国际香辛料真菌毒素限量标准研究现状

香辛料是一种很容易受到霉菌及其产生的真菌毒素污染的植物性农产品。这些真菌毒素的存在对消费者产生了潜在的健康危害。从香辛料真菌毒素污染情况着手，讨论了在我国建立香辛料真菌毒素限量标准的必要性。     

Mycotoxin occurrence in commodities,feeds and feed ingredients sourced in the Middle East and Africa

Between February and October 2009, 324 grain, feed and feed commodity samples were sourced directly at animal farms or feed production sites in Middle East and Africa and tested for the presence of A- and B-trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, or for selected groups of mycotoxins only. Samples were analyzed after clean-up by immunoaffinity or solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC with derivatization where appropriate and fluorescence, UV or mass spectrometric detection. The percentage of positive samples of B-trichothecenes ranged from 0 to 87% of tested samples. The prevalence of fumonisins in the different countries was >50% in most cases. Zearalenone was present in tested commodities from all countries except three. The presence of aflatoxin in analyzed samples varied from 0 to 94%. Ochratoxin A was present in 67% of samples in Sudan and in 100% of Nigerian samples. No A-trichothecenes were found in this survey.     

2013—2018年市售食用植物油中部分真菌毒素检出状况分析

目的 通过调查我国市售食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素（AFs）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）和伏马菌素（FBs）含量,了解我国市售食用植物油中典型真菌毒素污染状况,为评估市售食用植物油安全状况提供依据。方法 在我国28个省（自治区、直辖市）采集各类食用植物油共5 968份,用国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册规定的方法检测AFs、ZEN和FBs 3类真菌毒素,并对实验数据进行描述性统计分析,数据组间比较采用χ²检验。结果 5 968份食用植物油中真菌毒素总检出率25.75%;4 933份市售食用植物油中AFs检出率为13.42%,AFs总量最高含量达到1 043.05 μg/kg,超标率为1.62%,且超标样品全部为花生油,散装花生油样品超标情况尤为严重;1 190份食用玉米油中ZEN检出率为72.35%,最高含量达到2 326.00 μg/kg,超标率为11.76%;667份食用玉米油中FBs检出率为2.85%,总的检出率较低,检出值大部分较低。结论 我国食用植物油中真菌毒素污染问题不容忽视,其中花生油中AFs污染较为严重,玉米油中ZEN污染较为严重,需要重点进行跟踪监测并采取针对性的措施加强监管。     

Aflatoxins,ochratoxins and zearalenone in sorghum and sorghum products in Sudan

This survey examined 60 samples of sorghum and 30 samples of sorghum products from three states (Khartoum, Kordofan and Gadarif) of Sudan for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), ochratoxin A and B (OTA, OTB) and zearalenone (ZEN), using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range 0.01–0.6 µg kg^–1 and 0.03–2.0 µg kg^?1, respectively. The frequency of contaminated samples with AFB1 from Khartoum, Gadarif and Kordofan state was 38.1%, 22.2% and 23.8%, respectively. Only two samples of sorghum from Khartoum state were contaminated with OTA (3.3%). Concentrations of OTA and OTB were low and may not cause problems. No sample of sorghum or sorghum products was contaminated with ZEN. Some sorghum samples contained AFB1 concentrations above the European Union regulatory limits. The highest contaminated samples were found in Khartoum state.     

玉米黄曲霉毒素影响因子及脱毒技术研究进展

该文主要针对玉米黄曲霉毒素污染程度和贮藏特性,影响采收前玉米中黄曲霉毒素污染因素,介绍降低或去除玉米黄曲霉毒素技术。     

Co-occurrence of fumonisins with aflatoxins in home-stored maize for human consumption in rural villages of Tanzania

