术既经济又环保,值得在生产中高氮不锈钢上推广或借鉴.     

钛微合金钢的合金化工艺实践

含钛钢冶炼采用钛铁、钛线合金化冶炼实践及热力学分析表明,钛的氧化反应造成钛收得率降低,钢液中一定的Al含量可提高钛收得率。通过48炉次试验分别对两个钢种、两种合金化方式和两种工艺路径(EAF和BOF)进行钛收得率考察,钛总收得率72.66%～87.17%,目标钛含量高的钢种(钢种Ⅱ,0. 05%Ti)钛总收得率(79.84%～84.66%)高于含量低的钢种(钢种Ⅰ,0.02%Ti)钛收得率(72.66%～87. 17%);钛铁合金加入钛的收得率67.34%～72.76%,低的出钢氧化性可以提高钛的收得率;钛线喂入钛的收得率78.62%～85.12%,钛铁加钛线合金化方式由于喂线前炉渣中钛化合物抑制了钛的渣-钢钛氧化反应,喂线环节钛收得率(83.49%～85.12%)明显高于单独加钛线合金化钛收得率(78. 62%～79.54%);熔渣中的钛在真空处理环节可以部分还原进入钢水,由于VD环节渣-钢还原动力学条件有利于钛的还原,钛还原率(28.05%～44.04%)明显高于RH真空处理顶渣钛还原率(<4%)。钢种Ⅰ及钢种Ⅱ冶炼钛合金化采用LF喂钛线+VD工艺路线较其它方式更为经济。     

提高GX12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1钢中氮收得率的实践

针对生产GX12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1钢时氮收得率低的情况,对氮的合金化工艺进行优化。3种充氮合金化工艺的对比结果表明:真空前加氮化铬合金,真空时用氮气代替氩气的氮合金化工艺效果最好,能在不影响产品质量的情况下使氮化铬中氮收得率从15.40%提高到25.43%。     

增氮析氮法去除硅锰脱氧钢中夹杂物的研究

以硅锰脱氧的SWRH82B热轧盘条为实验钢种,研究增氮析氮法对硅锰脱氧钢中夹杂物的去除效果,并设置0.02、0.035、0.05、0.065和0.08 MPa五组增氮压力进行热态实验.实验结果表明:在1873 K的温度下,钢液经过增氮20 min、真空处理30 min后,不同炉次钢中T[O]均下降至1×10-5以下,最低为4×10-6,T[N]均下降至5×10-6以下,最低为2×10-6,夹杂物去除率均为40%以上,T[O]去除率均大于78%,表明该技术对硅锰脱氧钢中的夹杂物及T[O]有良好的去除效果.此外,随着增氮压力的升高,钢中T[O]与夹杂物去除率均有所升高,当充氮压力为0.08 MPa时,T[O]与夹杂物去除率分别达到89.2%和87.4%.理论分析表明,随着增氮压力的升高,气泡形核率增大、钢中生成气泡数量增多、钢中气泡的密度增加,从而提升气泡去除夹杂物的效率.      

钒微合金化高强钢电炉炼钢工艺研究

基于电炉流程工艺研特点,发挥电炉钢N含量高的特点,采用在钢中加入VN合金进行V微合金化处理,控制钢水中[O]小于0.025%,[S]小于0.005%,采取提高VN合金收得率的工艺措施,使V的收得率在90%以上,加入VN 合金N的收得率在60%～70%,充分发挥了V晶粒细化和沉淀强化的作用,成功开发了V微合金化屈服强度550 MPa级的高强度热轧钢板.     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.