牛乳加工中非酶蛋白糖基化的研究进展

晚期糖基化终产物(Advance glycationend products,AGEs)是还原糖与蛋白质和核酸在没有酶参与条件下,通过美拉德反应途径形成的稳定聚合物。而这类物质在体内的蓄积可能引发心脑血管疾病和糖尿病等多种疾病。牛乳和奶制品在加工和贮藏过程中均会产生AGEs,从而产生安全隐患。本文综述了牛乳中AGEs形成的途径,各种分析检测手段,以及加工方法、加工温度和贮藏湿度等条件对AGEs形成的影响,进而提出了消除和抑制牛乳中AGEs形成的对策。      

Effect of amino acids on Maillard reaction product formation and total antioxidant capacity in white pan bread

Maillard reaction products (MRPs) can be an important dietary antioxidant source. Bread is the most popular bakery product; however, limited information is available on the antioxidant activities of MRPs generated during bread-baking. This paper reports the effect of different amino acids on bread properties, melanoidin formation and antioxidant activities. Totally six amino acids at four different levels were evaluated. Increasing the amount of amino acid led to darker bread crust, higher melanoidin content and stronger antioxidant activity. Among the six amino acids, bread with glycine had the highest melanoidin content and ABTS radical scavenging activity up to 1079.77 ± 8.43 μmol TE mg⁻¹. Bread with lysine had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity up to 281.97 ± 10.52 μmol TE mg⁻¹. Bread with alanine had the highest crust metal chelating activity compared with others. Adding certain dietary amino acids is a potential approach to enhance the antioxidant capacity of bread products.     

蛋白基体系美拉德反应在荔枝皮原花青素作用下的抑制研究

本试验分别研究了在乳清蛋白-葡萄糖和牛血清白蛋白-葡萄糖模拟生理体系中,荔枝果皮原花青素(Litchi pericarp procyanidins,LPPC)对美拉德反应和晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)的抑制作用,以荧光性AGEs的强度为表征依据。结果表明,在乳清蛋白-葡萄糖模拟体系中孵育35 d时,LPPC对AGEs的抑制效果最强,达60.21±1.34%。LPPC浓度为1 mg/m L时,相对抑制率最大可达85.33±9.02%(显著高于维生素C(Vc),p0.05)。在牛血清白蛋白-葡萄糖体系中,孵育35 d后LPPC对AGEs的相对抑制率最高达70.01±1.32%,且与LPPC浓度呈现正相关。当LPPC浓度为0.5 mg/m L时,抑制率最大为95.46±10.12%(显著高于氨基胍(AG),p0.05)。不同p H值下蛋白质的稳定性研究表明,乳清蛋白在与LPPC长期孵育后,其热稳定性明显降低,再次提示了LPPC对美拉德反应的抑制作用。LPPC可作为一种天然的食品基质的AGEs抑制剂深度开发。     

不饱和脂肪酸对卵清蛋白糖基化反应的影响

糖基化反应是高营养食品常见的一类反应,食品中的脂类成分对糖基化反应有很大影响.本研究以葡萄糖和卵清蛋白(OVA)建立糖基化对照体系,与含有不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)的模型组进行对比,探究脂肪酸氧化对于糖基化反应产物二羰基化合物、晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)及糖基化蛋白结构的影响.结果表明UFA通过不同方式促进二羰基化合物的...     

体内美拉德反应及其产物的病理作用研究进展

体内美拉德反应(Maillard reaction)是普遍存在于生物体中的还原糖与蛋白质之间的化学反应,其反应过程及产物十分复杂,反应终产物被称为晚期糖基化终产物(Advanced Glycation Endproductions,AGEs)。越来越多的研究表明,体内美拉德反应在疾病发生发展过程中起着重要作用。本文就体内美拉德反应的机制(包括反应过程、重要的反应中间产物和终产物)、在疾病发生发展过程的作用及其美拉德反应抑制剂的研究进行综述。     

Control of the Maillard reaction by ferulic acid

This study investigated how ferulic acid (FA) affects the formation of certain Maillard reaction products (MRPs), i.e., early MRPs, fluorescent and non-fluorescent advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and melanoidins in model systems. Glycation mixtures were prepared containing soy glycinin or bovine serum albumin (final concentration 10 mg/ml) and fructose (222 mM) in 0.2% KOH in the presence or absence of FA (12.95 mM) and incubated at 60 °C for 60 min. The extent of the MR was estimated by analysis of free amino groups, the incorporation of sugar into the protein backbone as well as the formation of N^?-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), fluorescent AGEs (λ_exc = 337 nm, λ_em = 350–550 nm) and melanoidins (absorbance at 420 nm). Formation of CML and fluorescent AGEs was reduced by nearly 90% by the addition of FA while early MRPs and melanoidins were inhibited to a lesser extent (∼10% and 28%, respectively) compared to AGE formation. A controlled formation of early MRPs was achieved by use of FA, and it is a new finding. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time the use of FA as a reliable means of obtaining novel glycoprotein preparations containing low amounts of AGEs, with the potential to be used as functional food ingredients, is proposed.     

