Volatile compounds in light, medium, and dark black walnut and their influence on the sensory aromatic profile

Light, medium, and dark colored kernels from 3 different cultivars (Emma K, Kwik Krop, and Sparks 127) and one wild species of black walnut were studied for their aroma volatiles. Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the aromatic compounds present in the headspace of these samples. Partial least square regression was used to correlate the instrumental aromatic data with the sensory responses, obtained in a previous study, for the same samples. Thirty-four aromatic compounds were found in the black walnut cultivars, highlighting among them the presence of 14 esters. Although more than 50% of the total concentration of volatile compounds, esters were not important compounds in determining the differences in the sensory aromatic profiles of the 3 colors of the nuts. As a general trend, the concentration of total volatile compounds was always significantly higher in light black walnuts than in the medium colored samples; medium colored samples had higher volatile content than the dark black walnuts. The presence of hexanal was related to rancid and acrid aromas and was determined to differentiate the dark black walnuts from the medium and light colored samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The data presented in this article will help understand the aromatic differences between light, medium, and dark colored kernels of domestic and wild black walnut. The aromatic profile of these nuts, not studied until this moment, can be used as a model to develop flavorings and new products by the food industries.     

3种干燥方式对香菇挥发性物质及感官特性的影响

为了研究三段式微波真空冷冻干燥(Three-stage Microwave Vacuum Freeze Drying,TS-MVFD)、冷冻干燥(Freeze Drying,FD)、热风干燥(Hot Air Drying,HAD)技术对香菇挥发性物质及感官特性的影响,以新鲜整香菇为原料,采用电子鼻、HS-SPME-GC-MS及标度感官评价技术进行分析。结果表明,香菇脱水至湿基含水为13%(w.b.)以下,TS-MVFD、FD与HD的干燥时间分别需要5、14和7.5 h。电子鼻检测中,三种方式干燥的香菇干制品对传感器的响应值和主成分分析(Principal Components Analysis,PCA)及判别因子分析(Discriminant Factor Analysis,DFA)结果表明三种样品间的风味存在显著差异。TS-MVFD、FD、HAD香菇干制品中分别检出56种、44种、40种挥发性物质。TS-MVFD香菇干制品中主要为烷烃类、硫类化合物,如1-辛烯-3醇、十一烷、香菇素等;FD样品中主要为醇类和烃类物质,如1-辛烯-3醇、十一烷、乙醛;HAD样品中含硫化合物含量较高,主要有二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚、香菇素等。FD香菇干制品色泽及形态保持最好,复水熟制后,TS-MVFD样品的香菇味、鲜味、回甘等风味属性以及弹性、嫩度、平滑度、多汁性等口感属性均明显高于HAD与FD样品。综上,TS-MVFD是一种有推广价值的香菇干燥方式。     

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity are differentially affected by drying processes in celery,coriander and parsley leaves

Convective drying (CO) is the most common technique for drying herbs, although it may diminish phenolic compounds content. Microwave drying (MW) has been suggested as an alternative, although its effects on phenolic compounds remain to be explored. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of different convective temperatures (40, 80 and 120 °C) and microwave powers (100, 500 and 1000 W) on drying time, polyphenols classes (HPLC-DAD) and antioxidant capacity in celery, coriander and parsley leaves. Microwave procedure reduced drying time (MW: 3 h–7 min; CO: 25–1.5 h) resulting more effective than CO. Increasing temperatures led to an initial decrease in total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity followed by an increase, potentially by the release of bound phenolic acids. Regarding MW, the highest polyphenol content was generally observed at 500 W, probably due to the hydroxycinnamic acid's rise. Antioxidant capacity was similar at 500 and 1000 W. There was a good agreement between TPC and antioxidant capacity. Consequently, MW seems a good alternative to reduce drying time. However, the maintenance or improvement of phenolic activity depends on the food matrix. Indeed, the best drying system and conditions to preserve phenolic compounds were variable depending on the herb type: celery (CO at 40 °C), coriander (both CO at 40 °C and MW at 500 W) and parsley (MW at 100 W).     