This study determined maize-user practices that influence the presence of fumonisin and aflatoxin contamination of maize in food consumed in the rural areas of Tanzania. Samples of the 2005 maize harvest in Tanzania were collected from 120 households and examined for fumonisins and aflatoxins. Information on whether the maize was sorted to remove defective (visibly damaged or mouldy) maize before storage and whether the damaged and mouldy maize or the non-dehulled maize was used as food was also collected. In addition, the percentage of defective kernels in the samples was determined. Ninety per cent of the households sorted out defective maize, 45% consumed the defective maize and 30% consumed non-dehulled maize. In 52% of the samples fumonisins were determined at levels up to 11,048 µg kg^?1 (median = 363 µg kg^?1) and in 15% exceeded 1000 µg kg^?1; the maximum tolerable limit (MTL) for fumonisins in maize for human consumption in other countries. Aflatoxins were detected in 18% of the samples at levels up to 158 µg kg^?1 (median = 24 µg kg^?1). Twelve per cent of the samples exceeded the Tanzanian limit for total aflatoxins (10 µg kg^?1). Aflatoxins co-occurred with fumonisins in 10% of the samples. The percentage defective kernels (mean = 22%) correlated positively (r = 0.39) with the fumonisin levels. Tanzanians are at a risk of exposure to fumonisins and aflatoxins in maize. There is a need for further research on fumonisin and aflatoxin exposure in Tanzania to develop appropriate control strategies.     

霉菌毒素检测与脱毒技术研究进展

霉菌毒素是某些霉菌在谷物或饲料上生长繁殖过程中产生的有毒代谢物,威胁动物乃至人类的健康。有关毒素的脱毒技术一直是国内外的一个研究热点,其中生物法脱毒是现在最有前景的一种脱毒方法,主要通过微生物的吸附和降解作用来达到脱毒的效果。本文结合最新的研究成果,详细介绍了霉菌毒素的毒性、污染现状及主要的检测方法,并对霉菌毒素物理、化学、生物脱毒技术进行了概述,并对未来的研究方向加以展望。     

菜籽饼粕脱毒方法研究进展

对当前菜籽饼粕的脱毒方法进行了归纳总结.菜籽饼粕脱毒方法主要分为物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法、微生物脱毒法和遗传育种法4大类.想要高效利用菜籽饼粕,必须综合考虑其抗营养因子并加以脱除.     

Calcium montmorillonite clay reduces urinary biomarkers of fumonisin B1 exposure in rats and humans

Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) is often a co-contaminant with aflatoxin (AF) in grains and may enhance AF's carcinogenicity by acting as a cancer promoter. Calcium montmorillonite (i.e. NovaSil, NS) is a possible dietary intervention to help decrease chronic aflatoxin exposure where populations are at risk. Previous studies show that an oral dose of NS clay was able to reduce AF exposure in a Ghanaian population. In vitro analyses from our laboratory indicated that FB₁ (like aflatoxin) could also be sorbed onto the surfaces of NS. Hence, our objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of NS clay to reduce urinary FB₁ in a rodent model and then in a human population highly exposed to AF. In the rodent model, male Fisher rats were randomly assigned to either FB₁ control, FB₁?+?2% NS or absolute control group. FB₁ alone or with clay was given as a single dose by gavage. For the human trial, participants received NS (1.5 or 3?g?day^?1) or placebo (1.5?g?day^?1) for 3 months. Urines from weeks 8 and 10 were collected from the study participants for analysis. In rats, NS significantly reduced urinary FB₁ biomarker by 20% in 24?h and 50% after 48?h compared to controls. In the humans, 56% of the urine samples analysed (n?=?186) had detectable levels of FB₁. Median urinary FB₁ levels were significantly (p?<?0.05) decreased by >90% in the high dose NS group (3?g?day^?1) compared to the placebo. This work indicates that our study participants in Ghana were exposed to FB₁ (in addition to AFs) from the diet. Moreover, earlier studies have shown conclusively that NS reduces the bioavailability of AF and the findings from this study suggest that NS clay also reduces the bioavailability FB₁. This is important since AF is a proven dietary risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans and FB₁ is suspected to be a dietary risk factor for HCC and oesophageal cancer in humans.