美拉德反应对产品风味品质的影响及其衍生危害物研究进展

在食品加工过程中,美拉德反应虽然对提升食品的风味和品质具有重要作用,但也会衍生一些化学危害物。本文综述了美拉德反应对食品风味和色泽等品质的影响,以及美拉德反应产物的抗氧化和抗突变等特性,同时也探讨了美拉德反应产生的丙烯酰胺(acrylamide,AA)、杂环胺(heterocyclic amines,HAs)和晚期糖基化末端终产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)等化学危害物的生成机制、分析和抑制方法。由于3类危害物在食品中的含量较低(ng/g~μg/g)且基质非常复杂,因此其检测均需要采用固相萃取等方法进行分离富集,随后可采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)等方法进行定性定量分析。危害物的抑制主要通过采用更加温和的加工方法、调整工艺参数和添加香辛料及酚类等天然抗氧化物质来实现。     

Dietary advanced glycation end‐products: Perspectives linking food processing with health implications

Dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGEs) are complex and heterogeneous compounds derived from nonenzymatic glycation reactions during industrial processing and home cooking. There is mounting evidence showing that dAGEs are closely associated with various chronic diseases, where the absorbed dAGEs fuel the biological AGEs pool to exhibit noxious effects on human health. Currently, due to the uncertain bioavailability and rapid renal clearance of dAGEs, the relationship between dAGEs and biological AGEs remains debatable. In this review, we provide the most updated information on dAGEs including their generation in processed foods, analytical and characterization techniques, metabolic fates, interaction with AGE receptors, implications on human health and reducing strategies. Available evidence demonstrating a relevance between dAGEs and food allergy is also included. AGEs are ubiquitous in foods and their contents largely depend on the reactivity of carbonyl and amino groups, along with surrounding condition mainly pH and heating procedures. Once being digested and absorbed into the circulation, two separate pathways can be involved in the deleterious effects of dAGEs: an AGE receptor‐dependent way to stimulate cell signals, and an AGE receptor‐independent way to dysregulate proteins via forming complexes. Inhibition of AGEs formation during food processing and reduction in the diet are two potent approaches to restrict health‐hazardous dAGEs. To elucidate the biological role of dAGEs toward human health, the following significant perspectives are raised: molecular size and complexity of dAGEs; interactions between unabsorbed dAGEs and gut microbiota; and roles played by concomitant compounds in the heat‐processed foods.     

芦蒿秸秆黄酮类化合物对晚期蛋白质糖基化终末产物形成的抑制作用

通过建立牛血清白蛋白-丙酮醛（bovine serum albumin-methylglyoxal,BSA-MGO）的蛋白质糖基化反应模型,用荧光法测定体外晚期蛋白质糖基化终末产物（advanced glycation end products,AGEs）的含量,探讨芦蒿秸秆黄酮类化合物对AGEs形成的抑制效果,并对木犀草素的作用途径进行探索。结果表明：芦蒿秸秆总黄酮浸膏经AB-8树脂分离后共收集到4 组含有黄酮的洗脱组分（F-10、F-30、F-50、F-70）对AGEs的形成均具有抑制作用,抑制效果由强到弱为依次为F-50＞F-30＞F-10＞F-70,此结果与F-30和F-50分离纯化得到的黄酮成分芦丁和木犀草素具有较好的AGEs抑制效果相一致。同时发现,芦蒿秸秆对AGEs形成的抑制效果与总黄酮含量存在显著的线性关系。另外,将木犀草素与MGO的反应产物进行分离纯化,高效液相色谱-质谱联用分析显示：木犀草素作用途径为通过捕获MGO,形成木犀草素-MGO加和物来抑制AGEs的形成。芦蒿秸秆黄酮类化合物可抑制体外蛋白质糖基化反应的活性预示其可以作为AGEs的天然抑制剂来预防和减轻糖尿病及其并发症。     

咸味香精中美拉德反应产物的抗氧化性研究

利用膜分离手段从肉味香基中分离得到不同分子量范围的美拉德反应产物(MRPs),考察咸味香精中的肉味香基以及不同分子量的MRPs对卵磷脂脂质体的抗氧化效果。结果表明,肉味香基对脂质体过氧化有抑制能力,其抗氧化能力随反应物浓度的增加而增强。高分子量MRPs的抗氧化能力最强,其次为中分子量MRPs,小分子量MRPs抗氧化能力最弱,并且MRPs的抗氧化能力与其褐色程度成正比。     