不同干燥方式下熟化香菇香气成分变化的比较研究

为研究干燥方式对熟化香菇香气成分变化的影响,采用同时蒸馏萃取（SDE）结合气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）方法比较真空与真空冷冻两种不同干燥方式下样品香气成分的变化。结果表明:特征香气成分二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚及其分解产物在两种样品中均有检出;醇类、酸类化合物种类、含量差异较大;芳香族化合物与杂环化合物所占比例较小,为香气的非主要影响因素,与醇、醛、酯、酸、烃类化合物共同起协同调和作用。      

Volatile compounds profile and sensory evaluation of Beninese condiments produced by inocula of Bacillus subtilis

BACKGROUND: Three Beninese food condiments (ABS1_24h, IBS2_48h and SBS3_48h) were produced by controlled fermentation of African locust beans using inocula of pure cultures of Bacillus subtilis, BS1, BS2 and BS3, respectively. Quantitative and qualitative assessments of the volatile compounds in the condiments produced have been performed using the Likens–Nickerson simultaneous distillation–extraction method and GC–MS analysis, followed by a sensory evaluation in comparison with the spontaneously fermented condiments. RESULTS: A total of 94 volatile compounds have been found including 53 compounds identified in relatively high concentrations and were subdivided into seven main groups with the predominance of four major groups: pyrazines, aldehydes, ketones and alcohols. Compared to the spontaneously fermented condiments, volatile compounds identified in controlled fermented condiments have been found in high number and in concentrations which varied according to the inoculum of B. subtilis used. The condiments produced with starter cultures scored significantly (P < 0.05) higher for odour than the spontaneously fermented condiments. But the overall acceptability (7/10) of the two types of condiments was similar. CONCLUSION: The investigated B. subtilis, BS1, BS2 and BS3 can be considered as potential starter cultures for the fermentation of African locust beans to produce good quality of Beninese food condiments. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

真空低温油炸和真空冷冻干燥对香菇脆片品质及挥发性风味成分的影响

利用真空低温油炸和真空冷冻干燥两种加工工艺制成香菇脆片,对其感官品质、营养成分进行对比分析,并进一步利用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对两种香菇脆片挥发性风味成分进行比较。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥香菇脆片其硬度、脆度较大,体积皱缩率较小,颜色较白,感官品质较好,与此同时其营养成分保留较好。两种香菇脆片挥发性风味成分差异较大,主要体现在以醇、醛为主的八碳化合物以及酯类物质的差异上。真空冷冻干燥香菇脆片中共检测到45 种挥发性风味成分,真空低温油炸香菇脆片中共检测到31 种挥发性成分,其中真空冷冻干燥香菇脆片中1-辛烯-3-醇占6.37%、1,2,3,5,6-五硫杂环庚烷占2.02%,而这两种物质在真空低温油炸香菇脆片中未检出。此外,真空低温油炸香菇脆片中壬醛含量为真空冷冻干燥香菇脆片的7 倍,且酯类物质含量显著升高。两种香菇脆片中均检出较多烷烃类物质。     

不同工艺芝麻油的挥发性成分分析和感官评价

利用SPME-GC-MS分析6种工艺芝麻油的挥发性物质,建立了芝麻油的感官风味轮,使用直线标度对感官属性强度评分,并利用主成分分析法比较芝麻油的感官差异,列出部分挥发性物质对应的特征气味,以研究加工工艺对芝麻油的挥发性成分和感官品质的影响。结果表明:冷榨芝麻油的挥发性成分以醛类和酸类为主,具有较强的生芝麻味、土腥味、木屑味和青草味;精炼芝麻油中挥发性成分最少;芝麻原油由于含有正己烷,表现出较强的机油味和刺激感;芝麻压榨毛油、压榨成品油和小磨芝麻香油富含吡嗪类、酚类、醛类和酮类等物质,具有较强的炒芝麻味、焦香味、留香较久且风味浓郁。小磨芝麻香油风味最纯正和醇厚,口感最绵柔。     

Development of a spray freeze‐drying method for preparation of volatile shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) powder

In this study, a method to produce a fine volatile powder extracted from shiitake mushrooms using spray freeze‐drying (SFD) was investigated. The analysis of the water‐soluble aromatic compounds was carried out by headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy and laser particle size analysis were applied to characterise the physical structure and size distribution of the SFD‐derived particles. Eleven key volatile compounds were identified in the extracts of shiitake mushrooms pre‐ and post‐SFD. Recoveries of aromatic volatiles ranging from 30.9% to 82.9% were observed in the overall flavour profile results from the powder obtained with SFD. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that the particles of the aromatic powder were spherical in nature, having highly porous surfaces and mean diameters of 19.3 μm.     