煎炸过程对棕榈油品质及南美白对虾中 AGEs含量的影响

以煎炸油和煎炸南美白对虾为研究对象,探究煎炸时间及煎炸物料对煎炸油品质的影响;采用液相色谱-质谱联用及荧光技术测定煎炸对虾中晚期糖基化终末产物（AGEs）的含量,探究煎炸过程对煎炸对虾中AGEs生成的影响。结果表明,高温煎炸可加速棕榈油氧化,使其酸值（AV）、p-茴香胺值（p-AnV）、羰基值（CV）显著增加,24 h时达到最大值。煎炸后,对虾水分含量显著降低,脂肪、丙二醛和荧光AGEs含量显著升高,煎炸批次对其无显著影响。煎炸对虾外层丙二醛、荧光AGEs、非荧光AGEs（羧甲基赖氨酸（CML）、羧乙基赖氨酸（CEL）和甲基乙二醛氢咪唑酮（MG-H1））含量显著高于内部,与未煎炸生虾相比除内部CEL含量有所降低外其余均高于未煎炸生虾。随着煎炸批次的增加,煎炸对虾外层CML、CEL和MG-H1含量均逐渐降低,在煎炸第5批时趋于稳定,煎炸第1批时取得最大值,分别为25.37、335.68 mg/kg和468.20 mg/kg,分别为未煎炸生虾的7、4.5倍和16.5倍;煎炸对虾内部CML、CEL和MG-H1含量均先升高后降低,在煎炸第5批时趋于稳定,煎炸第3批时取得最大值,分别为12.56、85.27 mg/kg和204.20 mg/kg,分别为未煎炸生虾的3.5、1倍和7倍。     

Oxidative stability of palm‐ and soybean‐based medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) oil blends

BACKGROUND: Medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglyerols (MLCT) enzymatically esterified using Lipozyme RM IM lipase has very low oxidative stability as it does not contain any antioxidants. The aim of this work was to study the ability of various antioxidants to increase the oxidative stability of palm‐ and soybean‐based MLCT blends which assist to bring up the oxidative stability of both MLCT blends. In this study, the effectiveness of rosemary extracts, sage extracts, tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and mixtures of tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tert‐butyl‐p‐hydroxytoluene (BHT) in protecting against oxidation of various MLCT blends was investigated. RESULTS: Blending of MLCT oil with either palm olein or soybean oil improved its smoke point values and oxidative stability. TBHQ addition to both palm‐ and soybean‐based MLCT blends increased oxidative stability. Combination of BHA and BHT showed no significant improvement (P > 0.05) in ability to protect blends from oxidation compared to natural antioxidants such as sage or rosemary extracts. CONCLUSION: Blended oils with 500 g kg^?1 MLCT and 500 g kg^?1 palm olein (MP5) were the most suitable for use at high temperature based on the fatty acid composition of the MLCT blends, which subsequently had an effect on thermal oxidative stability. In general, addition of either natural or synthetic antioxidant assisted in improving the antioxidative strength of both MLCT blends. MLCT blends with added TBHQ showed the highest thermal oxidative stability among the antioxidants used. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

采用牛血清白蛋白/果糖体系研究荧光性AGEs生成的动力学

为分析荧光性晚期糖基化末端产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)生成的动力学,采用牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)/果糖模拟反应体系,荧光光谱法测定荧光强度来衡量荧光性AGEs生成量,分别考察了不同BSA质量浓度、果糖浓度、温度及p H值对荧光性AGEs生成量的影响,探究荧光性AGEs生成和底物消耗的反应动力学。结果表明:随着BSA质量浓度、果糖浓度、温度及p H值的增加,荧光性AGEs生成量均呈现增加的趋势。体系反应24 min后,果糖和氨基酸浓度分别减少了1.25×10-2、1.92×10-4 mol/L,果糖消耗量要高于氨基酸消耗量。在此基础上,运用最小二乘法拟合,得出在各反应条件下,荧光性AGEs的生成符合0级反应动力学,最大速率常数为31.57 AU/min,反应活化能为70.58 k J/mol;底物消耗符合1级反应动力学。     

赖氨酸在Maillard 反应中形成有害产物AGEs的研究

模拟食品加工条件,构建赖氨酸—还原糖和精氨酸—赖氨酸—还原糖体系,分析各影响因素在体系发生Maillard反应中产生有害AGEs(晚期糖基化终末产物)的作用,比较两个体系添加和不添加黄酮条件下对AGEs形成量的影响。用荧光光谱法(λex/λem=370/440nm)测定AGEs的含量,考察不同因素如还原糖种类、浓度、金属离子、温度、pH和染料木素对有害AGEs形成的影响,以及赖氨酸/精氨酸并存对AGEs形成量的影响。结果表明:在赖氨酸发生Maillard反应过程中,温度越高、还原糖中核糖,糖浓度越大、pH 9.2,形成的AGEs越多;不同的金属离子对AGEs的作用各异,Mg~(2+)和Fe~(2+)能促进AGEs的形成,Ca~(2+)抑制AGEs的形成;抑制剂染料木素浓度越大(9mmol/L),AGEs抑制效果越好;赖氨酸/精氨酸混合体系中AGEs形成量主要由赖氨酸来决定。各影响因素对赖氨酸Maillard反应过程中产生AGEs均有一定作用,时间是最主要因素,其次是pH和温度;而赖氨酸/精氨酸混合体系中AGEs的形成量取决于赖氨酸的含量。