干燥方式对大果山楂粉干燥速率及品质的影响

探究真空微波脉冲干燥、真空微波干燥、热风联合真空微波干燥和热风干燥4种干燥方式对大果山楂粉色泽、褐变度、持水性、持油性、透光性、Vc、总酸和黄酮含量等品质指标的影响。结果表明:干燥方式对大果山楂粉的色泽、褐变度、透光性和总酸含量有显著影响(P0.05);真空微波脉冲干燥大果山楂粉的综合品质优于其他3种,该工艺生产效率较高,成本低,是大果山楂粉生产中较适宜的干燥工艺。     

干燥方式对油茶粉品质及挥发性风味物质的影响

目的：探究适合油茶粉的干燥方式,以便油茶食用和贮藏。方法：采用喷雾干燥、真空冷冻干燥、真空干燥3种干燥方式对油茶汤进行干燥处理,并对干燥后油茶粉的品质（水分含量、感官评价、色泽）及挥发性物质进行评价。结果：真空冷冻干燥油茶粉感官得分最高（93）,含水量最低（3.78%）,色泽较优（ΔE值49.74）。利用SPME-GC-MS技术从3种方式干燥油茶粉中共鉴定出104种挥发性物质,其中,影响油茶粉风味的有14种。冷冻干燥的特征风味物质（壬醛、癸醛、（Z）-2-癸醛、（Z）-2-壬烯醛、（E）-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛）呈现青香、油脂香,喷雾干燥和真空干燥的特有香气均为（Z）-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、（E）-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、癸醛,呈现青香、果香、蜡香。结论：真空冷冻干燥风味品质最佳。     

Effect of storage temperature on the chemical composition and sensory profile of Sauvignon Blanc wines

Background and Aims: Most white wines lose fresh and fruity characteristics, associated with volatile esters, during ageing in the bottle. A higher storage temperature accelerates these changes. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of storage temperature on the chemical and sensory properties of Sauvignon Blanc wines. Methods and Results: Three commercially bottled Sauvignon Blanc wines from the 2008 and 2009 vintages were stored at 5, 10, 18°C and at room temperature for 12 months. Wines stored at warmer temperatures (18°C and room temperature) contained lower concentrations of acetate esters, including the prominent varietal thiol 3MHA, and ethyl esters of fatty acids, than the wines stored at cooler temperatures (5 and 10°C). A warmer temperature accelerated the rate of ester hydrolysis. Conversely, the concentrations of ethyl esters of branched acids were higher in wines stored at the warmer temperatures. The sensory profile of the wines was assessed after 12 months for the two 2008 wines and after 8 months for the 2009 wine. The wines stored at cooler temperatures were characterised by higher fruity and fresh vegetal aromas, whereas the wines stored at warmer temperatures exhibited the opposite sensory profile, with dominant woody/smoky/oaky, buttery, flinty and canned asparagus notes. Conclusions: These results indicate that temperature‐dependent hydrolysis processes are critical for Sauvignon Blanc aroma stability during the first year in the bottle. Significance of the Study: Cool storage temperature conditions can significantly increase the shelf‐life of Sauvignon Blanc wines by preserving their fruity and fresh green characters.     

冰温真空干燥海鳗鱼片的鲜度和挥发性成分的对比研究

本实验以海鳗鱼片为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱仪和气质联用仪,研究了冰温真空干燥海鳗鱼片的鲜度和挥发性成分的变化,同时与真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥做了实验比较。结果表明:冰温真空干燥鱼片与鲜样相比,鲜度变化不大;挥发性成分含量有所降低;酸价即脂肪氧化程度增加。冰温真空干燥样品和真空冷冻干燥样品的K值分别为2.28%和2.04%,两者差异性不显著,而热风干燥样品的K值最高为26.64%。同时冰温干燥样品中IMP含量也明显的高于另外两种干燥样品。海鳗肌肉中对风味起主要作用的是羰基化合物和醇类,经过干燥之后冰温真空干燥样品中共检测出11种羰基化合物,占总挥发性成分的38.18%,与新鲜样相比含量有所降低。脂肪酸价方面,新鲜样品、冰温真空干燥样品、真空冷冻干燥样品、热风干燥样品的酸价依次为1.22、1.74、3.60、4.33。